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Michel Doreau - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Enteric methane emissions from ruminants fed Forages: Role of tannins content, a meta-analysis
2017Co-Authors: Maguy Eugène, Harry Archimède, Michel Doreau, Sylvie Giger-reverdin, Daniel SauvantAbstract:Enteric methane emission by ruminants fed Forages is highly variable and depends on Forage composition, intake and digestibility. In addition, plant secondary compounds such as tannins have antimethanogenic properties; however, the mitigating effect of tannins on CH4 is inconsistent. A meta-analysis approach was used to compare the effects of different Forages, supplemented or not with tannins, fed to ruminants on CH4 emission. Tannin content (TAN, condensed or hydrolysable), averaged 35.6 (sd =53.0) g/kg DM and varied from 0 to 199 g/kg DM, for 19 experiments and 53 treatments. Methane production, expressed per kg of digestible OMI (g/kg DOMI) significantly decreased when feeding level (FL, calculated as DM intake % liveweight) increased and when NDF content of the Forage decreased. Moreover, tannins content (g/kg DM) decreasing effect on methane emission was significant. The effect of tannins for mitigating CH4 emission is in agreement with previous studies, but in the present study the impact of tannins was lower, probably due to accounting for decreasing effect of FL and increasing effect of NDF effects in the equation and to small relations between these factors.
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Ruminal methanogens and bacteria populations in sheep are modified by a tropical environment
Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2016Co-Authors: Moufida Rira, Harry Archimède, Diego Morgavi, Milka Popova, Carine Marie-magdeleine, Tatiana Silou-etienne, Michel DoreauAbstract:Microbial fermentation of carbohydrates in the rumen is largely responsible for the emis- sion of methane by ruminants. Ruminants fed tropical Forages usually produce more enteric methane than ruminants fed temperate Forages. The relative influence of Forage type, breed and temperate vs tropical environment on rumen microbial populations is not known. This experiment aimed to separate these effects. We designed two parallel experiments in sheep in two sites: temperate (France) and tropical (French West Indies), using in each site two breeds, Texel (temperate origin), and Blackbelly (tropical origin) fed the same temperate Forages (C3 carbon fixation, permanent grasslands of high and low quality) and tropical for- ages (C4 carbon fixation, permanent grasslands of high and low quality). We determined diet digestibility, ruminal end-products of fermentation and microbial groups: total pro- tozoa, methanogens and bacteria, and selected fibrolytic bacteria. Dry matter digestibility coefficient was higher in tropical site (612 vs 580 g/kg on average, P = 0.004) but no differ- ence was observed between C3 and C4 Forages. There was no effect of site on total VFA concentration, but the acetate:propionate ratio was higher for the tropical site (4.30 vs 3.93 on average, P = 0.007). The acetate:propionate ratio was also affected by Forage type with higher values for C3 than C4 Forage (4.24 vs 3.99 on average, P = 0.03). Concentration of total rumen bacteria and methanogens was determined by qPCR targeting, respectively, the rrs (16S ribosomal RNA subunit) and mcrA (methyl coenzyme-M reductase) genes. For both groups, the number of gene copies per gram of DM rumen content was higher in the trop- ical site ( P < 0.001). For cellulolytic bacteria, higher number of rrs copies per gram of DM of rumen content were detected for Fibrobacter succinogenes in the temperate site ( P < 0.001), whereas no differences were observed for Ruminococcus flavefaciens or Ruminococcus albus numbers between sites, breeds and Forage type. Protozoa numbers determined by counting did not vary between sites, Forages or breeds, but a site × Forage interaction was observed ( P = 0.01): there were more protozoa and R. albus in tropical sites for tropical Forages. Our results suggest that rumen microbiota was mainly influenced by environment (temper- ate vs tropical) and that Forage type (C3 vs C4) and breed had minor effects. However, an interaction between environment and Forage type was observed for some variables
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Fat and fatty acid content and composition of Forages: A meta-analysis
Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2013Co-Authors: Frederic Glasser, Michel Doreau, Gaëlle Maxin, René BaumontAbstract:Forages, through the amount and composition of their fatty acids (FA), and because they represent a major part of ruminant diets, can help improve the nutritional quality of milk and meat. However, no comprehensive dataset is available to estimate fat and FA content and composition of Forages. This study used the available data on fat and FA content and composition of Forages to (i) compute mean composition values for the main Forages, and (ii) estimate the influence of Forage conservation, cultivation and harvest conditions on fat and FA content and composition. We report mean values for the main Forage species in the form of fresh Forage, silage or hay. The main factor influencing fat and FA composition was vegetation stage of Forage at harvest (estimated by the month of harvest or regrowth interval). Compared with fresh Forage at harvest, wilting or drying Forages (especially in bad drying conditions) altered their FA, whereas unwilted silage, the use of ensiling additives and N fertilization had only minor effects. The differences between grass (except corn) and legume species were lower than those induced by vegetation stage and wilting or drying. We gave equations to estimate the effects of these factors and thus refine the estimation of the FA content and composition of the Forages. Total FA content and proportion of linolenic acid were positively related to crude protein, and negatively related to fiber content of the Forages. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Development of a method to determine carotenoid composition of fresh Forages
Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 2008Co-Authors: Nicolas Cardinault, Michel Doreau, Bernard Lyan, Béatrice Chauveau, Edmond Rock, Pascal GrolierAbstract:Development of a method to determine carotenoid composition of fresh Forages. Can. J. Plant Sci. 88: 1057-1064. Due to the limited interest in carotenoids in ruminant diets until recently, analyses of Forages are often incomplete, focusing mainly on P-carotene and lutein. Carotenoid composition of green Forage from middle mountain meadow was analyzed by HPLC after extraction and elimination of chlorophylls by mild saponification. This method Of analysis uses two C-18 columns in series with a quaternary gradient system. Our method allowed, for the first time, the identification and quantification of several xanthophylls other than lutein (i.e., violaxanthin, antheraxanthin, epilutein) in chlorophyll-free extracts from carotenoid-rich Forage. The intra-day (3.5-7.5%) and inter-day (1.2-3.5%) coefficients of variation are Suitable for routine determination of carotenoids in green Forage. This method Could also be used in metabolic studies of these micronutrients in ruminants.
Matthew D. Denton - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Insufficient potassium and sulfur supply threaten the productivity of perennial Forage grasses in smallholder farms on tropical sandy soils
Plant and Soil, 2021Co-Authors: Joshua Neil Monty Philp, Wendy Vance, Richard W. Bell, Peter S. Cornish, Vanndy Lim, Sukanya Kamphayae, Matthew D. DentonAbstract:Aims Perennial Forage grass production has the potential to improve smallholder livelihoods in the tropics. However, nutrient management is often challenging, especially on infertile sandy soils. This study tested whether typical nutrient management limits the productivity and sustainability of perennial Forage grass systems on sandy soils. Methods Nutrient balances were estimated for four fields of either Megathyrsus maximus cv. Tanzania or Urochloa hybrid Mulato II. Nutrient limitations were then evaluated in a nutrient omission experiment. Results All soils were sandy (< 10% clay), neutral to acidic (pH (CaCl_2) 4.6 to 6.7) and had plant-limiting concentrations of total nitrogen, extractable potassium and extractable sulfur. Nitrogen inputs were typically higher than outputs, with balances ranging from −16 kg ha^−1 yr^−1 to 293 kg ha^−1 yr^−1, yet concentrations in Forage shoots were low at all sites. Phosphorus balances ranged from −5 kg ha^−1 yr^−1 to 77 kg ha^−1 yr^−1 and concentrations in Forage shoots were adequate. Potassium inputs were low, resulting in balances from −79 kg ha^−1 yr^−1 to −138 kg ha^−1 yr^−1 at locations that did not apply inorganic potassium fertilizer. Potassium concentrations in Forage shoots were low and omission of potassium resulted in severely depressed biomass production. Inorganic sulfur fertilizers were not applied to Forages and the sulfur balance varied from −1 kg ha^−1 yr^−1 to −24 kg ha^−1 yr^−1. Sulfur concentrations in shoots were correspondingly low and production was depressed when sulfur was omitted in the experiment. Conclusion Balanced nutrition was not achieved, despite substantial fertilizer inputs, resulting in deficiencies of potassium and sulfur, inefficient use of nitrogen and excesses of phosphorus. If current practices continue, potassium and sulfur depletion, phosphorus accumulation and soil acidification can be expected. Recommendations for balanced nutrient management that accounts for high rates of removal in biomass, variable concentrations in organic fertilizers, and leaching potential, are needed to sustain the productivity of perennial Forages on tropical sandy soils.
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Forage options to sustainably intensify smallholder farming systems on tropical sandy soils. A review
Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 2019Co-Authors: Joshua N. M. Philp, Wendy Vance, Richard W. Bell, Ty Chhay, Davina Boyd, Viengsavanh Phimphachanhvongsod, Matthew D. DentonAbstract:Intensifying livestock production by integrating perennial Forages has great potential to contribute to sustainable development and livelihoods in the Mekong region. However, the approach taken must be informed by the environmental, social, and cultural context of the region. Accordingly, we review published research papers and reports from relevant research for development projects to identify options for sustainably integrating Forages into farming systems, with a focus on sand-dominant soils of southern Laos and Cambodia. First, we examine existing livestock management practices to determine the compatibility of Forages as an option to intensify livestock production. Second, we review the environmental properties of rainfed lowland rice systems with sandy soils and their implications for Forage growing. Third, we identify and compare the suitability of existing Forage genetics that is adapted to these environmental properties. Fourth, we propose adapted varieties, outline appropriate management options, and discuss the sustainable engagement of smallholders in the production of Forages. The key findings are as follows: (1) Forages appear compatible with the sociocultural properties of smallholder farming systems in southern Laos and Cambodia because there is an awareness of existing limitations to livestock production, widespread desire to possess livestock for cultural reasons, and mounting pressure to improve the productivity of grazing areas and the efficiency of labor. (2) The limiting properties of the environment are drought, soil acidity, flooding, and soil infertility, which must be addressed in the selection and management of Forage genetics. (3) Broadly adapted perennial tropical grasses and herbaceous legumes exist, but these are unlikely to thrive in lowland ecosystems of southern Laos and Cambodia that are prone to both annual flooding and drought. (4) Variations in surface hydrology at the farm scale often result in differentiated environments suitable for differing varieties. Brachiaria sp. hybrid “Mulato II,” Panicum maximum , and Stylosanthes guianensis are recommended for drought-prone, acidic sands that are safe from prolonged submergence and would require the least additional management, whilst Paspalum atratum is recommended for low-lying areas with access to irrigation. (5) The transition to perennial Forage integration appears to be accessible to farmers and can allow them to rapidly accumulate benefits in terms of saved labor; however, efforts to intensify animal production have been slow and must contend with multiple challenges: poor understanding of animal husbandry and health, cultural views relating to the role of animals in production systems, and poor access to Forage and livestock services. These must all be addressed if sustainably intensified animal production is to be achieved in these and similar regions.
Camille Demarquilly - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Ruminal degradation of protein of cocksfoot and perennial ryegrass as affected by various stages of growth and conservation methods
Animal Research, 2017Co-Authors: Jocelyne Aufrere, Dominique Graviou, Camille DemarquillyAbstract:The behaviour of nitrogenous fractions in the rumen of sheep fed grasses at different vegetation stages and preserved by different methods was examined in this study. The measurements were made on four sheep fed Forages. In Experiment 1, we used fresh cocksfoot cut at three stages of vegetation in the first growth stage (heading, first flower and full flower), two silages (one made with formic acid and the other without a preservative) and a first flower hay. In Experiment 2, we used fresh perennial ryegrass cut in the first growth stage (end of heading) and in the second growth stage at 7 week regrowth. A silage made with formic acid, two wrapped big bales harvested at 42% and 58% dry matter and a hay cut at the first growth stage (end of heading) were compared. The effective degradability of crude protein (DegN) estimated using the in situ method was lower ($P < 0.05$) with the latter vegetation stage for cocksfoot: 0.693 for the heading, 0.667 for the first flower, 0.597 for the full flower. For cocksfoot, the DegN of the silages was higher ($P < 0.05$) for silage without additive (0.770) than for silage with formic acid (0.705) and higher than that of the fresh Forage at first flower (0.667). The DegN of hay was markedly lower (0.537, $P < 0.05$) than that of the original fresh Forage. The DegN of silage of perennial ryegrass (0.760) and wrapped big bales harvested at 42% DM (0.739) were higher ($P < 0.05$) than that of fresh Forage harvested at the end of heading (0.705). The DegN of wrapped big bales of perennial ryegrass harvested at 58% DM (0.667) and hay (0.536) were lower than those of the other Forages ($P < 0.05$). Whatever the Forage studied, the concentration of total nitrogen (tN), ammonia nitrogen (NH$_3$-N) and non-ammonia nitrogen (NAN) were high 1 or 2 h after feeding and diminished rapidly up to 7 h after feeding. Some of the solubilised nitrogen remained as proteins 1 to 2 h after feeding for fresh Forage harvested at various growth stages, but no protein was found in the rumen fluid after sheep were fed the silage (with or without preservative), wrapped big bales or hay. The proportion of dietary NAN flow (relative to ingested nitrogen) escaping rumen degradation was 5.8% to 10.1% for perennial ryegrass and 10.9% to 15% for cocksfoot.
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Protein degradation in the rumen of red clover Forage at various stages of growth and conserved as silage or wrapped big bales
Reproduction Nutrition Development, 2017Co-Authors: Jocelyne Aufrere, Dominique Graviou, Camille DemarquillyAbstract:In order to study the extent to which rumen soluble nitrogen can contribute to the intestinal flow, a study was carried out to simultaneously assess the dynamics of protein disappearance from dacron bags placed in the rumen and the amount of various N products in the rumen fluid (total nitrogen (tN), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), non-ammonia nitrogen (NAN)). The measurements were carried out on 4 sheep fed successively various red clover Forages. These Forages included the initial growth of fresh red clover (50% bud, first flower, and full flower). In addition, one silage and one wrapped big bale at the first flower stage and two wrapped big bales (harvested at 51% and 71% dry matter) at the full flower stage were given. The effective degradability of nitrogen (DegN) for a fresh Forage estimated from the nylon bag procedure did not vary ($p > 0.05$) with the vegetation stage (0.727 for the bud stage, 0.694 at the first flower, 0.706 at the full flower). The DegN of the silage was higher ($p < 0.05$; 0.735) and the DegN of the wrapped big bale was markedly lower ($p < 0.05$; 0.660), than the original fresh Forage at the first flower. The DegN of the wrapped big bales made at 51 and 71% DM, respectively, were 0.625 and 0.604 against 0.706 for fresh Forage at the full flower stage. The concentrations of tN and NAN in the rumen fluid were low, highest 1 h to 2 h after feeding, and then decreasing up to 7 h after feeding whatever the growth stage and conservation mode. A part of the solubilised nitrogen remained as protein 1 h after feeding for fresh red clover harvested at various growth stages, while minimal protein could be seen in the rumen fluid after the sheep were fed silage or wrapped big bales. The part of NAN escaping rumen degradation and transiting with the rumen fluid was between 7 and 13% of the nitrogen disappearing from the nylon bags (NAN/CP $\times$ DegN) placed in the rumen. There was only a small difference for Forages at different stages of growth, or modes of conservation. This fraction was higher for wrapped big bales and particularly for the late stage Forage (wrapped big bale, 71% DM, harvested at the full flower stage).
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Degradation in the rumen of proteins from fresh lucerne Forage in various stages of growth and conserved as silage or hay
Annales de zootechnie, 2016Co-Authors: Jocelyne Aufrere, Dominique Graviou, Aline Detour, René Baumont, Camille DemarquillyAbstract:The extent to which rumen soluble nitrogen can contribute to the intestinal flow is unknown. Therefore a study was carried out to simultaneously assess the dynamics of protein disappearance from dacron bags placed in the rumen and the amount of various N products (total nitrogen (tN), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), non-ammonia nitrogen (NAN). Measurements were carried out on 4 sheep fed various lucerne Forages. These Forages included fresh lucerne cut at the vegetative or bud stage, fresh lucerne cut at the 6-week second growth stage and at stemmy regrowth stage. In addition two silages made from lucerne at the bud stage, with or without formic acid were also given. The hay was dried on the ground in good weather. The effective degradability of nitrogen (DegN) estimated from the nylon bag procedure was lower ($p < 0.05$) with the latter vegetation stage (0.80 for vegetative stage vs. 0.76 for bud stage). This value was 0.81 for the regrowth stage. The DegN of the silages was higher ($p < 0.05$) without additive (0.84) than with formic acid (0.80) and the DegN of the hay was markedly lower ($0.66, p < 0.05$) than with the original fresh Forage. Whatever the Forage studied, tN and NAN rumen fluid contents were high at 1 h or 2 h after feeding (from 0.458 mg$\cdot$g$^{-1}$ for hay to 0.813 mg$\cdot$g$^{-1}$ for fresh Forage at the vegetative stage) and diminished rapidly up to 7 h after feeding except for the silages, for which the minimum content was observed 4 h after feeding. A part of the solubilised nitrogen remained as proteins at 1 h and 2 h after feeding for fresh lucerne at various stages of harvesting (from 0.187 mg$\cdot$g$^{-1}$ to 0.221 mg$\cdot$g$^{-1}$ at 1 h) while no protein could be seen in the rumen fluid after feeding of sheep fed silage (with or without preservative) or hay. The part of NAN escaping rumen degradation and transiting with the rumen fluid represented 7 to 11% of the nitrogen disappearing from the nylon bags placed in the rumen. There was little difference linked to the vegetation stage of the Forage or its mode of conservation in particular. This content remained high for hay while its effective degradability (0.66) was much lower than for other Forages (from 0.76 to 0.84).
Jocelyne Aufrere - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Ruminal degradation of protein of cocksfoot and perennial ryegrass as affected by various stages of growth and conservation methods
Animal Research, 2017Co-Authors: Jocelyne Aufrere, Dominique Graviou, Camille DemarquillyAbstract:The behaviour of nitrogenous fractions in the rumen of sheep fed grasses at different vegetation stages and preserved by different methods was examined in this study. The measurements were made on four sheep fed Forages. In Experiment 1, we used fresh cocksfoot cut at three stages of vegetation in the first growth stage (heading, first flower and full flower), two silages (one made with formic acid and the other without a preservative) and a first flower hay. In Experiment 2, we used fresh perennial ryegrass cut in the first growth stage (end of heading) and in the second growth stage at 7 week regrowth. A silage made with formic acid, two wrapped big bales harvested at 42% and 58% dry matter and a hay cut at the first growth stage (end of heading) were compared. The effective degradability of crude protein (DegN) estimated using the in situ method was lower ($P < 0.05$) with the latter vegetation stage for cocksfoot: 0.693 for the heading, 0.667 for the first flower, 0.597 for the full flower. For cocksfoot, the DegN of the silages was higher ($P < 0.05$) for silage without additive (0.770) than for silage with formic acid (0.705) and higher than that of the fresh Forage at first flower (0.667). The DegN of hay was markedly lower (0.537, $P < 0.05$) than that of the original fresh Forage. The DegN of silage of perennial ryegrass (0.760) and wrapped big bales harvested at 42% DM (0.739) were higher ($P < 0.05$) than that of fresh Forage harvested at the end of heading (0.705). The DegN of wrapped big bales of perennial ryegrass harvested at 58% DM (0.667) and hay (0.536) were lower than those of the other Forages ($P < 0.05$). Whatever the Forage studied, the concentration of total nitrogen (tN), ammonia nitrogen (NH$_3$-N) and non-ammonia nitrogen (NAN) were high 1 or 2 h after feeding and diminished rapidly up to 7 h after feeding. Some of the solubilised nitrogen remained as proteins 1 to 2 h after feeding for fresh Forage harvested at various growth stages, but no protein was found in the rumen fluid after sheep were fed the silage (with or without preservative), wrapped big bales or hay. The proportion of dietary NAN flow (relative to ingested nitrogen) escaping rumen degradation was 5.8% to 10.1% for perennial ryegrass and 10.9% to 15% for cocksfoot.
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Protein degradation in the rumen of red clover Forage at various stages of growth and conserved as silage or wrapped big bales
Reproduction Nutrition Development, 2017Co-Authors: Jocelyne Aufrere, Dominique Graviou, Camille DemarquillyAbstract:In order to study the extent to which rumen soluble nitrogen can contribute to the intestinal flow, a study was carried out to simultaneously assess the dynamics of protein disappearance from dacron bags placed in the rumen and the amount of various N products in the rumen fluid (total nitrogen (tN), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), non-ammonia nitrogen (NAN)). The measurements were carried out on 4 sheep fed successively various red clover Forages. These Forages included the initial growth of fresh red clover (50% bud, first flower, and full flower). In addition, one silage and one wrapped big bale at the first flower stage and two wrapped big bales (harvested at 51% and 71% dry matter) at the full flower stage were given. The effective degradability of nitrogen (DegN) for a fresh Forage estimated from the nylon bag procedure did not vary ($p > 0.05$) with the vegetation stage (0.727 for the bud stage, 0.694 at the first flower, 0.706 at the full flower). The DegN of the silage was higher ($p < 0.05$; 0.735) and the DegN of the wrapped big bale was markedly lower ($p < 0.05$; 0.660), than the original fresh Forage at the first flower. The DegN of the wrapped big bales made at 51 and 71% DM, respectively, were 0.625 and 0.604 against 0.706 for fresh Forage at the full flower stage. The concentrations of tN and NAN in the rumen fluid were low, highest 1 h to 2 h after feeding, and then decreasing up to 7 h after feeding whatever the growth stage and conservation mode. A part of the solubilised nitrogen remained as protein 1 h after feeding for fresh red clover harvested at various growth stages, while minimal protein could be seen in the rumen fluid after the sheep were fed silage or wrapped big bales. The part of NAN escaping rumen degradation and transiting with the rumen fluid was between 7 and 13% of the nitrogen disappearing from the nylon bags (NAN/CP $\times$ DegN) placed in the rumen. There was only a small difference for Forages at different stages of growth, or modes of conservation. This fraction was higher for wrapped big bales and particularly for the late stage Forage (wrapped big bale, 71% DM, harvested at the full flower stage).
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Degradation in the rumen of proteins from fresh lucerne Forage in various stages of growth and conserved as silage or hay
Annales de zootechnie, 2016Co-Authors: Jocelyne Aufrere, Dominique Graviou, Aline Detour, René Baumont, Camille DemarquillyAbstract:The extent to which rumen soluble nitrogen can contribute to the intestinal flow is unknown. Therefore a study was carried out to simultaneously assess the dynamics of protein disappearance from dacron bags placed in the rumen and the amount of various N products (total nitrogen (tN), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), non-ammonia nitrogen (NAN). Measurements were carried out on 4 sheep fed various lucerne Forages. These Forages included fresh lucerne cut at the vegetative or bud stage, fresh lucerne cut at the 6-week second growth stage and at stemmy regrowth stage. In addition two silages made from lucerne at the bud stage, with or without formic acid were also given. The hay was dried on the ground in good weather. The effective degradability of nitrogen (DegN) estimated from the nylon bag procedure was lower ($p < 0.05$) with the latter vegetation stage (0.80 for vegetative stage vs. 0.76 for bud stage). This value was 0.81 for the regrowth stage. The DegN of the silages was higher ($p < 0.05$) without additive (0.84) than with formic acid (0.80) and the DegN of the hay was markedly lower ($0.66, p < 0.05$) than with the original fresh Forage. Whatever the Forage studied, tN and NAN rumen fluid contents were high at 1 h or 2 h after feeding (from 0.458 mg$\cdot$g$^{-1}$ for hay to 0.813 mg$\cdot$g$^{-1}$ for fresh Forage at the vegetative stage) and diminished rapidly up to 7 h after feeding except for the silages, for which the minimum content was observed 4 h after feeding. A part of the solubilised nitrogen remained as proteins at 1 h and 2 h after feeding for fresh lucerne at various stages of harvesting (from 0.187 mg$\cdot$g$^{-1}$ to 0.221 mg$\cdot$g$^{-1}$ at 1 h) while no protein could be seen in the rumen fluid after feeding of sheep fed silage (with or without preservative) or hay. The part of NAN escaping rumen degradation and transiting with the rumen fluid represented 7 to 11% of the nitrogen disappearing from the nylon bags placed in the rumen. There was little difference linked to the vegetation stage of the Forage or its mode of conservation in particular. This content remained high for hay while its effective degradability (0.66) was much lower than for other Forages (from 0.76 to 0.84).
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Near-infrared spectroscopy calibrations performed on oven-dried green Forages for the prediction of chemical composition and nutritive value of preserved Forage for ruminants
Applied Spectroscopy, 2016Co-Authors: Donato Andueza, Fabienne Picard, William Martin-rosset, Jocelyne AufrereAbstract:Predicting Forage feed value is a vital part of estimating ruminant performances. Most near-infrared (NIR) reflectance calibration models have been developed on oven-dried green Forages, but preserved Forages such as hays or silages are a significant part of real-world farm practice. Fresh and preserved Forages give largely similar fodder, but drying or ensiling processes could modify preserved Forage spectra which would make the oven-dried green Forage model unsuitable to use on preserved Forage samples. The aim of this study was to monitor the performance of oven-dried green Forage calibration models on a set of hay and silage to predict their nutritive value. Local and global approaches were tested and 1025 green permanent grassland Forages, 46 types of hay, and 27 types of silage were used. The samples were scanned by NIR spectroscopy and analyzed for nitrogen, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and pepsin-cellulase dry matter digestibility (PCDMD). Local and global calibrations were developed on 975 oven-dried green Forage spectra and tested on 50 samples of oven-dried green Forages, 46 samples of hay, and 27 samples of silage. For oven-dried green Forage and hay validation sets, Mahalanobis distance (H) between these samples and the calibration population center was lower than 3. No significant standard error of prediction differences was obtained when calibration models were applied to oven-dried green Forage and hay validation sets. For silage, the H-distance was higher than 3, meaning that calibration models built from oven-dried green Forages cannot be applied to silage samples. We conclude that local calibration outperforms global strategy on predicting the PCDMD of oven-dried green Forages and hay.
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La valeur alimentaire des fourrages : rôle des pratiques de culture, de récolte et de conservation
Fourrages, 2015Co-Authors: René Baumont, Jocelyne Aufrere, Francois MeschyAbstract:By combining cultivation, harvesting and conservation practices, the farmers are able to find the best compromise between the amount of herbage harvested and its feeding value. Present environmental requirements however do question a certain number of the practices that had made possible the intensification of the Forage production. This paper is the synthesis of the present knowledge acquired by INRA on the feeding value of the Forages and of its variation with the cultivation, harvesting and conservation practices. The recently completed INRA Tables supply values for the chemical composition, nutritive value, intake and mineral contents of a great diversity of Forages and situations. These reference values make it possible to estimate the value of a Forage and this can be made more accurate by the use of forecast tools when a chemical analysis is available. These data are essential for determining the diets of the animals and for analysing the Forage systems. In the future, these tables should be complemented by data on the forecast of intake and digestion flows, and by other values characterizing the interest of the Forages for the production of high-quality animal products.
René Baumont - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The INRA feed tables and prediction equations for Forage quality evaluation
2016Co-Authors: René Baumont, Gaëlle Maxin, Pierre NozièreAbstract:Accurate evaluation of nutritive value and voluntary intake potential of Forages produced from grasslands and annual Forage crops is a key feature of their efficient utilization in diets. INRA feed tables for Forages are based on a database of more than 2000 in vivo measurements of digestibility and voluntary intake in sheep accumulated over several decades with a standard protocol. The tables cover a large variety of grassland and annual Forage crop species (3 types of permanent pastures, 8 grass species, 6 Forage cereals species, 5 Forage legume species and 8 other species). A second database for in sacco nitrogen degradability (n=452) is used for estimation of protein value. Feed values in net energy, in digestible protein in the intestine and in fill unit are provided for fresh Forages, as well as for conserved ones from statistical models accounting for the modification of feed value induced by ensiling and making hay. Prediction equations of feed value components established on this databases and from enzymatic digestibility measurements (n=375 for grasslands, n=290 for maize) allow calculations from laboratory analyses. A new version of Forage feed tables will come out with updated net energy and digestible protein calculations taking into account the effect of feeding level on digestion and an improved estimation of organic matter fermented in the rumen (‘Systali’ project). It will include several novelties concerning fatty acid content of Forages, estimation of energy loss in urine and as methane emission and estimation of starch degradability of maize silage. This will allow to evaluate Forage quality also in relation to other dimensions than nutritive value, as impact on product quality, animal health and emissions in the environment. Finally the reference values provided by French tables show a good consistency with those provided in Netherland (CVB) and in Nordic countries (Norfor). This is promising for interoperability of feed tables and possible harmonization at European level.
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Degradation in the rumen of proteins from fresh lucerne Forage in various stages of growth and conserved as silage or hay
Annales de zootechnie, 2016Co-Authors: Jocelyne Aufrere, Dominique Graviou, Aline Detour, René Baumont, Camille DemarquillyAbstract:The extent to which rumen soluble nitrogen can contribute to the intestinal flow is unknown. Therefore a study was carried out to simultaneously assess the dynamics of protein disappearance from dacron bags placed in the rumen and the amount of various N products (total nitrogen (tN), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), non-ammonia nitrogen (NAN). Measurements were carried out on 4 sheep fed various lucerne Forages. These Forages included fresh lucerne cut at the vegetative or bud stage, fresh lucerne cut at the 6-week second growth stage and at stemmy regrowth stage. In addition two silages made from lucerne at the bud stage, with or without formic acid were also given. The hay was dried on the ground in good weather. The effective degradability of nitrogen (DegN) estimated from the nylon bag procedure was lower ($p < 0.05$) with the latter vegetation stage (0.80 for vegetative stage vs. 0.76 for bud stage). This value was 0.81 for the regrowth stage. The DegN of the silages was higher ($p < 0.05$) without additive (0.84) than with formic acid (0.80) and the DegN of the hay was markedly lower ($0.66, p < 0.05$) than with the original fresh Forage. Whatever the Forage studied, tN and NAN rumen fluid contents were high at 1 h or 2 h after feeding (from 0.458 mg$\cdot$g$^{-1}$ for hay to 0.813 mg$\cdot$g$^{-1}$ for fresh Forage at the vegetative stage) and diminished rapidly up to 7 h after feeding except for the silages, for which the minimum content was observed 4 h after feeding. A part of the solubilised nitrogen remained as proteins at 1 h and 2 h after feeding for fresh lucerne at various stages of harvesting (from 0.187 mg$\cdot$g$^{-1}$ to 0.221 mg$\cdot$g$^{-1}$ at 1 h) while no protein could be seen in the rumen fluid after feeding of sheep fed silage (with or without preservative) or hay. The part of NAN escaping rumen degradation and transiting with the rumen fluid represented 7 to 11% of the nitrogen disappearing from the nylon bags placed in the rumen. There was little difference linked to the vegetation stage of the Forage or its mode of conservation in particular. This content remained high for hay while its effective degradability (0.66) was much lower than for other Forages (from 0.76 to 0.84).
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La valeur alimentaire des fourrages : rôle des pratiques de culture, de récolte et de conservation
Fourrages, 2015Co-Authors: René Baumont, Jocelyne Aufrere, Francois MeschyAbstract:By combining cultivation, harvesting and conservation practices, the farmers are able to find the best compromise between the amount of herbage harvested and its feeding value. Present environmental requirements however do question a certain number of the practices that had made possible the intensification of the Forage production. This paper is the synthesis of the present knowledge acquired by INRA on the feeding value of the Forages and of its variation with the cultivation, harvesting and conservation practices. The recently completed INRA Tables supply values for the chemical composition, nutritive value, intake and mineral contents of a great diversity of Forages and situations. These reference values make it possible to estimate the value of a Forage and this can be made more accurate by the use of forecast tools when a chemical analysis is available. These data are essential for determining the diets of the animals and for analysing the Forage systems. In the future, these tables should be complemented by data on the forecast of intake and digestion flows, and by other values characterizing the interest of the Forages for the production of high-quality animal products.
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Fat and fatty acid content and composition of Forages: A meta-analysis
Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2013Co-Authors: Frederic Glasser, Michel Doreau, Gaëlle Maxin, René BaumontAbstract:Forages, through the amount and composition of their fatty acids (FA), and because they represent a major part of ruminant diets, can help improve the nutritional quality of milk and meat. However, no comprehensive dataset is available to estimate fat and FA content and composition of Forages. This study used the available data on fat and FA content and composition of Forages to (i) compute mean composition values for the main Forages, and (ii) estimate the influence of Forage conservation, cultivation and harvest conditions on fat and FA content and composition. We report mean values for the main Forage species in the form of fresh Forage, silage or hay. The main factor influencing fat and FA composition was vegetation stage of Forage at harvest (estimated by the month of harvest or regrowth interval). Compared with fresh Forage at harvest, wilting or drying Forages (especially in bad drying conditions) altered their FA, whereas unwilted silage, the use of ensiling additives and N fertilization had only minor effects. The differences between grass (except corn) and legume species were lower than those induced by vegetation stage and wilting or drying. We gave equations to estimate the effects of these factors and thus refine the estimation of the FA content and composition of the Forages. Total FA content and proportion of linolenic acid were positively related to crude protein, and negatively related to fiber content of the Forages. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Voluntary intake and digestibility in horses: effect of Forage quality with emphasis on individual variability
animal, 2008Co-Authors: Nadège Edouard, René Baumont, Géraldine Fleurance, W. Martin-rosset, Patrick Duncan, J.p. Dulphy, Sophie Grange, H. Dubroeucq, F.j. Pérez-barberia, I.j. GordonAbstract:Food intake is a key biological process in animals, as it determines the energy and nutrients available for the physiological and behavioural processes. In herbivores, the abundance, structure and quality of plant resources are known to influence intake strongly. In ruminants, as the Forage quality declines, digestibility and total intake decline. Equids are believed to be adapted to consume high-fibre low-quality Forages. As hindgut fermenters, it has been suggested that their response to a reduction in food quality is to increase intake to maintain rates of energy and nutrient absorption. All reviews of horse nutrition show that digestibility declines with Forage quality; for intake, however, most studies have found no significant relationship with Forage quality, and it has even been suggested that horses may eat less with declining Forage quality similarly to ruminants. A weakness of these reviews is to combine data from different studies in meta-analyses without allowing the differences between animals and diets to be controlled for. In this study, we analysed a set of 45 trials where intake and digestibility were measured in 21 saddle horses. The dataset was analysed both at the group (to allow comparisons with the literature) and at the individual levels (to control for individual variability). As expected, dry matter digestibility declined with Forage quality in both analyses. Intake declined slightly with increasing fibre contents at the group level, and there were no effects of crude protein or dry matter digestibility on intake. Overall, the analysis for individual horses showed a different pattern: intake increased as digestibility and crude protein declined, and increased with increasing fibre. Our analysis at the group level confirms previous reviews and shows that Forage quality explains little of the variance in food intake in horses. For the first time, using mixed models, we show that the variable ‘individual' clarifies the picture, as the horses showed different responses to a decrease in Forage quality: some compensated for the low nutritional value of the Forages by increasing intake, few others responded by decreasing intake with declining Forage quality, but not enough to cause any deficit in their energy and protein supplies. On the whole, all the animals managed to meet their maintenance requirements. The individual variability may be a by-product of artificial selection for performance in competition in saddle horses.
