The Experts below are selected from a list of 303 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Yu Wang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Dynamic Fracture and Energy Evolution Characterization of Naturally Fractured Granite Subjected to Multilevel Cyclic Loads
Geofluids, 2021Co-Authors: Ning Guo, Hao Liu, Yu WangAbstract:Naturally Fractured rock mass is susceptible to stress disturbance and could result in the stimulation of natural Fractures and even serious geological hazards. In this work, multilevel uniaxial fatigue loading experiments were carried out to reveal the Fracture and energy evolution of naturally Fractured granite using stress-strain descriptions and energy evolution analysis. Results reveal the influence of natural Fracture on mechanical properties of granite, regarding the fatigue lifetime, fatigue deformation characteristics, fatigue damage, energy evolution, and fatigue failure pattern. Volumetric and shear processes caused by the sliding and shearing along the natural Fracture control the whole failure process. The energy dissipation and release characteristics are strongly impacted by natural Fractures. The elastic energy and dissipated energy both decrease with increasing natural Fracture Volume, growth of the dissipated energy becomes faster for rock near to failure. It is proved that the dissipated energy is mainly used to activate the preexisting natural Fractures.
-
Laboratory Investigation on the Effects of Natural Fracture on Fracture Evolution of Granite Exposed to Freeze-Thaw-Cyclic (FTC) Loads
Geofluids, 2021Co-Authors: Yu Wang, Yi Xuefeng, Gao Shaohua, Hao LiuAbstract:The natural Fractures in rock mass are susceptible to damage evolution when subjecting to repeated freeze-thaw (F-T) weathering in cold regions, which can lead to the instability of rock engineering and even occurrence of geological hazards. Knowledge of how natural Fracture impacts the overall Fracture evolution of freeze-thawed rock is important to predict the stability of rock structure. In this work, we reported uniaxial experimental measurements of the changes in strength, deformation, acoustic emission (AE) pattern, and Felicity effect during increasing amplitude stress-cycling conditions on granite. The results show that the change of Fracture aperture is related to the Fracture openness and filling characteristics, open-type Fracture is sensitive to F-T treatment, and its aperture increases faster than the close-type and fill-type Fracture. In addition, strength decreases, and the damping characteristics first decrease and then increase with increasing natural Fracture Volume. AE activities also present different responses during sample deformation. The proportion of AE signals having low-frequency characteristics increases with increasing natural Fracture Volume, and the shear sliding along natural Fracture results in the surge of AE activities. Moreover, the Felicity effect indicates that the Felicity ratio presents a fluctuation decreasing trend, and the preexisting Fractures alter the stress memory characteristics of rock. It is suggested that the changes of the geomechanical and AE pattern are the interactions between the natural Fracture and the newly stimulated Fracture. The testing results are expected to improve the understanding of the influence of natural Fractures on rock Fracture evolution and can be helpful to predict the stability of rock structures and rock mass in cold regions.
-
Fracture failure analysis of freeze thawed granite containing natural Fracture under uniaxial multi level cyclic loads
Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics, 2020Co-Authors: Yu Wang, Hao Liu, Jianyu HanAbstract:Abstract Rock mass containing natural Fractures is susceptible to freeze-thaw (F-T) weathering in cold regions and could result in the instability of rock engineering and even serious geological hazards. Yet the F-T action on the change of Fracture physical characteristics and the associated fracturing evolution of naturally Fractured rock is poorly understood. In this work, multi-level compressive cyclic loading experiments were performed to investigate the Fracture evolution of naturally Fractured granite using real time acoustic emission monitoring and post-test CT scanning. The results show that the aperture change of natural Fracture is related to the Fracture openness and filling characteristics, the open-type Fracture is sensitive to F-T treatment and its aperture increases faster than the close-type and fill-type Fractures. In addition, the stress strain curve pattern is impacted by the initial natural Fracture Volume. The AE activities at fatigue loading stage are weaker than the stress-increasing stage. The proportion of low frequency AE signals increases with increasing natural Fracture Volume, and the shear-sliding along natural Fracture results in the occurrence of low-frequency signals. Moreover, interactions between the natural Fracture and stimulated new Fracture are visualized using CT scanning and it is found that the initial natural Fracture Volume impacts the failure mode and Fracture network pattern. The testing results are expected to improve the understanding of the influence of natural Fractures on rock damage and deformation in cold regions.
-
Fracture failure analysis of freeze–thawed granite containing natural Fracture under uniaxial multi-level cyclic loads
Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics, 2020Co-Authors: Yu Wang, Hao Liu, Junjie HanAbstract:Abstract Rock mass containing natural Fractures is susceptible to freeze-thaw (F-T) weathering in cold regions and could result in the instability of rock engineering and even serious geological hazards. Yet the F-T action on the change of Fracture physical characteristics and the associated fracturing evolution of naturally Fractured rock is poorly understood. In this work, multi-level compressive cyclic loading experiments were performed to investigate the Fracture evolution of naturally Fractured granite using real time acoustic emission monitoring and post-test CT scanning. The results show that the aperture change of natural Fracture is related to the Fracture openness and filling characteristics, the open-type Fracture is sensitive to F-T treatment and its aperture increases faster than the close-type and fill-type Fractures. In addition, the stress strain curve pattern is impacted by the initial natural Fracture Volume. The AE activities at fatigue loading stage are weaker than the stress-increasing stage. The proportion of low frequency AE signals increases with increasing natural Fracture Volume, and the shear-sliding along natural Fracture results in the occurrence of low-frequency signals. Moreover, interactions between the natural Fracture and stimulated new Fracture are visualized using CT scanning and it is found that the initial natural Fracture Volume impacts the failure mode and Fracture network pattern. The testing results are expected to improve the understanding of the influence of natural Fractures on rock damage and deformation in cold regions.
Hassan Dehghanpour - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
The use of flowback data for estimating dynamic Fracture Volume and its correlation with completion-design parameters: Eagle Ford cases
Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2020Co-Authors: Tamer Moussa, Hassan Dehghanpour, Obinna EzulikeAbstract:Abstract Hydraulic fracturing combined with horizontal drilling is the key to unlocking vast unconventional reservoirs. However, understanding the relationship between completion-design parameters (CDPs) and fracturing efficiency remains challenging. The objective of this paper is analyzing flowback data to 1) evaluate the change in effective Fracture Volume (Vef), and 2) investigate the existence of correlations between CDPs and Vef. We analyze flowback data and CDPs of 22 gas and oil wells completed in the Eagle Ford formation. First, we estimate ultimate water recovery and initial effective Fracture Volume ( V ef i ) using harmonic-decline (HD) model. Second, we estimate the loss in Vef ( V loss ) during flowback using a new iterative approach that accounts for dynamic Fracture porosity and compressibility. Third, we introduce a new parameter to characterize Fracture closure rate (FCR) during flowback. FCR represents how fast Vef shrinks during flowback. Then, we present a dimensionless type curve to evaluate FCR and investigate its correlation with CDPs. Finally, we conduct a multivariate analysis to correlate CDPs with V ef i and FCR. The developed correlation between V ef i and CDPs shows that the gross perforated interval (GPI) has the most significant effect on V ef i . The proposed correlation between FCR and CDPs demonstrates the significant effect of proppant concentration on Fracture closure during flowback.
-
Estimating compressibility of complex Fracture networks in unconventional reservoirs
International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 2020Co-Authors: Obinna Ezulike, Hassan DehghanpourAbstract:Abstract Previous studies show that Fracture closure is the primary drive mechanism for Fracture cleanup during flowback process in hydraulically stimulated reservoirs. Estimating Fracture compressibility is practically essential to calculate effective Fracture Volume, evaluate Fracture Volume change, and forecast ultimate hydrocarbon recovery. However, limited experimental data are available for evaluating compressibility of Fracture networks in unconventional reservoirs. In this paper, we categorize induced Fractures into unpropped and propped Fractures, and estimate their compressibilities from Fracture conductivity measurements and Hertzian contact theory, respectively. We also investigate the effects of rock and proppant parameters on Fracture compressibility. Finally, we propose a workflow to estimate compressibility of complex Fracture networks and investigate the roles of propped and unpropped Fractures during Fracture closure. The results show that Fracture compressibility depends on how Fracture porosity and aperture change with effective stress. For propped Fractures, the rate of porosity change primarily controls Fracture compressibility. In addition, compressibility of complex Fracture networks approximates that of unpropped Fractures at low effective stress and that of propped Fractures at high effective stress. Overall, the results highlight the role of unpropped Fractures in hydrocarbon recovery from stimulated unconventional reservoirs.
-
Evaluating Fracture Volume Loss During Flowback and Its Relationship to Choke Size: Fastback vs. Slowback
SPE Production & Operations, 2019Co-Authors: Hassan Dehghanpour, Siyavash Motealleh, Carlos Manuel Lopez, Robert HawkesAbstract:Summary In this study we estimated the initial effective Fracture pore Volume (Vfi) and Fracture Volume loss (dVef) for 21 wells completed in the Montney and Eagle Ford formations. We also evaluated the relationship between dVef and choke size. First, we applied rate-decline analysis to water-flowback data of candidate wells to estimate the ultimate water recovery Volume, approximated as Vfi. Second, we estimated dVef using a Fracture compressibility relationship to evaluate the Fracture Volume loss of the Eagle Ford wells. Third, we investigated the effect of choke size on dVef for the Eagle Ford fastback and slowback wells. Semilog plots of flowback water rate vs. cumulative water Volume show straight-line trends, representing a harmonic decline. The estimated Vfi accounts for approximately 84 and 26% of the total injected water Volume (TIV) of the Montney and Eagle Ford wells, respectively. The results show that approximately 10% of the Fracture Volume is lost during flowback. This loss in Fracture Volume predominantly happens during the early flowback and becomes minimal during the late flowback period. The results show a relatively higher dVef for fastback (a flowback process with a relatively large choke size) wells compared with that for slowback (a flowback process with a relatively small choke size) wells. In this study we proposed a method to estimate the initial Fracture Volume and investigated the loss in Fracture Volume during the flowback process. Analyses of the field data led to an improved understanding of the factors that control water flowback and the effective Fracture Volume.
-
Dynamic Fracture Volume Estimation using Flowback Data Analysis and its Correlation to Completion-Design Parameters
Day 2 Wed February 06 2019, 2019Co-Authors: Tamer Moussa, Hassan Dehghanpour, Obinna EzulikeAbstract:Abstract Hydraulic fracturing combined with horizontal drilling is the key to unlocking vast unconventional reservoirs. However, understanding the relationship between fracturing/completion-design parameters and the process efficiency remains challenging. The objectives of this paper are 1) to estimate initial Fracture Volume and its variations during the production by using flowback data and 2) to investigate the existence of correlations between completion-design parameters and induced Fracture Volume process optimization. We analyze flowback data and completion-design parameters of 16 shale-gas completed in the Eagle Ford Formation. First, we estimate ultimate water recovery and initial Fracture Volume by using harmonic-decline model, and Fracture Volume loss during flowback by using a new iterative approach that accounts for Fracture-porosity changes with time. Then, we conduct a multivariate analysis to develop empirical correlations of completions-design parameters with initial Fracture Volume and Fracture characteristic-closure rate (FCR). The results show that harmonic-decline model could be used to estimate initial Fracture Volume with an average absolute percentage error (AAPE) of 7%. The correlations developed between initial Fracture Volume and completion-design parameters show that the proppant concentration has the most significant effect on Fracture Volume, followed by gross perforated interval (GPI) and shut-in time, respectively. Total vertical depth (TVD) and fluid injection rate have insignificant effects. The results indicate that increasing choke size during early flowback leads to a relatively-sharp decrease in Fracture Volume, while changing choke size during late flowback has negligible effects. The proposed correlation between FCR and completion-design parameters demonstrates the significant effect of proppant concentration on Fracture closure during flowback, while GPI and TVD have negligible effects.
-
Effectiveness and time variation of induced Fracture Volume: Lessons from water flowback analysis
Fuel, 2017Co-Authors: Hassan Dehghanpour, Obinna Ezulike, Claudio ViruesAbstract:Abstract Characterizing the induced Fracture network is crucial for evaluating and optimizing fracturing operations and for forecasting hydrocarbon production. In our previous paper [1], we developed a closed-tank material balance model to estimate effective Fracture Volume using rates and pressure data measured during early-time water flowback. In this paper, we extend this model to an open-tank model to estimate Fracture-matrix interface area using rates and pressure data measured during late-time water flowback. We verify the proposed model against a 2D numerical model solved by a commercial software, and demonstrate the application of the proposed model to an eight-well pad completed in the gas shales of the Horn River Basin. Finally, we conduct a comparative analysis to investigate the time variation of effective Fracture Volume during water flowback. The results show that up to 30% of the effective Fracture Volume is lost due to pressure depletion and Fracture closure during early-time water flowback. The rate of Fracture Volume reduction decreases during late-time flowback when gas from the matrix kicks into the Fracture network and provides sufficient pressure support. However, the estimated Fracture-matrix interface area is relatively low and cannot be explained by the estimated Fracture Volume. This result suggests that although a large Fracture network is created by hydraulic fracturing operations, only a small fraction of the Fracture network receives gas influx from the matrix. Overall, the results suggest that a large fraction of the Fractures induced in gas shales does not contribute to hydrocarbon production due to Fracture closure, permeability jail effect, and water blockage.
Hao Liu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Dynamic Fracture and Energy Evolution Characterization of Naturally Fractured Granite Subjected to Multilevel Cyclic Loads
Geofluids, 2021Co-Authors: Ning Guo, Hao Liu, Yu WangAbstract:Naturally Fractured rock mass is susceptible to stress disturbance and could result in the stimulation of natural Fractures and even serious geological hazards. In this work, multilevel uniaxial fatigue loading experiments were carried out to reveal the Fracture and energy evolution of naturally Fractured granite using stress-strain descriptions and energy evolution analysis. Results reveal the influence of natural Fracture on mechanical properties of granite, regarding the fatigue lifetime, fatigue deformation characteristics, fatigue damage, energy evolution, and fatigue failure pattern. Volumetric and shear processes caused by the sliding and shearing along the natural Fracture control the whole failure process. The energy dissipation and release characteristics are strongly impacted by natural Fractures. The elastic energy and dissipated energy both decrease with increasing natural Fracture Volume, growth of the dissipated energy becomes faster for rock near to failure. It is proved that the dissipated energy is mainly used to activate the preexisting natural Fractures.
-
Laboratory Investigation on the Effects of Natural Fracture on Fracture Evolution of Granite Exposed to Freeze-Thaw-Cyclic (FTC) Loads
Geofluids, 2021Co-Authors: Yu Wang, Yi Xuefeng, Gao Shaohua, Hao LiuAbstract:The natural Fractures in rock mass are susceptible to damage evolution when subjecting to repeated freeze-thaw (F-T) weathering in cold regions, which can lead to the instability of rock engineering and even occurrence of geological hazards. Knowledge of how natural Fracture impacts the overall Fracture evolution of freeze-thawed rock is important to predict the stability of rock structure. In this work, we reported uniaxial experimental measurements of the changes in strength, deformation, acoustic emission (AE) pattern, and Felicity effect during increasing amplitude stress-cycling conditions on granite. The results show that the change of Fracture aperture is related to the Fracture openness and filling characteristics, open-type Fracture is sensitive to F-T treatment, and its aperture increases faster than the close-type and fill-type Fracture. In addition, strength decreases, and the damping characteristics first decrease and then increase with increasing natural Fracture Volume. AE activities also present different responses during sample deformation. The proportion of AE signals having low-frequency characteristics increases with increasing natural Fracture Volume, and the shear sliding along natural Fracture results in the surge of AE activities. Moreover, the Felicity effect indicates that the Felicity ratio presents a fluctuation decreasing trend, and the preexisting Fractures alter the stress memory characteristics of rock. It is suggested that the changes of the geomechanical and AE pattern are the interactions between the natural Fracture and the newly stimulated Fracture. The testing results are expected to improve the understanding of the influence of natural Fractures on rock Fracture evolution and can be helpful to predict the stability of rock structures and rock mass in cold regions.
-
Fracture failure analysis of freeze thawed granite containing natural Fracture under uniaxial multi level cyclic loads
Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics, 2020Co-Authors: Yu Wang, Hao Liu, Jianyu HanAbstract:Abstract Rock mass containing natural Fractures is susceptible to freeze-thaw (F-T) weathering in cold regions and could result in the instability of rock engineering and even serious geological hazards. Yet the F-T action on the change of Fracture physical characteristics and the associated fracturing evolution of naturally Fractured rock is poorly understood. In this work, multi-level compressive cyclic loading experiments were performed to investigate the Fracture evolution of naturally Fractured granite using real time acoustic emission monitoring and post-test CT scanning. The results show that the aperture change of natural Fracture is related to the Fracture openness and filling characteristics, the open-type Fracture is sensitive to F-T treatment and its aperture increases faster than the close-type and fill-type Fractures. In addition, the stress strain curve pattern is impacted by the initial natural Fracture Volume. The AE activities at fatigue loading stage are weaker than the stress-increasing stage. The proportion of low frequency AE signals increases with increasing natural Fracture Volume, and the shear-sliding along natural Fracture results in the occurrence of low-frequency signals. Moreover, interactions between the natural Fracture and stimulated new Fracture are visualized using CT scanning and it is found that the initial natural Fracture Volume impacts the failure mode and Fracture network pattern. The testing results are expected to improve the understanding of the influence of natural Fractures on rock damage and deformation in cold regions.
-
Fracture failure analysis of freeze–thawed granite containing natural Fracture under uniaxial multi-level cyclic loads
Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics, 2020Co-Authors: Yu Wang, Hao Liu, Junjie HanAbstract:Abstract Rock mass containing natural Fractures is susceptible to freeze-thaw (F-T) weathering in cold regions and could result in the instability of rock engineering and even serious geological hazards. Yet the F-T action on the change of Fracture physical characteristics and the associated fracturing evolution of naturally Fractured rock is poorly understood. In this work, multi-level compressive cyclic loading experiments were performed to investigate the Fracture evolution of naturally Fractured granite using real time acoustic emission monitoring and post-test CT scanning. The results show that the aperture change of natural Fracture is related to the Fracture openness and filling characteristics, the open-type Fracture is sensitive to F-T treatment and its aperture increases faster than the close-type and fill-type Fractures. In addition, the stress strain curve pattern is impacted by the initial natural Fracture Volume. The AE activities at fatigue loading stage are weaker than the stress-increasing stage. The proportion of low frequency AE signals increases with increasing natural Fracture Volume, and the shear-sliding along natural Fracture results in the occurrence of low-frequency signals. Moreover, interactions between the natural Fracture and stimulated new Fracture are visualized using CT scanning and it is found that the initial natural Fracture Volume impacts the failure mode and Fracture network pattern. The testing results are expected to improve the understanding of the influence of natural Fractures on rock damage and deformation in cold regions.
Ronald A. Navarro - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
the effect of a statewide covid 19 shelter in place order on shoulder arthroplasty for proximal humerus Fracture Volume and length of stay
Seminars in Arthroplasty: JSES, 2021Co-Authors: Mark T. Dillon, Priscilla H. Chan, Heather A. Prentice, Kathryn E. Royse, Elizabeth W. Paxton, Kanu Okike, Monti Khatod, Ronald A. NavarroAbstract:Abstract Background Although the COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted elective shoulder arthroplasty throughput, traumatic shoulder arthroplasty procedures are less apt to be postponed. We sought to evaluate shoulder arthroplasty utilization for Fracture during the COVID-19 pandemic and California's associated shelter-in-place order compared to historical controls. Methods We conducted a cohort study with historical controls, identifying patients who underwent shoulder arthroplasty for proximal humerus Fracture in California using our integrated electronic health record. The time period of interest was following the implementation of the statewide shelter-in-place order: March 19, 2020-May 31, 2020. This was compared to three historical periods: January 1, 2020-March 18, 2020, March 18, 2019-May 31, 2019, and January 1, 2019-March 18, 2019. Procedure Volume, patient characteristics, in-hospital length of stay, and 30-day events (emergency department visit, readmission, infection, pneumonia, and death) were reported. Changes over time were analyzed using linear regression adjusted for usual seasonal and yearly changes and age, sex, comorbidities, and postadmission factors. Results Surgical Volume dropped from an average of 4.4, 5.2, and 2.6 surgeries per week in the historical time periods, respectively, to 2.4 surgeries per week after shelter-in-place. While no more than 30% of all shoulder arthroplasty procedures performed during any given week were for Fracture during the historical time periods, arthroplasties performed for Fracture was the overwhelming primary indication immediately after the shelter-in-place order. More patients were discharged the day of surgery (+33.2%, P = .019) after the shelter-in-place order, but we did not observe a change in any of the corresponding 30-day events. Conclusions The Volume of shoulder arthroplasty for Fracture dropped during the time of COVID-19. The reduction in Volume could be due to less shoulder trauma due to shelter-in-place or a change in the indications for arthroplasty given the perceived higher risks associated with intubation and surgical care. We noted more patients undergoing shoulder arthroplasty for Fracture were safely discharged on the day of surgery, suggesting this may be a safe practice that can be adopted moving forward. Level of evidence Level III
-
The effect of a statewide COVID-19 shelter-in-place order on shoulder arthroplasty for proximal humerus Fracture Volume and length of stay
Seminars in Arthroplasty: JSES, 2021Co-Authors: Mark T. Dillon, Priscilla H. Chan, Heather A. Prentice, Kathryn E. Royse, Elizabeth W. Paxton, Kanu Okike, Monti Khatod, Ronald A. NavarroAbstract:Abstract Introduction Although the COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted elective shoulder arthroplasty throughput, traumatic shoulder arthroplasty procedures are less apt to be postponed. We sought to evaluate shoulder arthroplasty utilization for Fracture during the COVID-19 pandemic and California's associated shelter-in-place order compared to historical controls. Methods We conducted a cohort study with historical controls, identifying patients who underwent shoulder arthroplasty for proximal humerus Fracture in California using our integrated electronic health record. The time period of interest was following the implementation of the statewide shelter-in-place order: March 19, 2020-May 31, 2020. This was compared to three historical periods: January 1, 2020-March 18, 2020, March 18, 2019-May 31, 2019, and January 1, 2019-March 18, 2019. Procedure Volume, patient characteristics, in-hospital length of stay, and 30-day events (emergency department visit, readmission, infection, pneumonia, and death) were reported. Changes over time were analyzed using linear regression adjusted for usual seasonal and yearly changes and age, sex, comorbidities, and post-admission factors. Results Surgical Volume dropped from an average of 4.4, 5.2, and 2.6 surgeries per week in the historical time periods, respectively, to 2.4 surgeries per week after shelter-in-place. While no more than 30% of all performed during any given week were for Fracture during the historical time periods, arthroplasties performed for Fracture was the overwhelming primary indication immediately after the shelter-in-place order. More patients were discharged the day of surgery (+33.2%, p=0.019) after the shelter-in-place order, but we did not observe a change in any of the corresponding 30-day events. Conclusions The Volume of shoulder arthroplasty for Fracture dropped during the time of COVID-19. The reduction in Volume could be due to less shoulder trauma due to shelter-in-place or a change in the indications for arthroplasty given the perceived higher risks associated with intubation and surgical care. We noted more patients undergoing shoulder arthroplasty for Fracture were safely discharged on the day of surgery, suggesting this may be a safe practice that can be adopted moving forward. Level of evidence Level III
Yutao Liang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
The Effect of Temperature on Flowback Data Analysis in Shale Gas Reservoirs: A Simulation-Based Study
Energies, 2019Co-Authors: Yang Sen, Fengpeng Lai, Wang Kongjie, Liang Zhang, Yutao LiangAbstract:During hydraulic fracturing, there is a temperature difference between the injected water and formation rock for shale gas wells. The objective of this study is to investigate how this temperature difference changes with time, and how it affects multiphase-flow modeling during the shut-in and flowback periods. We conducted numerical simulations to investigate the behaviors of Fracture temperature in shale gas wells. The results show a significant increase in Fracture temperature during the shut-in and flowback periods. Sensitivity analysis suggests that this temperature increase is strongly related to the thermal conductivity of formation rock, matrix permeability, and initial reservoir temperature. Simulation scenarios were further compared to investigate the effect of temperature on flowback data analysis. Without considering the thermal effect, flowback data analysis may yield an earlier Fracture cleanup and overestimated Fracture Volume. In addition, this study suggests that the thermal effect may also have implications for optimizing flowback operations.
