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Jason M. Armfield - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the dentist s role in promoting community water Fluoridation a call to action for dentists and educators
Journal of the American Dental Association, 2013Co-Authors: Mads Melbye, Jason M. ArmfieldAbstract:Background and Overview Community water Fluoridation is an important public health intervention that reduces oral health disparities and increases the health of the population. Promotion of its safety and effectiveness is critical to maintaining its widespread acceptance and ensuring its continued use. Dentists are a potentially important source of knowledge regarding the oral health benefits and safety of water Fluoridation. However, few dentists regularly discuss fluorides, and water Fluoridation in particular, with patients. The authors aim to describe and discuss the role and importance of dentists' promotion of public water Fluoridation, barriers to dentists' involvement and some approaches that might influence dentists to promote water Fluoridation more actively. Conclusions and Practice Implications Ongoing promotion of Fluoridation by dentists is a key factor in ensuring sustained municipal water Fluoridation. However, current undergraduate dental curricula do not adequately prepare dentists for this role, and continuing dental education may be insufficient to change clinical practice. Although smoking-cessation literature can shed some light on how to proceed, changing dentists' practice behavior remains a largely unstudied topic. Dental associations are a key resource for dentists, providing information that can assist them in becoming advocates for water Fluoridation.
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Community water Fluoridation support and opposition in Australia.
Community dental health, 2011Co-Authors: Jason M. Armfield, Harry Francis AkersAbstract:To estimate the level of support for water Fluoridation across Australia and examine the association between water Fluoridation stance and demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, commitment to the stance, and opinions, beliefs and knowledge regarding water Fluoridation. Cross-sectional questionnaire data were obtained from 510 Australian adults (response rate = 34%) in 2008. Data were weighted by age, gender and state and territory estimated resident population. Participants were asked to rate the strength of their support for or opposition to water Fluoridation on a 7-point scale. Approximately 70% of survey respondents supported water Fluoridation, 15.4% were opposed, and 14.5% were neutral. Those strongly opposed were most resistant to altering their opinion on the basis of new information or research. However, approximately 90% of people who were neutral, slightly supportive or moderately supportive would "maybe" or "definitely" change their stance. Fluoridation opposition was associated with lower income and educational attainment, more self-rated knowledge, and with beliefs about reduced benefits and greater harms. Opinions about who should be responsible for the introduction of water Fluoridation and sources of information on Fluoridation varied significantly by water Fluoridation opinion. While this survey lends further weight to the evidence confirming extensive support for water Fluoridation in Australia, a large percentage of the public may be open to changing their stance if presented with new information or research. To maintain the widespread acceptance of water Fluoridation, it is important that the public are provided with unbiased and accurate interpretations of the continual stream of research related to fluorides and water Fluoridation.
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community effectiveness of public water Fluoridation in reducing children s dental disease
Public Health Reports, 2010Co-Authors: Jason M. ArmfieldAbstract:Objectives.Water Fluoridation is one of the most effective public health programs of the past century. However, efforts to extend water Fluoridation into currently non-fluoridated areas are often thwarted. Despite considerable evidence regarding the effectiveness of water Fluoridation at an individual level, published national community-based studies are rare. This study compared children's decay experience and prevalence between areas with and without water Fluoridation in Australia.Methods.Oral health data were obtained from clinical examinations of 128,990 5- to 15-year-old children attending for a regular visit with their respective Australian state or territory School Dental Service in 2002. Water Fluoridation status, residence remoteness, and socioeconomic status (SES) were obtained for each child's recorded residential postcode area.Results.Children from every age group had greater caries prevalence and more caries experience in areas with negligible fluoride concentrations in the water (<0.3 parts...
Juan Villalbamoreno - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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comparison of effects of diode laser and co2 laser on human teeth and their usefulness in topical Fluoridation
Lasers in Medical Science, 2011Co-Authors: Alberto Gonzalezrodriguez, J D Lopezgonzalez, Juan De Dios Luna Del Castillo, Juan VillalbamorenoAbstract:Various authors have reported more effective Fluoridation from the use of lasers combined with topical fluoride than from conventional topical Fluoridation. Besides the beneficial effect of lasers in reducing the acid solubility of an enamel surface, they can also increase the uptake of fluoride. The study objectives were to compare the action of CO2 and GaAlAs diode lasers on dental enamel and their effects on pulp temperature and enamel fluoride uptake. Different groups of selected enamel surfaces were treated with amine fluoride and irradiated with CO2 laser at an energy power of 1 or 2 W or with diode laser at 5 or 7 W for 15 s each and compared to enamel surfaces without treatment or topical fluoridated. Samples were examined by means of environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). Surfaces of all enamel samples were then acid-etched, measuring the amount of fluoride deposited on the enamel by using a selective ion electrode. Other enamel surfaces selected under the same conditions were irradiated as described above, measuring the increase in pulp temperature with a thermocouple wire. Fluorination with CO2 laser at 1 W and diode laser at 7 W produced a significantly greater fluoride uptake on enamel (89 ± 18 mg/l) and (77 ± 17 mg/l) versus topical Fluoridation alone (58 ± 7 mg/l) and no treatment (20 ± 1 mg/l). Diode laser at 5 W produced a lesser alteration of the enamel surface compared to CO2 laser at 1 W, but greater pulp safety was provided by CO2 laser (ΔT° 1.60° ± 0.5) than by diode laser (ΔT° 3.16° ± 0.6). Diode laser at 7 W and CO2 laser at 2 W both caused alterations on enamel surfaces, but great pulp safety was again obtained with CO2 (ΔT° 4.44° ± 0.60) than with diode (ΔT° 5.25° ± 0.55). Our study demonstrates that CO2 and diode laser irradiation of the enamel surface can both increase fluoride uptake; however, laser energy parameters must be carefully controlled in order to limit increases in pulpal temperature and alterations to the enamel surface.
William Maas - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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costs and savings associated with community water Fluoridation in the united states
Health Affairs, 2016Co-Authors: Joan Oconnell, Scott L. Tomar, Jennifer Rockell, Judith C Ouellet, William MaasAbstract:The most comprehensive study of US community water Fluoridation program benefits and costs was published in 2001. This study provides updated estimates using an economic model that includes recent data on program costs, dental caries increments, and dental treatments. In 2013 more than 211 million people had access to fluoridated water through community water systems serving 1,000 or more people. Savings associated with dental caries averted in 2013 as a result of Fluoridation were estimated to be $32.19 per capita for this population. Based on 2013 estimated costs ($324 million), net savings (savings minus costs) from Fluoridation systems were estimated to be $6,469 million and the estimated return on investment, 20.0. While communities should assess their specific costs for continuing or implementing a Fluoridation program, these updated findings indicate that program savings are likely to exceed costs.
Thomas M. Marthaler - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Salt Fluoridation and oral health.
Acta medica academica, 2013Co-Authors: Thomas M. MarthalerAbstract:The aim of this paper is to make known the potential of fluoridated salt in community oral health programs, particularly in South Eastern Europe. Since 1922, the addition of iodine to salt has been successful in Switzerland. Goiter is virtually extinct. By 1945, the cariesprotective effect of fluorides was well established. Based on the success of water Fluoridation, a gynecologist started adding of fluoride to salt. The sale of fluoridated salt began in 1956 in the Swiss Canton of Zurich, and several other cantons followed suit. Studies initiated in the early seventies showed that fluoride, when added to salt, inhibits dental caries. The addition of fluoride to salt for human consumption was officially authorized in 1980-82. In Switzerland 85% of domestic salt consumed is fluoridated and 67% in Germany. Salt Fluoridation schemes are reaching more than one hundred million in Mexico, Colombia, Peru and Cuba. The cost of salt Fluoridation is very low, within 0.02 and 0.05 € per year and capita. Children and adults of the low socio-economic strata tend to have substantially more untreated caries than higher strata. Salt Fluoridation is by far the cheapest method for improving oral health. Conclusions. Salt Fluoridation has cariostatic potential like water Fluoridation (caries reductions up to 50%). In Europe, meaningful percentages of users have been attained only in Germany (67%) and Switzerland (85%). In Latin America, there are more than 100 million users, and several countries have arrived at coverage of 90 to 99%. Salt Fluoridation is by far the cheapest method of caries prevention, and billions of people throughout the world could benefit from this method.
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Salt Fluoridation and oral health.
Acta medica academica, 2013Co-Authors: Thomas M. MarthalerAbstract:The aim of this paper is to make known the potential of fluoridated salt in community oral health programs, particularly in South Eastern Europe. Since 1922, the addition of iodine to salt has been successful in Switzerland. Goiter is virtually extinct. By 1945, the caries-protective effect of fluorides was well established. Based on the success of water Fluoridation, a gynecologist started adding of fluoride to salt. The sale of fluoridated salt began in 1956 in the Swiss Canton of Zurich, and several other cantons followed suit. Studies initiated in the early seventies showed that fluoride, when added to salt, inhibits dental caries. The addition of fluoride to salt for human consumption was officially authorized in 1980-82. In Switzerland 85% of domestic salt consumed is fluoridated and 67% in Germany. Salt Fluoridation schemes are reaching more than one hundred million in Mexico, Colombia, Peru and Cuba. The cost of salt Fluoridation is very low, within 0.02 and 0.05 € per year and capita. Children and adults of the low socio-economic strata tend to have substantially more untreated caries than higher strata. Salt Fluoridation is by far the cheapest method for improving oral health. Salt Fluoridation has cariostatic potential like water Fluoridation (caries reductions up to 50%). In Europe, meaningful percentages of users have been attained only in Germany (67%) and Switzerland (85%). In Latin America, there are more than 100 million users, and several countries have arrived at coverage of 90 to 99%. Salt Fluoridation is by far the cheapest method of caries prevention, and billions of people throughout the world could benefit from this method. Copyright © 2013 by Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Cost aspects of salt Fluoridation.
Schweizer Monatsschrift fur Zahnmedizin = Revue mensuelle suisse d'odonto-stomatologie = Rivista mensile svizzera di odontologia e stomatologia, 2005Co-Authors: George M Gillespie, Thomas M. MarthalerAbstract:The cost of salt Fluoridation in a given country depends primarily on the number of salt factories and on the technical level available in the country. Equipment required may cost U.S. dollars 400,000 for large plants producing at least 20,000 tons/year providing salt for populations of several millions. Reliable batch mixers have been built locally for U.S. dollars 3000 to U.S. dollars 10,000, with one such mixer capable of producing 10 batches of one metric ton/day or 2000 to 3000 tons a year for a population of 350,000 to 500,000. Frequently 85-90% of the costs are devoted to infrastructure; in combination with salt iodization, the cost for fluoride equipment is 30-50% less. loIization is promoted by WHO, UNICEF, other international organizations and national aid agencies which can indirectly support salt Fluoridation. With respect to running costs, the expense for the fluoride chemical is the major factor in small plants producing for example 6000 tons of salt, i. e U.S. dollars 0.015 to 0.03 per year and capita. The cost for personnel necessary for addition of fluoride and quality control is approximately U.S. dollars 0.008/capita/year in small plants and even less in large ones. With adequate implementation, salt Fluoridation affords a cariostatic effectiveness equal to that of water Fluoridation. When its cost is compared to that of water Fluoridation, there may not be much difference regarding initial cost for equipment except in the case of small salt factories where local production of batch mixers may lower initial expenses substantially. Running costs for salt Fluoridation are 10 to 100 times lower because the amount of fluoride chemical needed and its handling are up to 100 times less than with water Fluoridation. In practice, the cost of salt Fluoridation is often so low that many producers did not raise the price of fluoridated salt; this has been the case in Switzerland since 1955 and also in several countries in the Americas today.
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Salt Fluoridation in Central and Eastern Europe.
Schweizer Monatsschrift fur Zahnmedizin = Revue mensuelle suisse d'odonto-stomatologie = Rivista mensile svizzera di odontologia e stomatologia, 2005Co-Authors: Thomas M. Marthaler, George W. PollakAbstract:For decades Central European countries have been interested in preventive dentistry. Water Fluoridation played a major role in the former German Democratic and Czechoslovak Republics and a minor one in Poland. These schemes were abandoned after 1989. Extensive research on all aspects of salt Fluoridation was conducted in Hungary from 1966 to 1984 but attempts to introduce it in the country have had little success. Salt Fluoridation was implemented in the Czech and the Slovak Republics in the mid-nineties. The market share of the fluoridated domestic salt appears to have reached 35% in the Czech Republic; it became eventually part of a preventive strategy comprising school-based dental health education including topical fluoride. Another four countries have been considering salt Fluoridation but schemes did not materialize. AntiFluoridation activities occasionally impeded caries prevention, and for years some respected dentists declared their position against fluorides. Caries prevalence in 12-year-old children is by 1 to 3 DMFT higher than in Western Europe. For many years to come, modern fluoride-containing toothpastes and dentifrices may not be affordable for the lower socio-economic strata of the populations in Central and Eastern Europe. It is concluded that salt Fluoridation, which is by far the cheapest means of lowering caries prevalence, could markedly improve the oral health situation even if the economical situation is slow to improve.
Alberto Gonzalezrodriguez - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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comparison of effects of diode laser and co2 laser on human teeth and their usefulness in topical Fluoridation
Lasers in Medical Science, 2011Co-Authors: Alberto Gonzalezrodriguez, J D Lopezgonzalez, Juan De Dios Luna Del Castillo, Juan VillalbamorenoAbstract:Various authors have reported more effective Fluoridation from the use of lasers combined with topical fluoride than from conventional topical Fluoridation. Besides the beneficial effect of lasers in reducing the acid solubility of an enamel surface, they can also increase the uptake of fluoride. The study objectives were to compare the action of CO2 and GaAlAs diode lasers on dental enamel and their effects on pulp temperature and enamel fluoride uptake. Different groups of selected enamel surfaces were treated with amine fluoride and irradiated with CO2 laser at an energy power of 1 or 2 W or with diode laser at 5 or 7 W for 15 s each and compared to enamel surfaces without treatment or topical fluoridated. Samples were examined by means of environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). Surfaces of all enamel samples were then acid-etched, measuring the amount of fluoride deposited on the enamel by using a selective ion electrode. Other enamel surfaces selected under the same conditions were irradiated as described above, measuring the increase in pulp temperature with a thermocouple wire. Fluorination with CO2 laser at 1 W and diode laser at 7 W produced a significantly greater fluoride uptake on enamel (89 ± 18 mg/l) and (77 ± 17 mg/l) versus topical Fluoridation alone (58 ± 7 mg/l) and no treatment (20 ± 1 mg/l). Diode laser at 5 W produced a lesser alteration of the enamel surface compared to CO2 laser at 1 W, but greater pulp safety was provided by CO2 laser (ΔT° 1.60° ± 0.5) than by diode laser (ΔT° 3.16° ± 0.6). Diode laser at 7 W and CO2 laser at 2 W both caused alterations on enamel surfaces, but great pulp safety was again obtained with CO2 (ΔT° 4.44° ± 0.60) than with diode (ΔT° 5.25° ± 0.55). Our study demonstrates that CO2 and diode laser irradiation of the enamel surface can both increase fluoride uptake; however, laser energy parameters must be carefully controlled in order to limit increases in pulpal temperature and alterations to the enamel surface.