The Experts below are selected from a list of 270 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Richard E Lyon - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Fire‐resistant elastomers
Fire and Materials, 2020Co-Authors: Richard E Lyon, Richard N. Walters, Louise Speitel, Sean CrowleyAbstract:The molecular design of semi-inorganic polymers has produced polysilphenylene-siloxane and polyphosphazene elastomers having comparable fire safety to heat resistant engineering plastics. In Flaming Combustion a polyphosphazene rubber had a four times lower peak heat release rate than the polyurethane elastomer currently used in fire-blocked aircraft seat Cushions. The addition of expandable graphite flakes to polyurethane and polyphosphazene elastomers reduces their peak heat release rates by factors of seven and five, respectively. Language: en
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Heat release kinetics
Fire and Materials, 2020Co-Authors: Richard E LyonAbstract:The role of solid-state thermal degradation kinetics in steady-Flaming Combustion is examined. Expressions for the burning surface temperature, pyrolysis zone depth and fractional mass loss rate are derived from heat transport limited, nonisothermal pyrolysis kinetics. The predicted magnitude of these fire response parameters and their variation with incident heat flux are in qualitative agreement with experimental data from the literature. A material flammability parameter emerges from the analysis that has the units (J/g-K) and significance of a heat release capacity.
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Fire‐resistant cyanate ester–epoxy blends
Fire and Materials, 2020Co-Authors: Richard N. Walters, Richard E LyonAbstract:The cure chemistry, thermal stability and fire behaviour of a series of fire-resistant cyanate ester–epoxy blends were examined. The dicyanate and diepoxide of 1, 1-dichloro-2, 2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethylene (bisphenol-C, BPC) were combined in various molar ratios and the reaction chemistry was monitored using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The fire behaviour of the BPC cyanate–epoxy blends was studied in Flaming and non-Flaming Combustion, using OSU calorimetry and pyrolysis-Combustion flow calorimetry (PCFC), respectively. Published in 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Non‐halogen fire resistant plastics for aircraft interiors
Polymers for Advanced Technologies, 2020Co-Authors: Richard E Lyon, Todd EmrickAbstract:Strategies for developing fireproof aircraft cabin materials are reviewed in light of environmental legislation restricting the use of halogens in plastics. The important physical and chemical processes of Flaming Combustion in terms of their effect on the heat release rate (HRR) of a burning material are flame inhibition, fuel replacement, heat resistance, and intumescence. These fire resistance (FR) mechanisms acting simultaneously or synergistically are particularly effective at reducing HRR of a new generation of transparent plastics suitable for aircraft cabin interiors. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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screening flame retardants for plastics using microscale Combustion calorimetry
Polymer Engineering and Science, 2007Co-Authors: Richard E Lyon, Richard N. Walters, Stanislav I. StoliarovAbstract:Microscale Combustion calorimetry (MCC) was evaluated as a screening test for efficacy of flame-retardant additives in polymers. The MCC method separately reproduces the gas and condensed phase processes of Flaming Combustion in a nonFlaming laboratory test and forces them to completion to obtain intrinsic/material Combustion properties. At flame extinction, these MCC Combustion properties are comparable in magnitude and effect to the extrinsic factors (sample size and orientation), physical behavior (dripping, swelling), and chemical processes (flame inhibition, charring) associated with flame retardancy. Consequently, MCC properties by themselves cannot correlate flame resistance of plastics over a broad range of flame-retardant chemical composition. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 47:1501–1510, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
Ying Zhang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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size segregated emission factors and health risks of pahs from residential coal Flaming smoldering Combustion
Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2019Co-Authors: Yi Cheng, Shaofei Kong, Wei Wang, Kui Chen, Huang Zheng, Jian Wu, Xin Zeng, Shurui Zheng, Fangqi Wu, Ying ZhangAbstract:: Residential coal Combustion is one of the main sources of ambient polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Updating its emission estimation is limited by the shortages of emission factors, especially for them in different particle sizes and from different Combustion conditions. PAH emission factors (EFs) for nine size-segregated particle segments emitted from smoldering and Flaming Combustion of residential coals (four kinds of raw coals (RCs) and three kinds of honeycomb coal briquettes (HCBs)) were obtained in China, using a dilution sampling system. EFs of PAHs for the Flaming and smoldering of HCB ranged from 1.32 to 2.04 mg kg-1 and 0.35 to 5.36 mg kg-1, respectively. The EFs of PAHs for RC Flaming Combustion varied from 0.50 to 218.96 mg kg-1. About 53.5-96.4% and 47.4-90.9% of PAHs concentrated in PM2.1 and PM1.1, respectively. Different fuel types and Combustion conditions strongly affected the PAH EFs. The PAH EF for the RC was 0.3 times that for HCB in Guizhou, which implied that PAH EFs for RC Combustion were not always higher than those from HCB burning. For different Combustion conditions, the PAH EFs from Flaming were more than 2.5 times higher than those from smoldering for HCB except in the Anhui region. Results indicated that current PAH EFs may not be universal, which may bias the establishment of control policies for toxic pollutants emitted from domestic coal burning. On average, 73.2 ± 15.5% of total PAH potential toxicity risks were concentrated in submicron particles. More size-segregated PAH EFs for residential coal Combustion should be investigated considering Combustion conditions with a uniform sampling method in China.
Eric M Kennedy - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Fire Properties of Refuse-Derived Fuels: Measurements of Temperature Profiles and Mass Loss
Fire Safety Science, 2020Co-Authors: Samorn Hirunpraditkoon, Bogdan Z Dlugogorski, Eric M KennedyAbstract:This investigation constitutes part of a larger study designed to obtain insights into fire properties of refusederived fuel (RDF). Several fires of densified RDF occurred in silos storing this material, giving us an impetus for this study, with the present investigation focusing on measuring temperature profiles and mass loss of RDF samples. A specialised sample holder was constructed to accommodate four fine thermocouples (76 µm in diameter), which facilitated the measurement of the temperature profiles within RDF samples undergoing oxidation and pyrolysis. An additional thermocouple was positioned at the base of the sample to verify the assumption of heat transfer in semi-infinite slab, prior to ignition. This assumption was applied previously within the context of the integral analysis to obtain the value of the effective thermal conductivity. The temperature profiles prior to ignition were combined with the measurements of the surface temperature collected by a pyrometer. Mass-loss measurements were also performed, but only after the onset of the Flaming Combustion, as a consequence of fluctuations induced by the changing flow field above the samples. A separate data-acquisition system was used to allow a faster sampling rate than 1 Hz permitted by the default setting of the cone calorimeter. The experiments determined the critical mass flux at extinction and identified three Combustion regimes occurring in fires of RDF-type materials: Flaming Combustion; a transition regime involving simultaneous Flaming Combustion and char pyrolysis; and char pyrolysis. These measurements were consistent with results of the earlier fire experiments performed in the cone calorimeter.
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PCDD/F formation in Flaming Combustion, smoldering, and oxidative pyrolysis of 'eco-friendly' treated wood
Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2020Co-Authors: Nigel W Tame, Bogdan Z Dlugogorski, Eric M KennedyAbstract:Abstract The emissions of polychlorinated dibenzo- p -dioxin and polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDD and PCDF) were assessed for wood impregnated with ammoniacal copper quaternary (ACQ) and copper boron azole (CBA). The two preservatives constitute the replacements for chromated copper arsenate (CCA) treatment, which is being phased out as a consequence of health concerns relating to arsenic and chromium compounds. The gaseous emission of PCDD/F from oxidative pyrolysis of CBA contained considerable amounts of PCDD/F of up to 7500 pg TE/Nm 3 . A large increase was also observed for the gaseous emission from smoldering of CBA following the oxidative pyrolysis, where 570 pg TE/Nm 3 was detected. The ash residues of CBA remaining after the CBA emissions after oxidative pyrolysis and ensuing smoldering also showed significant propensity to yield PCDD and PCDF, resulting in 3200 ng TE/kg ash. In contrast, Flaming Combustion of the two treated timbers did not result in the emission of significant quantities of PCDD/F. The concentrations were quantified as 3.5 and 5.2 pg TE/Nm 3 for the ACQ and CBA timber samples, and indicate no reasonable increase over that resulting from similar Combustion of untreated Pinus radiata , 3.7 pg TE/Nm 3 . The smoldering of ACQ and CBA ash residues after Flaming Combustion generated PCDD/F, with the ashes containing 5.0 and 140 ng TE/kg ash, respectively. The increase in PCDD/F formation is discussed with respect to de novo formation in the ash and the influence of the wood preservatives.
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Model Fires Of Refuse Derived Fuels: Temperature Profiles And Pyrolysate Flux
Fire Safety Science, 2020Co-Authors: Samorn Hirunpraditkoon, Bogdan Z Dlugogorski, Eric M KennedyAbstract:This study presents the experimental measurements of temperature profiles and temperature histories within specimens of surrogate refuse derived fuels (RDFs) exposed to irradiance in a cone calorimeter. The surrogate RDFs, representing typical municipal solid waste collected in the city of Newcastle, Australia, were developed to improve the reproducibility of experimental measurements. These materials consist of loose polydispersed particles of grass, wood, paper, plastic, bread and sugar. A specialised sample holder was constructed to accommodate four fine thermocouples (76 μm in diameter), which facilitated measurement of the temperature profiles within RDF samples undergoing oxidation and pyrolysis. An additional thermocouple was positioned at the base of the sample to verify the assumption of heat transfer in a semi-infinite slab, prior to ignition. This assumption was applied previously within the context of integral analysis to obtain a value of the effective thermal conductivity. The temperature profiles prior to ignition were combined with measurements of the surface temperature collected by the pyrometer. Mass-loss measurements were performed, but only after the onset of the Flaming Combustion, as a consequence of flow-field induced fluctuations. A separate data-acquisition system was used to allow a faster sampling rate than 1 Hz permitted by the default setting of the cone calorimeter. The experiments determined the critical mass flux at extinction and identified three Combustion regimes occurring in fires of RDF-type materials: i) Flaming Combustion, ii) a transitional regime involving simultaneous Flaming Combustion and char pyrolysis, and iii) char pyrolysis. The measurements were consistent with results of the earlier fire experiments performed in the cone calorimeter.
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pcdd f formation in Flaming Combustion smoldering and oxidative pyrolysis of eco friendly treated wood
Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2005Co-Authors: Nigel W Tame, Bogdan Z Dlugogorski, Eric M KennedyAbstract:Abstract The emissions of polychlorinated dibenzo- p -dioxin and polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDD and PCDF) were assessed for wood impregnated with ammoniacal copper quaternary (ACQ) and copper boron azole (CBA). The two preservatives constitute the replacements for chromated copper arsenate (CCA) treatment, which is being phased out as a consequence of health concerns relating to arsenic and chromium compounds. The gaseous emission of PCDD/F from oxidative pyrolysis of CBA contained considerable amounts of PCDD/F of up to 7500 pg TE/Nm 3 . A large increase was also observed for the gaseous emission from smoldering of CBA following the oxidative pyrolysis, where 570 pg TE/Nm 3 was detected. The ash residues of CBA remaining after the CBA emissions after oxidative pyrolysis and ensuing smoldering also showed significant propensity to yield PCDD and PCDF, resulting in 3200 ng TE/kg ash. In contrast, Flaming Combustion of the two treated timbers did not result in the emission of significant quantities of PCDD/F. The concentrations were quantified as 3.5 and 5.2 pg TE/Nm 3 for the ACQ and CBA timber samples, and indicate no reasonable increase over that resulting from similar Combustion of untreated Pinus radiata , 3.7 pg TE/Nm 3 . The smoldering of ACQ and CBA ash residues after Flaming Combustion generated PCDD/F, with the ashes containing 5.0 and 140 ng TE/kg ash, respectively. The increase in PCDD/F formation is discussed with respect to de novo formation in the ash and the influence of the wood preservatives.
Yi Cheng - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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size segregated emission factors and health risks of pahs from residential coal Flaming smoldering Combustion
Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2019Co-Authors: Yi Cheng, Shaofei Kong, Wei Wang, Kui Chen, Huang Zheng, Jian Wu, Xin Zeng, Shurui Zheng, Fangqi Wu, Ying ZhangAbstract:: Residential coal Combustion is one of the main sources of ambient polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Updating its emission estimation is limited by the shortages of emission factors, especially for them in different particle sizes and from different Combustion conditions. PAH emission factors (EFs) for nine size-segregated particle segments emitted from smoldering and Flaming Combustion of residential coals (four kinds of raw coals (RCs) and three kinds of honeycomb coal briquettes (HCBs)) were obtained in China, using a dilution sampling system. EFs of PAHs for the Flaming and smoldering of HCB ranged from 1.32 to 2.04 mg kg-1 and 0.35 to 5.36 mg kg-1, respectively. The EFs of PAHs for RC Flaming Combustion varied from 0.50 to 218.96 mg kg-1. About 53.5-96.4% and 47.4-90.9% of PAHs concentrated in PM2.1 and PM1.1, respectively. Different fuel types and Combustion conditions strongly affected the PAH EFs. The PAH EF for the RC was 0.3 times that for HCB in Guizhou, which implied that PAH EFs for RC Combustion were not always higher than those from HCB burning. For different Combustion conditions, the PAH EFs from Flaming were more than 2.5 times higher than those from smoldering for HCB except in the Anhui region. Results indicated that current PAH EFs may not be universal, which may bias the establishment of control policies for toxic pollutants emitted from domestic coal burning. On average, 73.2 ± 15.5% of total PAH potential toxicity risks were concentrated in submicron particles. More size-segregated PAH EFs for residential coal Combustion should be investigated considering Combustion conditions with a uniform sampling method in China.
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Size-segregated emission factors and health risks of PAHs from residential coal Flaming/smoldering Combustion.
Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2019Co-Authors: Yi Cheng, Shaofei Kong, Wei Wang, Kui Chen, Huang Zheng, Jian WuAbstract:: Residential coal Combustion is one of the main sources of ambient polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Updating its emission estimation is limited by the shortages of emission factors, especially for them in different particle sizes and from different Combustion conditions. PAH emission factors (EFs) for nine size-segregated particle segments emitted from smoldering and Flaming Combustion of residential coals (four kinds of raw coals (RCs) and three kinds of honeycomb coal briquettes (HCBs)) were obtained in China, using a dilution sampling system. EFs of PAHs for the Flaming and smoldering of HCB ranged from 1.32 to 2.04 mg kg-1 and 0.35 to 5.36 mg kg-1, respectively. The EFs of PAHs for RC Flaming Combustion varied from 0.50 to 218.96 mg kg-1. About 53.5-96.4% and 47.4-90.9% of PAHs concentrated in PM2.1 and PM1.1, respectively. Different fuel types and Combustion conditions strongly affected the PAH EFs. The PAH EF for the RC was 0.3 times that for HCB in Guizhou, which implied that PAH EFs for RC Combustion were not always higher than those from HCB burning. For different Combustion conditions, the PAH EFs from Flaming were more than 2.5 times higher than those from smoldering for HCB except in the Anhui region. Results indicated that current PAH EFs may not be universal, which may bias the establishment of control policies for toxic pollutants emitted from domestic coal burning. On average, 73.2 ± 15.5% of total PAH potential toxicity risks were concentrated in submicron particles. More size-segregated PAH EFs for residential coal Combustion should be investigated considering Combustion conditions with a uniform sampling method in China.
Malcolm Possell - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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identification and quantitative analysis of smoldering and Flaming Combustion of radiata pine
Energy & Fuels, 2016Co-Authors: Houzhi Wang, Paul R Medwell, C Birzer, Zhao Feng Tian, Malcolm PossellAbstract:Smoldering Combustion is an important Combustion process in wildfires; however, there are fewer experimental studies recorded in the literature in comparison with Flaming Combustion. An experimental study was conducted to characterize the initiation of smoldering and Flaming Combustion of biomass using temporal and spatial temperature profiles, mass loss profiles, and gas analyses. The results show that the peak temperature, temperature rise rate, and average mass loss rate of Flaming Combustion are much higher than those of smoldering Combustion. The results on the ratio of CO to CO2 for Flaming and smoldering Combustion show good agreement with the data reported in the literature. The results also show that smoldering Combustion can be initiated only under a low air flow; for the experimental apparatus used, this corresponded to flow velocity of ≤38.1 mm·s–1. A Combustion progress pathway diagram was developed that describes the stages of smoldering and Flaming Combustion of a single dry biomass particl...