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Adrian Meule - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A history of “Food Addiction”
Compulsive Eating Behavior and Food Addiction, 2020Co-Authors: Adrian MeuleAbstract:Abstract It seems widely accepted that research on “Food Addiction” is a new field that emerged in the 21st century because of the obesity pandemic. This chapter will demonstrate that this concept is not new at all. Food was mentioned along with Addiction as early as the 19th century. The term “eating Addiction” to describe patients with binge eating was first used in the 1930s. The term “Food Addiction” was first used in the 1950s. Throughout the second half of the 20th century, different Addiction perspectives on chocolate consumption, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, and obesity were lively discussed. Thus, research on “Food Addiction” encompasses a long history with recurring themes that receive renewed interest in recent years.
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german version of the yale Food Addiction scale 2 0 prevalence and correlates of Food Addiction in students and obese individuals
Appetite, 2017Co-Authors: Adrian Meule, Ashley Gearhardt, Astrid Muller, Jens BlechertAbstract:Abstract The Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) measures Addiction-like eating of palatable Foods based on the seven diagnostic criteria for substance dependence in the fourth revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). Most recently, a new version of the YFAS has been developed based on the revised eleven diagnostic criteria for substance use disorder in DSM-5. This YFAS 2.0 was translated into German and used among other measures in a study with 455 university students (89% female) and in a study with 138 obese patients presenting for bariatric surgery (78% female). In the student sample, the one-factorial structure of the English version could be replicated and internal consistency was α = 0.90. The diagnostic threshold for ‘Food Addiction’ was met by 10% of the sample. ‘Food Addiction’ diagnoses were associated with higher body mass, binge eating frequency, trait Food craving, and attentional impulsivity as well as with lower perceived self-regulatory success in dieting. In the obese sample, the diagnostic threshold for ‘Food Addiction’ was met by 47% of participants. Again, ‘Food Addiction’ symptomatology was associated with higher binge eating frequency and attentional impulsivity. However, those with a ‘Food Addiction’ diagnosis did not differ from those without a diagnosis in body mass. To conclude, psychometric properties of the English YFAS 2.0 were replicated for the German YFAS 2.0. Prevalence rates and correlates of ‘Food Addiction’ as measured with the YFAS 2.0 were similar to those found with the previous version of the YFAS. Thus, the German YFAS 2.0 appears to be a reliable measure that can be used for the investigation of Addiction-like eating behavior, analogous to the original version of the YFAS and the English YFAS 2.0.
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Prevalence of ‘Food Addiction' as Measured with the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 in a Representative German Sample and Its Association with Sex, Age and Weight Categories
Obesity Facts, 2017Co-Authors: Carolin Hauck, Adrian Meule, Erica M Schulte, Annegret Weiß, Thomas EllrottAbstract:Background/Aims: To assess the prevalence and correlates of addictive-like eating behavior in Germany. Methods: The German version of the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) 2.0 was used to investigate, for the first time, the prevalence of ‘Food Addiction' in a representative sample aged 18-65 years (N = 1,034). Results: The prevalence of ‘Food Addiction' measured by the YFAS 2.0 was 7.9%. Individuals meeting criteria for ‘Food Addiction' had higher BMI and were younger than individuals not meeting the threshold. Underweight (15.0%) and obese (17.2%) individuals exhibited the highest prevalence rate of ‘Food Addiction'. Addictive-like eating was not associated with sex, education level, or place of residence. Conclusion: YFAS 2.0 ‘Food Addiction' was met by nearly 8% of the population. There is a non-linear relationship between addictive-like eating and BMI, with the highest prevalence among underweight and obese persons. These findings suggest that ‘Food Addiction' may be a contributor to overeating but may also reflect a distinct phenotype of problematic eating behavior not synonymous with obesity. Further, the elevated prevalence of YFAS 2.0 ‘Food Addiction' among underweight individuals may reflect an overlap with eating disorders and warrants attention in future research.
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Food Addiction and Bulimia Nervosa: New Data Based on the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0
European Eating Disorders Review, 2016Co-Authors: Sarah-kristin De Vries, Adrian MeuleAbstract:Previous research on ‘Food Addiction’ as measured with the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) showed a large overlap between Addiction-like eating and bulimia nervosa. Most recently, a revised version of the YFAS has been developed according to the changes made in the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fifth edition. The current study examined prevalence and correlates of the YFAS2.0 in individuals with bulimia (n = 115) and controls (n = 341). Ninety-six per cent of participants with bulimia and 14% of controls received a YFAS2.0 diagnosis. A higher number of YFAS2.0 symptoms was associated with lower interoceptive awareness, higher depressiveness, and higher impulsivity in both groups. However, a higher number of YFAS2.0 symptoms was associated with higher body mass and weight suppression in controls only and not in participants with bulimia. The current study is the first to show a large overlap between bulimia and ‘Food Addiction’ as measured with the YFAS2.0, replicating and extending findings from studies, which used the previous version of the YFAS. Compensatory weight control behaviours in individuals with bulimia likely alleviate the association between Addiction-like eating and higher body mass. Thus, the large overlap between bulimia and ‘Food Addiction’ should be taken into consideration when examining the role of Addiction-like eating in weight gain and obesity. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
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Food Addiction in overweight and obese adolescents seeking weight loss treatment
European Eating Disorders Review, 2015Co-Authors: Adrian Meule, Tina Hermann, Andrea KublerAbstract:Some forms of overeating closely resemble addictive behaviour. The Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) was developed to measure such Addiction-like eating in humans and has been employed in numerous studies for examining Food Addiction in adults. Yet, little is known about Food Addiction in children and adolescents. Fifty adolescents were recruited at the beginning of treatment in a weight-loss hospital and completed the YFAS among other questionnaires. Nineteen participants (38%) received a YFAS diagnosis, who did not differ in age, body mass and gender distribution from those not receiving a diagnosis. However, those with Food Addiction reported more binge days, more frequent Food cravings, higher eating, weight and shape concerns, more symptoms of depression and higher attentional and motor impulsivity. Eating restraint and nonplanning impulsivity did not differ between groups. Results replicate findings from studies in obese adults such that Food Addiction is not related to age, gender, body mass or eating restraint, but to higher eating pathology, more symptoms of depression and higher impulsivity. Furthermore, results highlight that particularly attentional impulsivity is related to ‘Food Addiction’. Addiction-like eating appears to be a valid phenotype in a substantial subset of treatment-seeking, obese adolescents. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Ashley Gearhardt - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Food Addiction prevalence: Development and validation of diagnostic tools
Compulsive Eating Behavior and Food Addiction, 2020Co-Authors: Ashley Gearhardt, Erica M Schulte, Emma T. SchiestlAbstract:Abstract Food Addiction has become a topic of growing scientific and public interest in the past two decades as rates of obesity have continued to rise globally. However, unlike existing substance-use disorders, the consumption of Food is necessary for survival, and the highly processed Foods that seem to be most associated with addictive-like eating are abundant in the environment without regulation. Thus, one of the central challenges in this line of research is to operationalize a behavioral phenotype of clinically significant addictive-like eating behavior. In the current chapter, we will (1) consider initial approaches to identifying addictive-like eating, (2) discuss the development of the most established measure of Food Addiction (i.e., Yale Food Addiction Scale) and the prevalence of its “diagnostic” threshold score, (3) consider an alternative framework for conceptualizing addictive-like eating, and (4) outline future research directions that may advance understanding of the clinical relevance of Food Addiction.
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Subjective experiences of highly processed Food consumption in individuals with Food Addiction.
Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 2019Co-Authors: Erica M Schulte, Kendrin R. Sonneville, Ashley GearhardtAbstract:Highly processed Foods (e.g., pizza, chocolate) have been more associated with indicators of Food Addiction than have minimally processed Foods (e.g., fruits, vegetables), although findings have been primarily self-reported. The present study utilized behavioral methods from the Addiction literature to assess whether (a) Foods differ in their associations with subjective experience indicators of abuse liability and (b) individual differences in subjective experiences and eating behavior emerge using the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (YFAS 2.0). Women (n = 44) with overweight or obesity, 38.6% with YFAS 2.0 Food Addiction, rated facets of subjective experience (e.g., craving) during a taste test task and ad libitum consumption period. A hierarchical linear model assessed whether Foods were differentially associated with each subjective experience (Level 1) and individual differences by Food Addiction (Level 2). Associations between subjective experiences and eating behavior were also examined. Highly processed, relative to minimally processed, Foods were more associated with indicators of abuse liability, although individuals with Food Addiction reported decreased enjoyment for and intentions to consume highly processed Foods. Subjective experiences were associated with greater consumption of highly processed Foods for participants with Food Addiction. The present work provides further support for the rewarding nature of highly processed Foods, evidenced by closer associations with subjective experiences reported for drugs of abuse compared to minimally processed Foods. In addition, highly processed Food intake was related to elevated subjective experience reports for these Foods for those with Food Addiction, paralleling findings in individuals with a substance-use disorder for the relevant drug. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Food and beverage consumption and Food Addiction among women in the nurses health studies
Appetite, 2018Co-Authors: Adina R. Lemeshow, Ashley Gearhardt, Alan J Flint, Eric B Rimm, Alison E Field, Deborah S Hasin, Jeanine M. GenkingerAbstract:Abstract Background and aims Previous studies have not addressed a fundamental component of a Food Addiction disorder: the compulsive relationship between eating and potentially positively reinforcing Foods. We aimed to evaluate the association between Food consumption and Food Addiction. Methods We conducted cross-sectional analyses merging data from the Nurses' Health Study (n = 58,625) and Nurses' Health Study II (n = 65,063), two prospective cohort studies of female nurses in the United States. Diet was assessed in 2006–2007 using a Food frequency questionnaire, and Food Addiction was assessed in 2008–2009 using the Modified Yale Food Addiction Scale. Results The prevalence of Food Addiction was 5.4%. The odds of Food Addiction were strongest among nurses consuming 5+ servings/week (compared with Conclusions This epidemiologic study was the largest to examine Food consumption and Food Addiction. Food Addiction was positively associated with consumption of many hypothesized positively reinforcing Foods that include a combination of carbohydrates and fats such as snacks, “fast Foods,” and candy bars. However, it was inversely or not associated with certain sweet Foods, refined grains, and sugar-sweetened beverages, which is consistent with literature suggesting that carbohydrates (without other ingredients) are less associated with Food Addiction. Longitudinal analyses will help untangle the temporal order between Food consumption and Food Addiction, as some relationships in our analyses were difficult to interpret due to the cross-sectional design.
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Food Addiction among sexual minorities
Appetite, 2018Co-Authors: Jacob C Rainey, Celina R Furman, Ashley GearhardtAbstract:Abstract Although sexual minorities represent a small proportion of the general population, this group has been observed to be at an increased risk of developing various pathologies, including substance use and eating disorders. Research suggests that Foods high in added fat and refined carbohydrates may trigger an addictive response, especially in at-risk individuals. Consequently, Food Addiction is associated with elevated risk for obesity, diet-related disease, and psychological distress. However, there is limited research on whether Food Addiction, like substance use, may be elevated among sexual minorities, and whether self-compassion may be a protective factor. Thus, the current study aims to test whether Food Addiction is elevated in sexual minorities (relative to heterosexuals) and if discrimination and self-compassion may be related to Food Addiction among sexual minorities. In a community sample of 356 participants (43.3% sexual minority), sexual minorities had almost twice the prevalence of Food Addiction (16.9%) as heterosexuals (8.9%). Also, sexual minorities on average experienced more Food Addiction symptoms (M = 2.73, SD = 1.76) than heterosexuals (M = 1.95, SD = 1.59). For sexual minorities, heterosexist harassment was associated with increased Food Addiction, while self-compassion appeared to be a protective factor. Further research needs to examine between-group differences among sexual minorities for better treatment and interventions for Food Addiction.
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Food Addiction in children associations with obesity parental Food Addiction and feeding practices
Eating Behaviors, 2017Co-Authors: Tracy Burrows, Janelle A Skinner, Michelle A Joyner, J Palmieri, K Vaughan, Ashley GearhardtAbstract:Abstract Food Addiction research in children is limited, and to date addictive-like eating behaviors within families have not been investigated. The aim of this study is to understand factors associated with addictive-like eating in children. The association between Food Addiction in children with obesity, parental Food Addiction, and parental feeding practices (i.e., restriction, pressure to eat, monitoring) was investigated. Parents/primary caregivers (aged ≥ 18 years) of children aged 5–12 years, recruited and completed an online cross-sectional survey including demographics, the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS), and the Child Feeding Questionnaire (CFQ). Parents, reporting on themselves and one of their children, were given a Food Addiction diagnosis and symptom score according to the YFAS predefined criteria. The total sample consisted of 150 parents/primary caregivers (48% male) and 150 children (51% male). Food Addiction was found to be 12.0% in parents and 22.7% in children. In children, Food Addiction was significantly associated with higher child BMI z-scores. Children with higher Food Addiction symptoms had parents with higher Food Addiction scores. Parents of FA children reported significantly higher levels of Restriction and Pressure to eat feeding practices, but not Monitoring . Children with elevated YFAS-C scores may be at greater risk for eating-related issues.
Andrea Kubler - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Food Addiction in overweight and obese adolescents seeking weight loss treatment
European Eating Disorders Review, 2015Co-Authors: Adrian Meule, Tina Hermann, Andrea KublerAbstract:Some forms of overeating closely resemble addictive behaviour. The Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) was developed to measure such Addiction-like eating in humans and has been employed in numerous studies for examining Food Addiction in adults. Yet, little is known about Food Addiction in children and adolescents. Fifty adolescents were recruited at the beginning of treatment in a weight-loss hospital and completed the YFAS among other questionnaires. Nineteen participants (38%) received a YFAS diagnosis, who did not differ in age, body mass and gender distribution from those not receiving a diagnosis. However, those with Food Addiction reported more binge days, more frequent Food cravings, higher eating, weight and shape concerns, more symptoms of depression and higher attentional and motor impulsivity. Eating restraint and nonplanning impulsivity did not differ between groups. Results replicate findings from studies in obese adults such that Food Addiction is not related to age, gender, body mass or eating restraint, but to higher eating pathology, more symptoms of depression and higher impulsivity. Furthermore, results highlight that particularly attentional impulsivity is related to ‘Food Addiction’. Addiction-like eating appears to be a valid phenotype in a substantial subset of treatment-seeking, obese adolescents. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
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Food Addiction in Overweight and Obese Adolescents Seeking Weight‐loss Treatment
European Eating Disorders Review, 2015Co-Authors: Adrian Meule, Tina Hermann, Andrea KublerAbstract:Some forms of overeating closely resemble addictive behaviour. The Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) was developed to measure such Addiction-like eating in humans and has been employed in numerous studies for examining Food Addiction in adults. Yet, little is known about Food Addiction in children and adolescents. Fifty adolescents were recruited at the beginning of treatment in a weight-loss hospital and completed the YFAS among other questionnaires. Nineteen participants (38%) received a YFAS diagnosis, who did not differ in age, body mass and gender distribution from those not receiving a diagnosis. However, those with Food Addiction reported more binge days, more frequent Food cravings, higher eating, weight and shape concerns, more symptoms of depression and higher attentional and motor impulsivity. Eating restraint and nonplanning impulsivity did not differ between groups. Results replicate findings from studies in obese adults such that Food Addiction is not related to age, gender, body mass or eating restraint, but to higher eating pathology, more symptoms of depression and higher impulsivity. Furthermore, results highlight that particularly attentional impulsivity is related to ‘Food Addiction’. Addiction-like eating appears to be a valid phenotype in a substantial subset of treatment-seeking, obese adolescents. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Thomas A Wadden - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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prevalence and psychosocial correlates of Food Addiction in persons with obesity seeking weight reduction
Comprehensive Psychiatry, 2017Co-Authors: Ariana M Chao, Jena A Shaw, Rebecca L Pearl, Naji Alamuddin, Christina M Hopkins, Zayna M Bakizada, Robert I Berkowitz, Thomas A WaddenAbstract:Abstract Introduction Food Addiction is a controversial concept. The potential influence of Food Addiction on patients' psychosocial functioning and well-being has not been well established. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between psychosocial functioning (depressive symptoms and health-related quality of life [HRQOL]) and Food Addiction as measured by the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS). We also explored whether Food Addiction contributed additional variance in explaining psychosocial functioning, beyond demographic and clinical factors (e.g., binge eating). Methods The sample included 178 participants (mean age=44.2±11.2years; BMI=40.9±5.9kg/m 2 ; 88.2% female; 70.8% Black) with obesity seeking treatment for weight loss. Participants completed the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey, Impact of Weight on Quality of Life-Lite, Patient Health Questionnaire, YFAS, and Questionnaire on Eating and Weight Patterns-5. Results Twelve (6.7%) participants met criteria for Food Addiction, with 4 (33.3%) of these participants having co-occurring binge eating disorder. After adjusting for covariates, the number of Food Addiction symptoms accounted for 6.5% to 16.3% of additional variance in general HRQOL, 5.0% to 21.5% in weight-related HRQOL, and 19.1% in symptoms of depression. Conclusions In this treatment-seeking sample of participants, we found a low prevalence of Food Addiction, suggesting that addictive-like eating is unlikely to be a causal mechanism for most people with obesity. However, individuals who met criteria for Food Addiction had reduced psychosocial functioning compared to those who did not meet criteria. Individuals with addictive-like eating may require additional psychosocial support.
Robert I Berkowitz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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prevalence and psychosocial correlates of Food Addiction in persons with obesity seeking weight reduction
Comprehensive Psychiatry, 2017Co-Authors: Ariana M Chao, Jena A Shaw, Rebecca L Pearl, Naji Alamuddin, Christina M Hopkins, Zayna M Bakizada, Robert I Berkowitz, Thomas A WaddenAbstract:Abstract Introduction Food Addiction is a controversial concept. The potential influence of Food Addiction on patients' psychosocial functioning and well-being has not been well established. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between psychosocial functioning (depressive symptoms and health-related quality of life [HRQOL]) and Food Addiction as measured by the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS). We also explored whether Food Addiction contributed additional variance in explaining psychosocial functioning, beyond demographic and clinical factors (e.g., binge eating). Methods The sample included 178 participants (mean age=44.2±11.2years; BMI=40.9±5.9kg/m 2 ; 88.2% female; 70.8% Black) with obesity seeking treatment for weight loss. Participants completed the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey, Impact of Weight on Quality of Life-Lite, Patient Health Questionnaire, YFAS, and Questionnaire on Eating and Weight Patterns-5. Results Twelve (6.7%) participants met criteria for Food Addiction, with 4 (33.3%) of these participants having co-occurring binge eating disorder. After adjusting for covariates, the number of Food Addiction symptoms accounted for 6.5% to 16.3% of additional variance in general HRQOL, 5.0% to 21.5% in weight-related HRQOL, and 19.1% in symptoms of depression. Conclusions In this treatment-seeking sample of participants, we found a low prevalence of Food Addiction, suggesting that addictive-like eating is unlikely to be a causal mechanism for most people with obesity. However, individuals who met criteria for Food Addiction had reduced psychosocial functioning compared to those who did not meet criteria. Individuals with addictive-like eating may require additional psychosocial support.