The Experts below are selected from a list of 204 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Paul J. Lanasa - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Types of Fluid Flow Measurement
    Fluid Flow Measurement, 2020
    Co-Authors: Paul J. Lanasa
    Abstract:

    Fluid Flow Measurement is divided into several types, since each type requires specific consideration of such factors as accuracy requirements, cost considerations, and use of the Flow information to obtain the required end results. When deciding on the best type of meter to measure a given Flow, the nature of the Fluid to be measured needs to be considered. Flow characteristics are also important. In custody transfer metering, the best Flow Measurement is required, so that the two parties to the transactions are treated fairly. This chapter considers the factors that need to be taken into account when deciding on a meter to measure Fluids in different situations.

  • Fluid Flow Measurement (Second Edition) - CHAPTER 3 – Types of Fluid Flow Measurement
    Fluid Flow Measurement, 2020
    Co-Authors: Paul J. Lanasa
    Abstract:

    This chapter describes various types of Fluid Flow Measurements. Fluid Flow Measurement is divided into several types, as each type requires specific considerations of factors such as accuracy requirements, cost considerations, and use of the Flow information to obtain the required results. It is also important to consider the Fluid's critical temperature and critical pressure. A meter's specified accuracy is invalid if the Fluid to be measure exhibits large volume with minor temperature and pressure changes, which is the case near critical conditions. Flow is measured periodically to check an operation with the assumption that it will then run properly until results indicate otherwise. A good example is a heating and cooling distribution system using ducts. Many different capabilities are required to measure Flow. Each job should be defined so that expectations of accuracy can be balanced against cost to derive the most cost-effective installation that will do the job required.

  • Fluid Flow Measurement (Second Edition) - CHAPTER 16 – Auditing
    Fluid Flow Measurement, 2020
    Co-Authors: Paul J. Lanasa
    Abstract:

    This chapter presents an overview of auditing. Auditing is a formal periodic check of the Flow Measurement procedures. It includes field and office operations from the Measurement source to the end user, including data reports, overall performance, field operation, data handling, accounting, calculation, and final billing. A meaningful audit goes beyond just data review and include some analysis of the data's quality. The audit addresses the risk associated with specific activity. The chapter provides an overview of items related to meters typically included in gas and liquid audits. The audit objective is a broad description of what is intended to be accomplished. It addresses the risk associated with a specific activity. A clear objective helps other audit participants to understand the scope and determine the level of liability. The chapter mentions several methods of auditing gas Measurement systems. Properly conducted audits improve business relations by imparting useful knowledge to all concerned.

  • Fluid Flow Measurement (Second Edition) - CHAPTER 6 – Fluids
    Fluid Flow Measurement, 2020
    Co-Authors: Paul J. Lanasa
    Abstract:

    This chapter discusses the Measurements of liquids and gases. It outlines the two problems caused by two-phase Fluid. One is the effect on the meter mechanics and the other is obtaining a truly representative sample to determine the composition for calculating the reduction to base conditions. The chapter also discusses problems unique to some commonly measured gases. Studies have been conducted for handling the problem in limited ranges, as current techniques do not always provide the ability to prevent two-phase Flow. Within these specified limits, the methods have been correlated based on the density of the two individual streams to address the problem of up to 5% by volume of gas in liquids and up to 2% by weight of liquids in gas. These procedures have been applied to steamed and condensed water systems, natural gas, natural gas liquids, and crude oil and gas Flows. True mass meters can measure two-phase Flows within design limits. With wide variations in Fluid characteristics, the procedure of using mass and analysis provides the most accurate way of measuring these Flows, particularly at extreme temperature and pressure.

  • Fluid Flow Measurement (Second Edition) - CHAPTER 8 – Operations
    Fluid Flow Measurement, 2020
    Co-Authors: Paul J. Lanasa
    Abstract:

    This chapter discusses operational influences on gas Measurement and on Liquids. It presents some orifice metering system combinations as examples of system uncertainty estimations. There are a number of system and meter parameters that affect meter performance. A user obtains the optimum performance for a meter that is maintained and operated properly, by being aware of these concerns. Installing a meter with excellent performance potential without providing for its proper operation and maintenance represents waste and incompetence. The primary consideration for custody transfer Measurement is to minimize Flow variations by maintaining better Flow rate control. The use of multiple meters with some type of meter switching control is required if a single meter with the required Flow capacity to cover the intended operating range with minimum uncertainty does not exist.

Ian B. Butler - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • An X-ray computed micro-tomography dataset for oil removal from carbonate porous media
    Scientific Data, 2019
    Co-Authors: Nathaly Lopes Archilha, Iara Frangiotti Mantovani, Anderson Camargo Moreira, Ian B. Butler
    Abstract:

    Design Type(s) image analysis objective • image processing objective • time series design Measurement Type(s) Fluid Flow Measurement Technology Type(s) micro-computed tomography Factor Type(s) Fluid Sample Characteristic(s) sedimentary rock Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data (ISA-Tab format) This study reveals the pore-scale details of oil mobilisation and recovery from a carbonate rock upon injection of aqueous nanoparticle (NP) suspensions. X-ray computed micro-tomography (μCT), which is a non-destructive imaging technique, was used to acquire a dataset which includes: (i) 3D images of the sample collected at the end of Fluid injection steps, and (ii) 2D radiogram series collected during Fluid injections. The latter allows monitoring Fluid Flow dynamics at time resolutions down to a few seconds using a laboratory-based μCT scanner. By making this dataset publicly available we enable (i) new image reconstruction algorithms to be tested on large images, (ii) further development of image segmentation algorithms based on machine learning, and (iii) new models for multi-phase Fluid displacements in porous media to be evaluated using images of a dynamic process in a naturally occurring and complex material. This dataset is comprehensive in that it offers a series of images that were captured before/during/and after the immiscible Fluid injections.

K J Packer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Fluid Flow Measurement in porous media by echo planar imaging
    Journal of Magnetic Resonance, 1992
    Co-Authors: D N Guilfoyle, P Mansfield, K J Packer
    Abstract:

    Abstract The study of Fluid Flow within porous solids is of great interest to the oil industry. However, these materials generally have physical characteristics which make them unsuitable for study by a conventional echo-planar imaging (EPI) sequence. Modifications to EPI which include 180° RF pulses have been implemented to make it suitable for imaging of these materials. A new Flow-encoding sequence is also proposed which, in combination with modified EPI, allows full quantitative analysis of Fluid velocities inside various sandstone samples. The Flow-encoding technique minimizes signal loss due to translational diffusion and attenuates substantially the effect of locally induced field gradients, but maintains the sensitivity of a conventional bipolar velocity-encoding gradient.

Nathaly Lopes Archilha - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • An X-ray computed micro-tomography dataset for oil removal from carbonate porous media
    Scientific Data, 2019
    Co-Authors: Nathaly Lopes Archilha, Iara Frangiotti Mantovani, Anderson Camargo Moreira, Ian B. Butler
    Abstract:

    Design Type(s) image analysis objective • image processing objective • time series design Measurement Type(s) Fluid Flow Measurement Technology Type(s) micro-computed tomography Factor Type(s) Fluid Sample Characteristic(s) sedimentary rock Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data (ISA-Tab format) This study reveals the pore-scale details of oil mobilisation and recovery from a carbonate rock upon injection of aqueous nanoparticle (NP) suspensions. X-ray computed micro-tomography (μCT), which is a non-destructive imaging technique, was used to acquire a dataset which includes: (i) 3D images of the sample collected at the end of Fluid injection steps, and (ii) 2D radiogram series collected during Fluid injections. The latter allows monitoring Fluid Flow dynamics at time resolutions down to a few seconds using a laboratory-based μCT scanner. By making this dataset publicly available we enable (i) new image reconstruction algorithms to be tested on large images, (ii) further development of image segmentation algorithms based on machine learning, and (iii) new models for multi-phase Fluid displacements in porous media to be evaluated using images of a dynamic process in a naturally occurring and complex material. This dataset is comprehensive in that it offers a series of images that were captured before/during/and after the immiscible Fluid injections.

Julia Lobera - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Optical tomography and digital holography
    Measurement Science and Technology, 2008
    Co-Authors: Jeremy Coupland, Julia Lobera
    Abstract:

    The articles in this special feature in Measurement Science and Technology concern exciting new\n developments in the field of digital holography—the process of electronically recording and\n numerically reconstructing an optical field [1]. Making use of the enormous advances in digital\n imaging and computer technology, digital holography is presented in a range of applications from\n Fluid Flow Measurement and structural analysis to medical imaging.\n \n The science of digital holography rests on the foundations of optical holography, on the work of\n Gabor in the late 1940s, and on the development of laser sources in the 1960s, which made his vision\n a practical reality [2]. Optical holography, however, uses a photosensitive material, both to record\n a latent image and subsequently to behave as a diffractive optical element with which to reconstruct\n the incident field. In this way display holograms, using silver halide materials for example, can\n produce life-size images that are virtually indistinguishable from the object itself [3]. Digital\n holography, in contrast, separates the steps of recording and reconstruction, and the final image is\n most often in the form of a 3D computer model.\n \n Of course, television cameras have been used from the beginnings of holography to record\n interferometric images. However, the huge disparity between the resolution of holographic recording\n materials (more than 3000 cycles/mm) and television cameras (around 50 cycles/mm) was raised as a\n major concern by early researchers. TV holography, as it was sometimes called, generally recorded\n low numerical aperture (NA) holograms producing images with characteristically large speckle and was\n therefore more often referred to as electronic speckle pattern interferomery (ESPI) [4]. It is\n possible, however, to record large NA holograms on a sensor with restricted resolution by using an\n objective lens or a diverging reference wave [5]. This is generally referred to as digital\n holographic microscopy (DHM) since the resolution now places a limit on the size of the object that\n can be recorded.\n \n Some 60 years after the pioneering work of Gabor, digital imaging and associated computer technology\n offers a step change in capability with which to further exploit holography. Modern image sensors\n are now available with almost 30 million photosensitive elements, which corresponds to a staggering\n 100-fold increase compared to standard television images. At the same time personal computers have\n been optimized for imaging and graphics applications and this allows more sophisticated algorithms\n to be used in the reconstruction process. Although resolution still falls short of the materials\n used for optical holography, the ability to process data numerically generally outweighs this\n drawback and presents us with a host of new opportunities.\n \n Faced with the ability to record and process holograms numerically, it is natural to ask the\n question 'what information is present within recordings of scattered light?'. In fact this question\n could be posed by anyone using light, or indeed any other wave disturbance, for Measurement\n purposes. For the case of optical holography, Wolf published his answer in 1969 [6], showing that\n for the case of weak scattering (small perturbations) and plane wave illumination, the amplitude and\n phase of each plane wave within the scattered field are proportional to those of a periodic\n variation in the refractive index contrast (i.e. a Bragg grating). This Fourier decomposition of the\n object was published almost simultaneously by Dandliker and Weiss [7], who also provided a graphical\n illustration of the technique. These works are the basis of optical tomography and provide us with\n the link between holographic data and 3D form.\n \n Digital holographic reconstruction and optical tomography was the theme of an international workshop\n [8] held in Loughborough in 2007, and many of the topics debated at the workshop have become the\n subject of the papers in this issue. In general terms the papers we present describe closely related\n holographic techniques that address application areas within the field of engineering.\n \n The application of digital holography to 3D Fluid Flow Measurement is addressed by several authors.\n Salah et al demonstrate the simplicity of digital holography with an in-line multiple exposure\n holographic system using a low-cost laser diode. Soria and Atkinson discuss limitations of low NA\n holography in Fluid velocimetry and demonstrate the potential of a multiple camera, in-line\n technique which they call Tomographic Digital Holographic Particle Image Velocimetry (Tomo-HPIV).\n \n Problems caused by the twin images (real and virtual) of in-line HPIV are described by Ooms et al .\n It is shown how sign ambiguity can be eliminated and bias errors suppressed by the application of a\n suitable threshold in piecewise correlation of the reconstructed field. Denis et al explain the\n problem of twin image removal as a deconvolution process and compare suppression algorithms based on\n wavelet decomposition. This process can be considered as an inverse problem and the benefits of this\n approach are discussed with reference to particulate holograms by Gire et al . Of course, the twin\n image problem can be solved by off-axis holographic geometries which, in effect, add a carrier\n modulation. Arroyo presents a comparison of carrier modulation strategies that have been presented\n in the literature and shows circumstances in which the information in each of the real and virtual\n images can be separated when the sensor resolution is less than that required by the NA of the\n objective.\n \n State-of-the-art digital holographic microscopy (DHM) is presented by Kühn et al . This paper uses\n an off-axis geometry that simultaneously records images at two wavelengths. The microscope allows\n the surface profile to be measured from a single recording and sub-nanometre axial resolution is\n demonstrated. Another interesting application of DHM is addressed by Grilli et al . They report a\n transmission set-up to investigate poling in a lithium niobate crystal.\n \n Developments in the field of optical tomography are covered by the majority of the papers in this\n issue. The paper by Debailleul et al shows the differences between images reconstructed from a\n single holographic recording and those synthesized from a series of holograms made with different\n plane wave illumination. This is optical diffraction tomography (ODT), the original method discussed\n by Wolf that is characterized by large NA and monochromatic illumination. An alternative strategy is\n to synthesize the image from holograms made at several wavelengths with low NA optics. This can be\n done either by sweeping the source or detector response or the reference path in a white light\n interferometer. These methods are called spectral domain and temporal domain optical coherence\n tomography (SD-ODT and TD-OCT) respectively. SD-OCT is illustrated in the paper by Potcoava and Kim\n for biomedical applications. SD- and TD-OCT are compared with confocal microscopy in the paper by\n Stifter et al . The huge potential of OCT as a diagnostic in polymer and composite materials is\n apparent from this work.\n \n There are clearly many different ways to implement optical tomography, and several established\n techniques, such as scanning white light interferometry (SWLI) and confocal microscopy, can be\n considered to be tomographic processes. We present two papers in this issue. The first attempts to\n bring together the topics of holography, microscopy and tomography within the framework of linear\n systems theory. It is shown that the images (or interferograms) produced by these instruments can be\n considered as estimates of refractive index contrast that are obtained using a linear inversion of\n the scattered field data. It is noted, however, that this is only strictly correct for the case of\n weak scattering and this is only a crude approximation for many cases of practical interest. The\n second paper that we present illustrates this for the case of mono-disperse particles in air. Here\n the number density of the particles is such that multiple scattering is prevalent; however, a priori\n knowledge of particle size and refractive index allows individual particles to be located\n accurately.\n \n In general, reconstruction can be thought of as a nonlinear optimization process that is used to\n discover the object which best explains the measured field and is consistent with a priori\n information. As Gire et al point out in their article, a priori knowledge can also be used to\n overcome the Nyquist sampling criteria. Although some caution should be exercised (for example, it\n is not usually possible to decide whether a given solution is unique), it is interesting to note\n that despite the disparity in resolution, digital holography and computer technology might yet\n create 3D images of greater clarity than the best optical holograms.\n \n References\n \n [1] Schnars U and Jueptner W 2005 Digital Holography (Berlin: Springer) ISBN: 978 3 540 21934 7\n [2] Gabor D 1948 A new microscopic principle Nature 161 777–8\n [3] Bjelkhagen H I 1993 Silver-Halide Recording Materials (Berlin: Springer) ISBN 3 540 58619 9\n [4] Leendertz J A 1970 Interferometric displacement Measurement on scattering surfaces utilizing\n speckle effect J. Phys. E: Sci. Instrum. 3 214–8\n [5] Marquet P, Rappaz B, Magistretti P J, Cuche E, Emery Y, Colomb T and Depeursinge C 2005 Digital\n holographic microscopy: a noninvasive contrast imaging technique allowing quantitative visualization\n of living cells with subwavelength axial accuracy Opt. Lett. 30 468–70\n [6] Wolf E 1969 Three-dimensional structure determination of semi-transparent objects from\n holographic data Opt. Commun. 1 153–6\n [7] Dandliker R and Weiss