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Tim Jackson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The United Kingdom's Fossil Resource Consumption Between 1968 and 2000
Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2010Co-Authors: Eleni Papathanasopoulou, Tim JacksonAbstract:Summary This article presents the trends of two indicators measuring Fossil Resource consumption in the United Kingdom (UK). First, a domestic material consumption (DMC) indicator for Fossil Resources (DMCFossil) in the mass unit million tonnes is calculated. DMCFossil shows that between 1970 and 2000 UK Fossil Resource consumption decreased by 10%, which suggests absolute dematerialization for this Resource. Investigation into the mix of Fossil Resources during this period highlighted the shift from the heavy Fossil Resource coal to the lighter, more energy-dense natural gas, which resulted in decreased mass of Resource required. Second, an alternative indicator, Resource consumption by a nation (RCN) for Fossil Resources (RCNFossil) was calculated, which includes the indirect Fossil Resources attributable to traded goods and is measured in million tonnes of oil equivalent. RCNFossil shows that between 1970 and 2000 United Kingdom's Fossil Resource consumption increased by 14%, which emphasizes that even though there has been a decrease in the mass of Fossil Resources demanded, it has been accompanied by an increase in the volume of Resource consumed. Additionally, deconstruction of RCNFossil shows that indirectly used Resources attributable to exports and imports for the United Kingdom are significant. RCNFossil indicates that on the basis of past trends, Fossil Resources attributable to UK imports will overtake Fossil Resources attributable to its exports, which will make it dependent on imported Resources. We conclude that further debate on appropriate aggregate and complementary indicators is needed.
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measuring Fossil Resource inequality a case study for the uk between 1968 and 2000
Ecological Economics, 2009Co-Authors: Eleni Papathanasopoulou, Tim JacksonAbstract:This paper quantifies Fossil Resource inequalities amongst income quintiles in the UK between 1968 and 2000. It calculates a Resource-based Gini coefficient using an input–output based Resource allocation model. The results show that the Gini coefficient for total Fossil Resource consumption grew by 24% over the time period. By comparison the Gini coefficient for overall household expenditure rose by only 13%. The increase in Resource inequality was prompted by the rising demand by high income quintiles for goods and services such as: “fuel and light” (heating and lighting the home), “car use” (private transportation), “recreation”, “travel” and “other services”. The analysis shows further that the Gini coefficient for “direct” Fossil Resources (“fuel and light” and “car use”) was lower and rose less steeply than the Gini coefficient for Fossil Resources embodied in other goods and services (indirect Fossil Resource requirements). Investigation into the drivers behind direct and indirect Resource inequalities suggests a number of policy conclusions. Firstly, it is clear that policy initiatives to reduce Fossil Resource requirements (and the associated climate change impacts) must pay careful attention to distributional differences. Additionally, increased attention needs to be paid to the inequalities associated with indirect Fossil Resources consumption as well as the more visible direct Resource inequalities.
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Measuring Fossil Resource inequality—A case study for the UK between 1968 and 2000
Ecological Economics, 2009Co-Authors: Eleni Papathanasopoulou, Tim JacksonAbstract:This paper quantifies Fossil Resource inequalities amongst income quintiles in the UK between 1968 and 2000. It calculates a Resource-based Gini coefficient using an input–output based Resource allocation model. The results show that the Gini coefficient for total Fossil Resource consumption grew by 24% over the time period. By comparison the Gini coefficient for overall household expenditure rose by only 13%. The increase in Resource inequality was prompted by the rising demand by high income quintiles for goods and services such as: “fuel and light” (heating and lighting the home), “car use” (private transportation), “recreation”, “travel” and “other services”. The analysis shows further that the Gini coefficient for “direct” Fossil Resources (“fuel and light” and “car use”) was lower and rose less steeply than the Gini coefficient for Fossil Resources embodied in other goods and services (indirect Fossil Resource requirements). Investigation into the drivers behind direct and indirect Resource inequalities suggests a number of policy conclusions. Firstly, it is clear that policy initiatives to reduce Fossil Resource requirements (and the associated climate change impacts) must pay careful attention to distributional differences. Additionally, increased attention needs to be paid to the inequalities associated with indirect Fossil Resources consumption as well as the more visible direct Resource inequalities.
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Luxury or ‘lock-in’? An exploration of unsustainable consumption in the UK: 1968 to 2000
Ecological Economics, 2008Co-Authors: Tim Jackson, Eleni PapathanasopoulouAbstract:Abstract Sustainable consumption demands the ability to understand the patterns of Resource consumption associated with changing lifestyles. This paper explores changes in Resource consumption patterns in the UK between 1968 and 2000. Using an environmental input–output model, the paper tracks the Fossil Resource requirements attributable to 8 high-level functional purposes and finds that overall Fossil Resource consumption increased 35% over the 32 year period. The four functional purposes most closely related to the provision of basic material needs showed little change over the period. The bulk of the increase in Fossil Resource requirements was attributable to two specific functional purposes: 1) recreation and entertainment; 2) commuting and business travel. The authors discuss the relevance of these findings for the continuing debate over the question whether rising consumption is being driven by expanding social aspirations (luxury) or whether it is the result of structural lock-in.
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Fossil Resource trade balances: Emerging trends for the UK
Ecological Economics, 2008Co-Authors: Eleni Papathanasopoulou, Tim JacksonAbstract:Abstract The aim of this paper is to examine the extent to which the UK can be classified as a net importer of Fossil Resources and a creator of pollution havens abroad between 1968 and 2000. Using input–output techniques and a derived Resource Flow Classification System, both the physical trade balance (PTB) and pollution trade balance (UTB) associated with Fossil Resource use are computed. The PTB shows that between 1968 and the early 1980's the UK is presented as a net importer of direct Fossil Resource flows. Between 1984 and 2000, the UK is identified as a net exporter of direct Fossil Resources. These trends are primarily explained by the UK's discovery and commercial production of North Sea oil and gas fields in the late 1970s. On the other hand, the UTB shows that over the whole period the indirect used flows attributable to the UK's exports are higher than those attributable to its imports. These findings suggest that the UK did not create pollution havens abroad from the use of Fossil Resources between 1968 and 2000. However, it is noticeable in both cases that from 1995 the UK's position as a net exporter has been decreasing considerably. Maturing North Sea oil and gas fields set against increasing demands for Fossil fuels and imported goods is signalling a return to the UK's pre-1984 dependence on direct imported Fossil Resources and the possible creation of pollution havens abroad. Knowledge of these trends contributes to the evidence base for the UK's changing import and export structure and the potential environmental repercussions at home and abroad.
Eleni Papathanasopoulou - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The United Kingdom's Fossil Resource Consumption Between 1968 and 2000
Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2010Co-Authors: Eleni Papathanasopoulou, Tim JacksonAbstract:Summary This article presents the trends of two indicators measuring Fossil Resource consumption in the United Kingdom (UK). First, a domestic material consumption (DMC) indicator for Fossil Resources (DMCFossil) in the mass unit million tonnes is calculated. DMCFossil shows that between 1970 and 2000 UK Fossil Resource consumption decreased by 10%, which suggests absolute dematerialization for this Resource. Investigation into the mix of Fossil Resources during this period highlighted the shift from the heavy Fossil Resource coal to the lighter, more energy-dense natural gas, which resulted in decreased mass of Resource required. Second, an alternative indicator, Resource consumption by a nation (RCN) for Fossil Resources (RCNFossil) was calculated, which includes the indirect Fossil Resources attributable to traded goods and is measured in million tonnes of oil equivalent. RCNFossil shows that between 1970 and 2000 United Kingdom's Fossil Resource consumption increased by 14%, which emphasizes that even though there has been a decrease in the mass of Fossil Resources demanded, it has been accompanied by an increase in the volume of Resource consumed. Additionally, deconstruction of RCNFossil shows that indirectly used Resources attributable to exports and imports for the United Kingdom are significant. RCNFossil indicates that on the basis of past trends, Fossil Resources attributable to UK imports will overtake Fossil Resources attributable to its exports, which will make it dependent on imported Resources. We conclude that further debate on appropriate aggregate and complementary indicators is needed.
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measuring Fossil Resource inequality a case study for the uk between 1968 and 2000
Ecological Economics, 2009Co-Authors: Eleni Papathanasopoulou, Tim JacksonAbstract:This paper quantifies Fossil Resource inequalities amongst income quintiles in the UK between 1968 and 2000. It calculates a Resource-based Gini coefficient using an input–output based Resource allocation model. The results show that the Gini coefficient for total Fossil Resource consumption grew by 24% over the time period. By comparison the Gini coefficient for overall household expenditure rose by only 13%. The increase in Resource inequality was prompted by the rising demand by high income quintiles for goods and services such as: “fuel and light” (heating and lighting the home), “car use” (private transportation), “recreation”, “travel” and “other services”. The analysis shows further that the Gini coefficient for “direct” Fossil Resources (“fuel and light” and “car use”) was lower and rose less steeply than the Gini coefficient for Fossil Resources embodied in other goods and services (indirect Fossil Resource requirements). Investigation into the drivers behind direct and indirect Resource inequalities suggests a number of policy conclusions. Firstly, it is clear that policy initiatives to reduce Fossil Resource requirements (and the associated climate change impacts) must pay careful attention to distributional differences. Additionally, increased attention needs to be paid to the inequalities associated with indirect Fossil Resources consumption as well as the more visible direct Resource inequalities.
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Measuring Fossil Resource inequality—A case study for the UK between 1968 and 2000
Ecological Economics, 2009Co-Authors: Eleni Papathanasopoulou, Tim JacksonAbstract:This paper quantifies Fossil Resource inequalities amongst income quintiles in the UK between 1968 and 2000. It calculates a Resource-based Gini coefficient using an input–output based Resource allocation model. The results show that the Gini coefficient for total Fossil Resource consumption grew by 24% over the time period. By comparison the Gini coefficient for overall household expenditure rose by only 13%. The increase in Resource inequality was prompted by the rising demand by high income quintiles for goods and services such as: “fuel and light” (heating and lighting the home), “car use” (private transportation), “recreation”, “travel” and “other services”. The analysis shows further that the Gini coefficient for “direct” Fossil Resources (“fuel and light” and “car use”) was lower and rose less steeply than the Gini coefficient for Fossil Resources embodied in other goods and services (indirect Fossil Resource requirements). Investigation into the drivers behind direct and indirect Resource inequalities suggests a number of policy conclusions. Firstly, it is clear that policy initiatives to reduce Fossil Resource requirements (and the associated climate change impacts) must pay careful attention to distributional differences. Additionally, increased attention needs to be paid to the inequalities associated with indirect Fossil Resources consumption as well as the more visible direct Resource inequalities.
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Luxury or ‘lock-in’? An exploration of unsustainable consumption in the UK: 1968 to 2000
Ecological Economics, 2008Co-Authors: Tim Jackson, Eleni PapathanasopoulouAbstract:Abstract Sustainable consumption demands the ability to understand the patterns of Resource consumption associated with changing lifestyles. This paper explores changes in Resource consumption patterns in the UK between 1968 and 2000. Using an environmental input–output model, the paper tracks the Fossil Resource requirements attributable to 8 high-level functional purposes and finds that overall Fossil Resource consumption increased 35% over the 32 year period. The four functional purposes most closely related to the provision of basic material needs showed little change over the period. The bulk of the increase in Fossil Resource requirements was attributable to two specific functional purposes: 1) recreation and entertainment; 2) commuting and business travel. The authors discuss the relevance of these findings for the continuing debate over the question whether rising consumption is being driven by expanding social aspirations (luxury) or whether it is the result of structural lock-in.
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Fossil Resource trade balances: Emerging trends for the UK
Ecological Economics, 2008Co-Authors: Eleni Papathanasopoulou, Tim JacksonAbstract:Abstract The aim of this paper is to examine the extent to which the UK can be classified as a net importer of Fossil Resources and a creator of pollution havens abroad between 1968 and 2000. Using input–output techniques and a derived Resource Flow Classification System, both the physical trade balance (PTB) and pollution trade balance (UTB) associated with Fossil Resource use are computed. The PTB shows that between 1968 and the early 1980's the UK is presented as a net importer of direct Fossil Resource flows. Between 1984 and 2000, the UK is identified as a net exporter of direct Fossil Resources. These trends are primarily explained by the UK's discovery and commercial production of North Sea oil and gas fields in the late 1970s. On the other hand, the UTB shows that over the whole period the indirect used flows attributable to the UK's exports are higher than those attributable to its imports. These findings suggest that the UK did not create pollution havens abroad from the use of Fossil Resources between 1968 and 2000. However, it is noticeable in both cases that from 1995 the UK's position as a net exporter has been decreasing considerably. Maturing North Sea oil and gas fields set against increasing demands for Fossil fuels and imported goods is signalling a return to the UK's pre-1984 dependence on direct imported Fossil Resources and the possible creation of pollution havens abroad. Knowledge of these trends contributes to the evidence base for the UK's changing import and export structure and the potential environmental repercussions at home and abroad.
Mark A. J. Huijbregts - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Comparing mineral and Fossil surplus costs of renewable and non-renewable electricity production
The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2018Co-Authors: Marisa D. M. Vieira, Mark A. J. HuijbregtsAbstract:PurposeLife cycle assessment aims to assess trade-offs between different impacts, including mineral and Fossil Resource use. The goals of this study were (1) to derive surplus cost potentials (SCPs) for a large number of Fossil and mineral Resources and (2) to derive surplus costs per megawatt hour of electricity produced for a range of both renewable and non-renewable technologies.MethodsThe SCP of a Resource refers to the total cost increase over the full amount of Resource expected to be extracted in the future, expressed as US dollar (USD) per unit of Resource extracted. For the Fossil Resources oil, natural gas and hard coal, cost-cumulative production relationships were derived that were subsequently used as input to calculate SCPs for these three Fossil Resources. For mineral Resources, SCPs were readily available for 12 Resources and platinum-group metals as a separate group. SCPs for an additional number of 57 mineral Resources and 4 mineral Resource groups were derived on the basis of a statistical relationship between SCP and average price in year 2013. The SCPs of Fossil and mineral Resources were subsequently used to derive the surplus costs per megawatt hour of 10 electricity production technologies.Results and discussionThe surplus costs of electricity production ranged from 0.3 to 148 USD2013/MWh. The three Fossil-based energy production technologies, based on coal, gas and oil, resulted in the highest overall surplus costs (23 to 148 USD2013/MWh), while nuclear, geothermal, photovoltaic, wind and hydropower technologies have the lowest surplus costs (0.3–6 USD2013/MWh). We found that the contribution of Fossil Resource use to the surplus costs was higher compared to mineral Resource use, including the renewable energy technologies.ConclusionsSurplus costs of Fossil and mineral Resources can be used to compare renewable and non-renewable electricity production technologies. This case study shows that Fossil fuel use drives the surplus costs of all energy technologies.
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Comparing mineral and Fossil surplus costs of renewable and non-renewable electricity production
The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2017Co-Authors: Marisa Vieira, Mark A. J. HuijbregtsAbstract:Life cycle assessment aims to assess trade-offs between different impacts, including mineral and Fossil Resource use. The goals of this study were (1) to derive surplus cost potentials (SCPs) for a large number of Fossil and mineral Resources and (2) to derive surplus costs per megawatt hour of electricity produced for a range of both renewable and non-renewable technologies. The SCP of a Resource refers to the total cost increase over the full amount of Resource expected to be extracted in the future, expressed as US dollar (USD) per unit of Resource extracted. For the Fossil Resources oil, natural gas and hard coal, cost-cumulative production relationships were derived that were subsequently used as input to calculate SCPs for these three Fossil Resources. For mineral Resources, SCPs were readily available for 12 Resources and platinum-group metals as a separate group. SCPs for an additional number of 57 mineral Resources and 4 mineral Resource groups were derived on the basis of a statistical relationship between SCP and average price in year 2013. The SCPs of Fossil and mineral Resources were subsequently used to derive the surplus costs per megawatt hour of 10 electricity production technologies. The surplus costs of electricity production ranged from 0.3 to 148 USD2013/MWh. The three Fossil-based energy production technologies, based on coal, gas and oil, resulted in the highest overall surplus costs (23 to 148 USD2013/MWh), while nuclear, geothermal, photovoltaic, wind and hydropower technologies have the lowest surplus costs (0.3–6 USD2013/MWh). We found that the contribution of Fossil Resource use to the surplus costs was higher compared to mineral Resource use, including the renewable energy technologies. Surplus costs of Fossil and mineral Resources can be used to compare renewable and non-renewable electricity production technologies. This case study shows that Fossil fuel use drives the surplus costs of all energy technologies.
Marisa Vieira - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Comparing mineral and Fossil surplus costs of renewable and non-renewable electricity production
The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2017Co-Authors: Marisa Vieira, Mark A. J. HuijbregtsAbstract:Life cycle assessment aims to assess trade-offs between different impacts, including mineral and Fossil Resource use. The goals of this study were (1) to derive surplus cost potentials (SCPs) for a large number of Fossil and mineral Resources and (2) to derive surplus costs per megawatt hour of electricity produced for a range of both renewable and non-renewable technologies. The SCP of a Resource refers to the total cost increase over the full amount of Resource expected to be extracted in the future, expressed as US dollar (USD) per unit of Resource extracted. For the Fossil Resources oil, natural gas and hard coal, cost-cumulative production relationships were derived that were subsequently used as input to calculate SCPs for these three Fossil Resources. For mineral Resources, SCPs were readily available for 12 Resources and platinum-group metals as a separate group. SCPs for an additional number of 57 mineral Resources and 4 mineral Resource groups were derived on the basis of a statistical relationship between SCP and average price in year 2013. The SCPs of Fossil and mineral Resources were subsequently used to derive the surplus costs per megawatt hour of 10 electricity production technologies. The surplus costs of electricity production ranged from 0.3 to 148 USD2013/MWh. The three Fossil-based energy production technologies, based on coal, gas and oil, resulted in the highest overall surplus costs (23 to 148 USD2013/MWh), while nuclear, geothermal, photovoltaic, wind and hydropower technologies have the lowest surplus costs (0.3–6 USD2013/MWh). We found that the contribution of Fossil Resource use to the surplus costs was higher compared to mineral Resource use, including the renewable energy technologies. Surplus costs of Fossil and mineral Resources can be used to compare renewable and non-renewable electricity production technologies. This case study shows that Fossil fuel use drives the surplus costs of all energy technologies.
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Surplus cost as a life cycle impact indicator for Fossil Resource scarcity
The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2013Co-Authors: Thomas C. Ponsioen, Marisa Vieira, Mark GoedkoopAbstract:Purpose In life cycle impact assessment, various proposals have been made on how to characterise Fossil Resource scarcity, but they lack appropriateness or completeness. In this paper, we propose a method to assess Fossil Resource scarcity based on surplus cost, which is the global future cost increase due to marginal Fossil Resource used in the life cycle of products.
Regina Palkovits - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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isosorbide as a renewable platform chemical for versatile applications quo vadis
Chemsuschem, 2012Co-Authors: Marcus Rose, Regina PalkovitsAbstract:Isosorbide is a platform chemical of considerable importance for the future replacement of Fossil Resource-based products. Applications as monomers and building blocks for new polymers and functional materials, new organic solvents, for medical and pharmaceutical applications, and even as fuels or fuel additives are conceivable. The conversion of isosorbide to valuable derivatives by functionalization or substitution of the hydroxyl groups is difficult because of the different configurations of the 2- and 5-positions and the resulting different reactivity and steric hindrance of the two hydroxyl groups. Although a substantial amount of work has been published using exclusively the endo or exo derivatives isomannide and isoidide, respectively, as starting material, a considerable effort is still necessary to transfer and adapt these methods for the efficient conversion of isosorbide. This Minireview deals with all aspects of isosorbide chemistry, which includes its production by catalytic processes, special properties, and chemical transformations for its utilization in biogenic polymers and other applications of interest.
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Isosorbide as a Renewable Platform chemical for Versatile Applications—Quo Vadis?
ChemSusChem, 2011Co-Authors: Marcus Rose, Regina PalkovitsAbstract:Isosorbide is a platform chemical of considerable importance for the future replacement of Fossil Resource-based products. Applications as monomers and building blocks for new polymers and functional materials, new organic solvents, for medical and pharmaceutical applications, and even as fuels or fuel additives are conceivable. The conversion of isosorbide to valuable derivatives by functionalization or substitution of the hydroxyl groups is difficult because of the different configurations of the 2- and 5-positions and the resulting different reactivity and steric hindrance of the two hydroxyl groups. Although a substantial amount of work has been published using exclusively the endo or exo derivatives isomannide and isoidide, respectively, as starting material, a considerable effort is still necessary to transfer and adapt these methods for the efficient conversion of isosorbide. This Minireview deals with all aspects of isosorbide chemistry, which includes its production by catalytic processes, special properties, and chemical transformations for its utilization in biogenic polymers and other applications of interest.