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Sue Paterson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • The United Kingdom and Ireland association of Forensic toxicologists Forensic Toxicology laboratory guidelines (2018).
    Science & justice : journal of the Forensic Science Society, 2018
    Co-Authors: Simon P. Elliott, Duncan W.s. Stephen, Sue Paterson
    Abstract:

    In 2010, the United Kingdom and Ireland Association of Forensic Toxicologists (UKIAFT) created Forensic Toxicology laboratory guidelines. This represents a revision of those guidelines as a result of the changing toxicological and technical landscape.

  • the united kingdom and ireland association of Forensic toxicologists establishing best practice for professional training development in Forensic Toxicology
    Science & Justice, 2017
    Co-Authors: Simon H. Cosbey, Simon P. Elliott, Sue Paterson
    Abstract:

    Abstract The current status of Forensic Toxicology in the United Kingdom is discussed with an emphasis on professional training and development. Best practice is proposed using a blend of modular foundation knowledge training, continuing professional development, academic study, research & development and ongoing analytical practice. The need for establishing a professional career structure is also discussed along with a suggested example of a suitable model. The issues discussed in this paper are intended to provoke discussion within the Forensic Toxicology community, industry regulators and other government bodies responsible for the administration of justice.

  • The United Kingdom and Ireland Association of Forensic Toxicologists; establishing best practice for professional training & development in Forensic Toxicology.
    Science & justice : journal of the Forensic Science Society, 2016
    Co-Authors: Simon H. Cosbey, Simon P. Elliott, Sue Paterson
    Abstract:

    Abstract The current status of Forensic Toxicology in the United Kingdom is discussed with an emphasis on professional training and development. Best practice is proposed using a blend of modular foundation knowledge training, continuing professional development, academic study, research & development and ongoing analytical practice. The need for establishing a professional career structure is also discussed along with a suggested example of a suitable model. The issues discussed in this paper are intended to provoke discussion within the Forensic Toxicology community, industry regulators and other government bodies responsible for the administration of justice.

  • The United Kingdom and Ireland Association of Forensic Toxicologists: Forensic Toxicology laboratory guidelines (2010)
    Science & justice : journal of the Forensic Science Society, 2010
    Co-Authors: Gail Cooper, Sue Paterson, M. David Osselton
    Abstract:

    1. IntroductionThe UK and Ireland Association of Forensic Toxicologists (UKIAFT)consists of representatives from each of the main laboratories in theUnited Kingdom and Ireland offering Forensic Toxicology Services. Inthe absence of national guidelines for Forensic Toxicology, the UKIAFTapproached the board of the Society of Forensic Toxicologists (www.soft-tox.org) with a view to amending the Laboratory Guidelinespublished jointly by SOFT and the American Academy of ForensicSciences (AAFS). The SOFT/AAFS Forensic Toxicology Guidelines(Version 2006) were reviewed and amended to better reflectToxicology standards and practices within the UK and Ireland.The UK and Ireland Association of Forensic Toxicologists ForensicToxicology Laboratory Guidelines (version 2010) acknowledge thefollowing international standards:• BS EN ISO/IEC 17025:2005 for testing laboratories and,• ILAC G-19 guidelines for Forensic science laboratories.These guidelines do not necessarily reflect opinions about theminimum requirement for any laboratory, nor do they have anyregulatory purpose; rather, they are intended to assist laboratoriesengaged in the practice of Forensic Toxicology in achieving future goals.The UKIAFT acknowledge the substantive work carried out by theGuidelines Committee of SOFT and AAFS in establishing the SOFT/AAFS Forensic Toxicology Guidelines in 2006 which provided thisdocument (see Appendix 1).AlistoftheorganisationsfromtheUnitedKingdomandIrelandthathave contributed to the establishment of the UKIAFT ForensicToxicology Laboratory Guidelines is found in Appendix 2.2. ScopeThese guidelines are primarily for use in the practice of ForensicToxicology encompassing post-mortem Forensic Toxicology, humanperformance Forensic Toxicology and criminal Forensic Toxicology.There are separate guidelines available in relation to workplace drugtesting in the UK and Europe (www.ltg.uk.net and www.ewdts.org).3. DefinitionsForensic Toxicology — determining the presence or sometimes theabsence of drugs and their metabolites, ethanol and other volatilesubstances, carbon monoxide and other gases, metals, hormones,biochemical metabolites resulting from in-born errors of metabolismand other toxic substances in human fluids and tissues.The function of this analysis can be as follows:Post-mortem Toxicology — the determination of toxicologicalelements in death investigations.Human performance Forensic Toxicology — used to elucidate theabsence or presence of substances modifying human performanceor behaviour.Criminal Toxicology — the determinants or toxicological factors intheinvestigationofcriminaloffences(forexamplemurder,allegedsexual assault and road traffic offences).Standard — a reference material containing target analyte(s)possessing one or more properties such as analyte concentration(s)thataresufficientlywellestablishedsothatitcanbeusedtopreparecalibrators.Calibrator — a solution containing target analyte(s), eitherprepared from the reference material or purchased, used tocalibratethe assay.Wherepossible,calibratorsshouldbepreparedin a matrix similar to that of the specimens to be analysed.Control — a solution containing target analyte(s) either preparedfrom the reference material (separately from the calibrators; thatis, weighed or measured separately), purchased, or obtained froma pool of previously analysed samples subject to ethical approvalandinaccordancewiththeHumanTissueAct.Controlsfromanyofthese sources are used to determine the validity of the calibration;that is, the stability of a quantitative determination over time.Where possible, controls should be matrix-matched to specimensand calibrators, as indicated above.Reference material (RM) — a material or substance containingtarget analyte(s), one or more properties of which, such as analyteconcentration(s) are established sufficiently well to be used forcalibration of an apparatus, assessing a measurement or assigningvalues to material (AOAC Official Methods of Analysis (1984)).

Jan Van Bocxlaer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Recent trends in analytical procedures in Forensic Toxicology.
    Therapeutic drug monitoring, 2005
    Co-Authors: Jan Van Bocxlaer
    Abstract:

    Forensic Toxicology is a very demanding discipline, heavily dependent on good analytical techniques. That is why new trends appear continuously. In the past years. LC-MS has revolutionized target compound analysis and has become the trend, also in Toxicology. In LC-MS screening analysis, things are less straightforward and several approaches exist. One promising approach based on accurate LC-MSTOF mass measurements and elemental formula based library searches is discussed. This way of screening has already proven its applicability but at the same time it became obvious that a single accurate mass measurement lacks some specificity when using large compound libraries. CE too is a reemerging approach. The increasingly polar and ionic molecules encountered make it a worthwhile addition to e.g. LC, as illustrated for the analysis of GHB. A third recent trend is the use of MALDI mass spectrometry for small molecules. It is promising for its ease-of-use and high throughput. Unfortunately, reports of disappointment but also accomplishment, e.g. the quantitative analysis of LSD as discussed here, alternate, and it remains to be seen whether MALDI really will establish itself. Indeed, not all new trends will prove themselves but the mere fact that many appear in the world of analytical Toxicology nowadays is, in itself, encouraging for the future of (Forensic) Toxicology.

  • Liquid chromatography—mass spectrometry in Forensic Toxicology
    Mass spectrometry reviews, 2000
    Co-Authors: Jan Van Bocxlaer, Karine M. Clauwaert, Willy E. Lambert, Dieter Deforce, Elfriede G. Van Den Eeckhout, André P. De Leenheer
    Abstract:

    Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry has evolved from a topic of mainly research interest into a routinely usable tool in various application fields. With the advent of new ionization approaches, especially atmospheric pressure, the technique has established itself firmly in many areas of research. Although many applications prove that LC-MS is a valuable complementary analytical tool to GC-MS and has the potential to largely extend the application field of mass spectrometry to hitherto "MS-phobic" molecules, we must recognize that the use of LC-MS in Forensic Toxicology remains relatively rare. This rarity is all the more surprising because Forensic toxicologists find themselves often confronted with the daunting task of actually searching for evidence materials on a scientific basis without any indication of the direction in which to search. Through the years, mass spectrometry, mainly in the GC-MS form, has gained a leading role in the way such quandaries are tackled. The advent of robust, bioanalytically compatible combinations of liquid chromatographic separation with mass spectrometric detection really opens new perspectives in terms of mass spectrometric identification of difficult molecules (e.g., polar metabolites) or biopolymers with toxicological relevance, high throughput, and versatility. Of course, analytical toxicologists are generally mass spectrometry users rather than mass spectrometrists, and this difference certainly explains the slow start of LC-MS in this field. Nevertheless, some valuable applications have been published, and it seems that the introduction of the more universal atmospheric pressure ionization interfaces really has boosted interests. This review presents an overview of what has been realized in Forensic toxicological LC-MS. After a short introduction into LC-MS interfacing operational characteristics (or limitations), it covers applications that range from illicit drugs to often abused prescription medicines and some natural poisons. As such, we hope it can act as an appetizer to those involved in Forensic Toxicology but still hesitating to invest in LC-MS.

  • liquid chromatography mass spectrometry in Forensic Toxicology
    Mass Spectrometry Reviews, 2000
    Co-Authors: Jan Van Bocxlaer, Karine M. Clauwaert, Willy E. Lambert, Dieter Deforce, Elfriede G. Van Den Eeckhout, André P. De Leenheer
    Abstract:

    Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry has evolved from a topic of mainly research interest into a routinely usable tool in various application fields. With the advent of new ionization approaches, especially atmospheric pressure, the technique has established itself firmly in many areas of research. Although many applications prove that LC-MS is a valuable complementary analytical tool to GC-MS and has the potential to largely extend the application field of mass spectrometry to hitherto "MS-phobic" molecules, we must recognize that the use of LC-MS in Forensic Toxicology remains relatively rare. This rarity is all the more surprising because Forensic toxicologists find themselves often confronted with the daunting task of actually searching for evidence materials on a scientific basis without any indication of the direction in which to search. Through the years, mass spectrometry, mainly in the GC-MS form, has gained a leading role in the way such quandaries are tackled. The advent of robust, bioanalytically compatible combinations of liquid chromatographic separation with mass spectrometric detection really opens new perspectives in terms of mass spectrometric identification of difficult molecules (e.g., polar metabolites) or biopolymers with toxicological relevance, high throughput, and versatility. Of course, analytical toxicologists are generally mass spectrometry users rather than mass spectrometrists, and this difference certainly explains the slow start of LC-MS in this field. Nevertheless, some valuable applications have been published, and it seems that the introduction of the more universal atmospheric pressure ionization interfaces really has boosted interests. This review presents an overview of what has been realized in Forensic toxicological LC-MS. After a short introduction into LC-MS interfacing operational characteristics (or limitations), it covers applications that range from illicit drugs to often abused prescription medicines and some natural poisons. As such, we hope it can act as an appetizer to those involved in Forensic Toxicology but still hesitating to invest in LC-MS.

Hans H Maurer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • mass spectrometry for research and application in therapeutic drug monitoring or clinical and Forensic Toxicology
    Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, 2018
    Co-Authors: Hans H Maurer
    Abstract:

    This article reviews current applications of various hyphenated low- and high-resolution mass spectrometry techniques in the field of therapeutic drug monitoring and clinical/Forensic Toxicology in both research and practice. They cover gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization, or paper spray ionization coupled to quadrupole, ion trap, time-of-flight, or Orbitrap mass analyzers.

  • Post-modern Medicolegal and Forensic Toxicology
    P5 Medicine and Justice, 2017
    Co-Authors: Hans H Maurer
    Abstract:

    The ongoing progress in analytical and life sciences is opening up new perspectives in post-modern medico-legal and Forensic Toxicology. In times of personalized medicine, the interpretation of analytical results in clinical and Forensic cases should also be based on genetic aspects, pharmacogenomics in particular. Pharmacologic and toxic effects of drugs or poisons may be influenced by the genotype and phenotype of an individual, but also by the isoenzymes involved in their metabolism and membrane transport. Further individual factors such as body mass, age, sex, kidney and liver function, and drug-drug (food-drug) interactions may have an impact. Detailed knowledge of all these factors is a prerequisite for evidence-based case interpretation. In this chapter, the current knowledge of possible risks in variations of the effects of relevant therapeutic drugs, herbal drugs, and drugs of abuse will be presented. A critical discussion of the impact on the interpretation of analytical results in clinical and Forensic Toxicology will follow.

  • Chiral drug analysis using mass spectrometric detection relevant to research and practice in clinical and Forensic Toxicology.
    Journal of Chromatography A, 2012
    Co-Authors: Andrea E Schwaninger, Markus R. Meyer, Hans H Maurer
    Abstract:

    Abstract This paper reviews analytical approaches published in 2002–2012 for chiral drug analysis and their relevance in research and practice in the field of clinical and Forensic Toxicology. Separation systems such as gas chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, capillary electromigration, and supercritical fluid chromatography, all coupled to mass spectrometry, are discussed. Typical applications are reviewed for relevant chiral analytes such as amphetamines and amphetamine-derived designer drugs, methadone, tramadol, psychotropic and other CNS acting drugs, anticoagulants, cardiovascular drugs, and some other drugs. Usefulness of chiral drug analysis in the interpretation of analytical results in clinical and Forensic Toxicology is discussed as well.

André P. De Leenheer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Liquid chromatography—mass spectrometry in Forensic Toxicology
    Mass spectrometry reviews, 2000
    Co-Authors: Jan Van Bocxlaer, Karine M. Clauwaert, Willy E. Lambert, Dieter Deforce, Elfriede G. Van Den Eeckhout, André P. De Leenheer
    Abstract:

    Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry has evolved from a topic of mainly research interest into a routinely usable tool in various application fields. With the advent of new ionization approaches, especially atmospheric pressure, the technique has established itself firmly in many areas of research. Although many applications prove that LC-MS is a valuable complementary analytical tool to GC-MS and has the potential to largely extend the application field of mass spectrometry to hitherto "MS-phobic" molecules, we must recognize that the use of LC-MS in Forensic Toxicology remains relatively rare. This rarity is all the more surprising because Forensic toxicologists find themselves often confronted with the daunting task of actually searching for evidence materials on a scientific basis without any indication of the direction in which to search. Through the years, mass spectrometry, mainly in the GC-MS form, has gained a leading role in the way such quandaries are tackled. The advent of robust, bioanalytically compatible combinations of liquid chromatographic separation with mass spectrometric detection really opens new perspectives in terms of mass spectrometric identification of difficult molecules (e.g., polar metabolites) or biopolymers with toxicological relevance, high throughput, and versatility. Of course, analytical toxicologists are generally mass spectrometry users rather than mass spectrometrists, and this difference certainly explains the slow start of LC-MS in this field. Nevertheless, some valuable applications have been published, and it seems that the introduction of the more universal atmospheric pressure ionization interfaces really has boosted interests. This review presents an overview of what has been realized in Forensic toxicological LC-MS. After a short introduction into LC-MS interfacing operational characteristics (or limitations), it covers applications that range from illicit drugs to often abused prescription medicines and some natural poisons. As such, we hope it can act as an appetizer to those involved in Forensic Toxicology but still hesitating to invest in LC-MS.

  • liquid chromatography mass spectrometry in Forensic Toxicology
    Mass Spectrometry Reviews, 2000
    Co-Authors: Jan Van Bocxlaer, Karine M. Clauwaert, Willy E. Lambert, Dieter Deforce, Elfriede G. Van Den Eeckhout, André P. De Leenheer
    Abstract:

    Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry has evolved from a topic of mainly research interest into a routinely usable tool in various application fields. With the advent of new ionization approaches, especially atmospheric pressure, the technique has established itself firmly in many areas of research. Although many applications prove that LC-MS is a valuable complementary analytical tool to GC-MS and has the potential to largely extend the application field of mass spectrometry to hitherto "MS-phobic" molecules, we must recognize that the use of LC-MS in Forensic Toxicology remains relatively rare. This rarity is all the more surprising because Forensic toxicologists find themselves often confronted with the daunting task of actually searching for evidence materials on a scientific basis without any indication of the direction in which to search. Through the years, mass spectrometry, mainly in the GC-MS form, has gained a leading role in the way such quandaries are tackled. The advent of robust, bioanalytically compatible combinations of liquid chromatographic separation with mass spectrometric detection really opens new perspectives in terms of mass spectrometric identification of difficult molecules (e.g., polar metabolites) or biopolymers with toxicological relevance, high throughput, and versatility. Of course, analytical toxicologists are generally mass spectrometry users rather than mass spectrometrists, and this difference certainly explains the slow start of LC-MS in this field. Nevertheless, some valuable applications have been published, and it seems that the introduction of the more universal atmospheric pressure ionization interfaces really has boosted interests. This review presents an overview of what has been realized in Forensic toxicological LC-MS. After a short introduction into LC-MS interfacing operational characteristics (or limitations), it covers applications that range from illicit drugs to often abused prescription medicines and some natural poisons. As such, we hope it can act as an appetizer to those involved in Forensic Toxicology but still hesitating to invest in LC-MS.

Adam Negrusz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.