The Experts below are selected from a list of 234 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Lee R Lynd - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Projected mature technology scenarios for conversion of cellulosic biomass to ethanol with coproduction thermochemical Fuels, power, and/or animal feed protein
Biofuels Bioproducts and Biorefining, 2009Co-Authors: Mark Laser, Kemantha Jayawardhana, Bruce E. Dale, Lee R LyndAbstract:Seven process designs for producing ethanol and several coproducts from switchgrass are evaluated: four involving combinations of ethanol, thermochemical Fuels (including Fischer-Tropsch liquids, hydrogen, and methane) and/or power, and three coproducing animal feed protein. Material and energy balances – resulting from detailed Aspen Plus models – are reported and used to estimate processing costs and perform discounted cash flow analysis to assess plant profitability. In these mature technology designs, fossil Fuel Displacement is decidedly positive and production costs competitive with gasoline. © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
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projected mature technology scenarios for conversion of cellulosic biomass to ethanol with coproduction thermochemical Fuels power and or animal feed protein
Biofuels Bioproducts and Biorefining, 2009Co-Authors: Mark Laser, Kemantha Jayawardhana, Bruce E. Dale, Lee R LyndAbstract:Seven process designs for producing ethanol and several coproducts from switchgrass are evaluated: four involving combinations of ethanol, thermochemical Fuels (including Fischer-Tropsch liquids, hydrogen, and methane) and/or power, and three coproducing animal feed protein. Material and energy balances – resulting from detailed Aspen Plus models – are reported and used to estimate processing costs and perform discounted cash flow analysis to assess plant profitability. In these mature technology designs, fossil Fuel Displacement is decidedly positive and production costs competitive with gasoline. © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
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coproduction of ethanol and power from switchgrass
Biofuels Bioproducts and Biorefining, 2009Co-Authors: Mark Laser, Kemantha Jayawardhana, Haiming Jin, Lee R LyndAbstract:Three process designs for producing ethanol and electricity from switchgrass are evaluated: a base-case technology scenario involving dilute acid pre-treatment and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation, and two mature technology scenarios incorporating ammonia fiber expansion pre-treatment and consolidated bioprocessing – one with conventional Rankine power coproduction, and one coproducing power via a gas turbine combined cycle. Material and energy balances – resulting from detailed Aspen Plus models – are reported and used to estimate processing costs and perform discounted cash flow analysis to assess plant profitability. The mature technology —designs significantly improve both process efficiency and cost relative to base-case cellulosic ethanol technology, with the resulting fossil Fuel Displacement being decidedly positive and production costs competitive with gasoline, even at relatively low prices. © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
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a product nonspecific framework for evaluating the potential of biomass based products to displace fossil Fuels
Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2003Co-Authors: Lee R Lynd, Michael WangAbstract:Summary The use of biomass as a raw material for production of Fuels and commodity chemicals is attracting increasing attention motivated by the possibility of positive contributions to a sustainable resource supply, enhanced national security, and macroeconomic benefits for rural communities and society at large. Fossil Fuel Displacement exclusive of product recovery can be estimated for biological processing of biomass in the absence of product-specific information other than the product yield and whether fermentation is aerobic or anaerobic. Based on this observation, a framework is proposed for estimating fossil Fuel Displacement on a per-unit-product or per-unit-biomass basis. Use of a per-unit-biomass basis offers somewhat different insights as compared to a per-unit-product basis and appears particularly appropriate for consideration of the efficacy of resource or land use. Using the proposed framework, the following feedstock and process factors are shown to be particularly important in determining the extent of fossil Fuel Displacement via biological processes: feedstock (corn or cellulosic) and, for corn, harvest mode (e.g., with or without stover recovery); biological conversion (aerobic or anaerobic); product yield; and the energy requirements for product recovery. When all of these factors are favorable, as in the case of the cellulosic ethanol scenario examined, significant fossil Fuel Displacement can be achieved. When all of these factors are unfavorable, as in the case of a scenario involving polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production from corn without stover recovery, no net Displacement is achieved. The proposed framework provides a means to screen processes with respect to potential for fossil Fuel Displacement in the absence of product-specific information, to gain general insights into feedstock and process features important in determining the extent to which fossil Displacement is realized, and to rapidly incorporate product-specific information into a preexisting evaluative rubric.
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A Product‐Nonspecific Framework for Evaluating the Potential of Biomass‐Based Products to Displace Fossil Fuels
Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2003Co-Authors: Lee R Lynd, Michael WangAbstract:Summary The use of biomass as a raw material for production of Fuels and commodity chemicals is attracting increasing attention motivated by the possibility of positive contributions to a sustainable resource supply, enhanced national security, and macroeconomic benefits for rural communities and society at large. Fossil Fuel Displacement exclusive of product recovery can be estimated for biological processing of biomass in the absence of product-specific information other than the product yield and whether fermentation is aerobic or anaerobic. Based on this observation, a framework is proposed for estimating fossil Fuel Displacement on a per-unit-product or per-unit-biomass basis. Use of a per-unit-biomass basis offers somewhat different insights as compared to a per-unit-product basis and appears particularly appropriate for consideration of the efficacy of resource or land use. Using the proposed framework, the following feedstock and process factors are shown to be particularly important in determining the extent of fossil Fuel Displacement via biological processes: feedstock (corn or cellulosic) and, for corn, harvest mode (e.g., with or without stover recovery); biological conversion (aerobic or anaerobic); product yield; and the energy requirements for product recovery. When all of these factors are favorable, as in the case of the cellulosic ethanol scenario examined, significant fossil Fuel Displacement can be achieved. When all of these factors are unfavorable, as in the case of a scenario involving polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production from corn without stover recovery, no net Displacement is achieved. The proposed framework provides a means to screen processes with respect to potential for fossil Fuel Displacement in the absence of product-specific information, to gain general insights into feedstock and process features important in determining the extent to which fossil Displacement is realized, and to rapidly incorporate product-specific information into a preexisting evaluative rubric.
Per Ambus - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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consequences of field n2o emissions for the environmental sustainability of plant based bioFuels produced within an organic farming system
Gcb Bioenergy, 2012Co-Authors: Mette S Carter, Henrik Hauggaardnielsen, Stefan Heiske, Morten Jensen, Sune Tjalfe Thomsen, Jens Ejbye Schmidt, Anders Johansen, Per AmbusAbstract:One way of reducing the emissions of fossil Fuel-derived carbon dioxide (CO2) is to replace fossil Fuels with bioFuels produced from agricultural biomasses or residuals. However, cultivation of soils results in emission of other greenhouse gases (GHGs), especially nitrous oxide (N2O). Previous studies on bioFuel production systems showed that emissions of N2O may counterbalance a substantial part of the global warming reduction, which is achieved by fossil Fuel Displacement. In this study, we related measured field emissions of N2O to the reduction in fossil Fuel-derived CO2, which was obtained when agricultural biomasses were used for bioFuel production. The analysis included five organically managed feedstocks (viz. dried straw of sole cropped rye, sole cropped vetch and intercropped rye–vetch, as well as fresh grass–clover and whole crop maize) and three scenarios for conversion of biomass into bioFuel. The scenarios were (i) bioethanol, (ii) biogas and (iii) coproduction of bioethanol and biogas. In the last scenario, the biomass was first used for bioethanol fermentation and subsequently the effluent from this process was utilized for biogas production. The net GHG reduction was calculated as the avoided fossil Fuel-derived CO2, where the N2O emission was subtracted. This value did not account for fossil Fuel-derived CO2 emissions from farm machinery and during conversion processes that turn biomass into bioFuel. The greatest net GHG reduction, corresponding to 700–800 g CO2 m−2, was obtained by biogas production or coproduction of bioethanol and biogas on either fresh grass–clover or whole crop maize. In contrast, bioFuel production based on lignocellulosic crop residues (i.e. rye and vetch straw) provided considerably lower net GHG reductions (≤215 g CO2 m−2), and even negative numbers sometimes. No GHG benefit was achieved by fertilizing the maize crop because the extra crop yield, and thereby increased bioFuel production, was offset by enhanced N2O emissions.
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Consequences of field N2O emissions for the environmental sustainability of plant‐based bioFuels produced within an organic farming system
GCB Bioenergy, 2011Co-Authors: Mette Sustmann Carter, Stefan Heiske, Morten Jensen, Sune Tjalfe Thomsen, Jens Ejbye Schmidt, Anders Johansen, Henrik Hauggaard-nielsen, Per AmbusAbstract:One way of reducing the emissions of fossil Fuel-derived carbon dioxide (CO2) is to replace fossil Fuels with bioFuels produced from agricultural biomasses or residuals. However, cultivation of soils results in emission of other greenhouse gases (GHGs), especially nitrous oxide (N2O). Previous studies on bioFuel production systems showed that emissions of N2O may counterbalance a substantial part of the global warming reduction, which is achieved by fossil Fuel Displacement. In this study, we related measured field emissions of N2O to the reduction in fossil Fuel-derived CO2, which was obtained when agricultural biomasses were used for bioFuel production. The analysis included five organically managed feedstocks (viz. dried straw of sole cropped rye, sole cropped vetch and intercropped rye–vetch, as well as fresh grass–clover and whole crop maize) and three scenarios for conversion of biomass into bioFuel. The scenarios were (i) bioethanol, (ii) biogas and (iii) coproduction of bioethanol and biogas. In the last scenario, the biomass was first used for bioethanol fermentation and subsequently the effluent from this process was utilized for biogas production. The net GHG reduction was calculated as the avoided fossil Fuel-derived CO2, where the N2O emission was subtracted. This value did not account for fossil Fuel-derived CO2 emissions from farm machinery and during conversion processes that turn biomass into bioFuel. The greatest net GHG reduction, corresponding to 700–800 g CO2 m−2, was obtained by biogas production or coproduction of bioethanol and biogas on either fresh grass–clover or whole crop maize. In contrast, bioFuel production based on lignocellulosic crop residues (i.e. rye and vetch straw) provided considerably lower net GHG reductions (≤215 g CO2 m−2), and even negative numbers sometimes. No GHG benefit was achieved by fertilizing the maize crop because the extra crop yield, and thereby increased bioFuel production, was offset by enhanced N2O emissions.
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Field emissions of N2O during biomass production may affect the sustainability of agro-bioFuels
2011Co-Authors: Mette Sustmann Carter, Stefan Heiske, Morten Jensen, Sune Tjalfe Thomsen, Jens Ejbye Schmidt, Anders Johansen, Henrik Hauggaard-nielsen, Per AmbusAbstract:Field emissions of N2O during cultivation of bioenergy crops may counterbalance a considerable part of the avoided fossil CO2 emissions that are achieved by fossil Fuel Displacement
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Greenhouse gas emissions from cultivation of energy crops may affect the sustainability of bioFuels
2011Co-Authors: Mette Sustmann Carter, Stefan Heiske, Morten Jensen, Sune Tjalfe Thomsen, Jens Ejbye Schmidt, Anders Johansen, Henrik Hauggaard-nielsen, Per AmbusAbstract:Field emissions of N2O during cultivation of bioenergy crops may counterbalance a considerable part of the avoided fossil CO2 emissions that are achieved by fossil Fuel Displacement
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Relating N2O emissions from energy crops to the avoided fossil Fuel-derived CO2 – a study on bioethanol and biogas produced from organically managed maize, rye, vetch and grass-clover
2010Co-Authors: Mette Sustmann Carter, Stefan Heiske, Morten Jensen, Sune Tjalfe Thomsen, Jens Ejbye Schmidt, Anders Johansen, Henrik Hauggaard-nielsen, Per AmbusAbstract:Field emissions of N2O during cultivation of bioenergy crops may counterbalance a considerable part of the avoided fossil CO2 emissions that are achieved by fossil Fuel Displacement.
Mark Laser - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Projected mature technology scenarios for conversion of cellulosic biomass to ethanol with coproduction thermochemical Fuels, power, and/or animal feed protein
Biofuels Bioproducts and Biorefining, 2009Co-Authors: Mark Laser, Kemantha Jayawardhana, Bruce E. Dale, Lee R LyndAbstract:Seven process designs for producing ethanol and several coproducts from switchgrass are evaluated: four involving combinations of ethanol, thermochemical Fuels (including Fischer-Tropsch liquids, hydrogen, and methane) and/or power, and three coproducing animal feed protein. Material and energy balances – resulting from detailed Aspen Plus models – are reported and used to estimate processing costs and perform discounted cash flow analysis to assess plant profitability. In these mature technology designs, fossil Fuel Displacement is decidedly positive and production costs competitive with gasoline. © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
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projected mature technology scenarios for conversion of cellulosic biomass to ethanol with coproduction thermochemical Fuels power and or animal feed protein
Biofuels Bioproducts and Biorefining, 2009Co-Authors: Mark Laser, Kemantha Jayawardhana, Bruce E. Dale, Lee R LyndAbstract:Seven process designs for producing ethanol and several coproducts from switchgrass are evaluated: four involving combinations of ethanol, thermochemical Fuels (including Fischer-Tropsch liquids, hydrogen, and methane) and/or power, and three coproducing animal feed protein. Material and energy balances – resulting from detailed Aspen Plus models – are reported and used to estimate processing costs and perform discounted cash flow analysis to assess plant profitability. In these mature technology designs, fossil Fuel Displacement is decidedly positive and production costs competitive with gasoline. © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
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coproduction of ethanol and power from switchgrass
Biofuels Bioproducts and Biorefining, 2009Co-Authors: Mark Laser, Kemantha Jayawardhana, Haiming Jin, Lee R LyndAbstract:Three process designs for producing ethanol and electricity from switchgrass are evaluated: a base-case technology scenario involving dilute acid pre-treatment and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation, and two mature technology scenarios incorporating ammonia fiber expansion pre-treatment and consolidated bioprocessing – one with conventional Rankine power coproduction, and one coproducing power via a gas turbine combined cycle. Material and energy balances – resulting from detailed Aspen Plus models – are reported and used to estimate processing costs and perform discounted cash flow analysis to assess plant profitability. The mature technology —designs significantly improve both process efficiency and cost relative to base-case cellulosic ethanol technology, with the resulting fossil Fuel Displacement being decidedly positive and production costs competitive with gasoline, even at relatively low prices. © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Michael Wang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a product nonspecific framework for evaluating the potential of biomass based products to displace fossil Fuels
Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2003Co-Authors: Lee R Lynd, Michael WangAbstract:Summary The use of biomass as a raw material for production of Fuels and commodity chemicals is attracting increasing attention motivated by the possibility of positive contributions to a sustainable resource supply, enhanced national security, and macroeconomic benefits for rural communities and society at large. Fossil Fuel Displacement exclusive of product recovery can be estimated for biological processing of biomass in the absence of product-specific information other than the product yield and whether fermentation is aerobic or anaerobic. Based on this observation, a framework is proposed for estimating fossil Fuel Displacement on a per-unit-product or per-unit-biomass basis. Use of a per-unit-biomass basis offers somewhat different insights as compared to a per-unit-product basis and appears particularly appropriate for consideration of the efficacy of resource or land use. Using the proposed framework, the following feedstock and process factors are shown to be particularly important in determining the extent of fossil Fuel Displacement via biological processes: feedstock (corn or cellulosic) and, for corn, harvest mode (e.g., with or without stover recovery); biological conversion (aerobic or anaerobic); product yield; and the energy requirements for product recovery. When all of these factors are favorable, as in the case of the cellulosic ethanol scenario examined, significant fossil Fuel Displacement can be achieved. When all of these factors are unfavorable, as in the case of a scenario involving polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production from corn without stover recovery, no net Displacement is achieved. The proposed framework provides a means to screen processes with respect to potential for fossil Fuel Displacement in the absence of product-specific information, to gain general insights into feedstock and process features important in determining the extent to which fossil Displacement is realized, and to rapidly incorporate product-specific information into a preexisting evaluative rubric.
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A Product‐Nonspecific Framework for Evaluating the Potential of Biomass‐Based Products to Displace Fossil Fuels
Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2003Co-Authors: Lee R Lynd, Michael WangAbstract:Summary The use of biomass as a raw material for production of Fuels and commodity chemicals is attracting increasing attention motivated by the possibility of positive contributions to a sustainable resource supply, enhanced national security, and macroeconomic benefits for rural communities and society at large. Fossil Fuel Displacement exclusive of product recovery can be estimated for biological processing of biomass in the absence of product-specific information other than the product yield and whether fermentation is aerobic or anaerobic. Based on this observation, a framework is proposed for estimating fossil Fuel Displacement on a per-unit-product or per-unit-biomass basis. Use of a per-unit-biomass basis offers somewhat different insights as compared to a per-unit-product basis and appears particularly appropriate for consideration of the efficacy of resource or land use. Using the proposed framework, the following feedstock and process factors are shown to be particularly important in determining the extent of fossil Fuel Displacement via biological processes: feedstock (corn or cellulosic) and, for corn, harvest mode (e.g., with or without stover recovery); biological conversion (aerobic or anaerobic); product yield; and the energy requirements for product recovery. When all of these factors are favorable, as in the case of the cellulosic ethanol scenario examined, significant fossil Fuel Displacement can be achieved. When all of these factors are unfavorable, as in the case of a scenario involving polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production from corn without stover recovery, no net Displacement is achieved. The proposed framework provides a means to screen processes with respect to potential for fossil Fuel Displacement in the absence of product-specific information, to gain general insights into feedstock and process features important in determining the extent to which fossil Displacement is realized, and to rapidly incorporate product-specific information into a preexisting evaluative rubric.
D. Papale - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Greenhouse gas balance of cropland conversion to bioenergy poplar short-rotation coppice
Biogeosciences, 2016Co-Authors: S. Sabbatini, N. Arriga, T. Bertolini, S. Castaldi, T. Chiti, C. Consalvo, B. Gioli, G. Matteucci, S. Njakou Djomo, D. PapaleAbstract:Abstract. The production of bioenergy in Europe is one of the strategies conceived to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The suitability of the land use change from a cropland (REF site) to a short-rotation coppice plantation of hybrid poplar (SRC site) was investigated by comparing the GHG budgets of these two systems over 24 months in Viterbo, Italy. This period corresponded to a single rotation of the SRC site. The REF site was a crop rotation between grassland and winter wheat, i.e. the same management of the SRC site before the conversion to short-rotation coppice. Eddy covariance measurements were carried out to quantify the net ecosystem exchange of CO2 (FCO2), whereas chambers were used to measure N2O and CH4 emissions from soil. The measurements began 2 years after the conversion of arable land to SRC so that an older poplar plantation was used to estimate the soil organic carbon (SOC) loss due to SRC establishment and to estimate SOC recovery over time. Emissions from tractors and from production and transport of agricultural inputs (FMAN) were modelled. A GHG emission offset, due to the substitution of natural gas with SRC biomass, was credited to the GHG budget of the SRC site. Emissions generated by the use of biomass (FEXP) were also considered. Suitability was finally assessed by comparing the GHG budgets of the two sites. CO2 uptake was 3512 ± 224 g CO2 m−2 at the SRC site in 2 years, and 1838 ± 107 g CO2 m−2 at the REF site. FEXP was equal to 1858 ± 240 g CO2 m−2 at the REF site, thus basically compensating for FCO2, while it was 1118 ± 521 g CO2 m−2 at the SRC site. The SRC site could offset 379.7 ± 175.1 g CO2eq m−2 from fossil Fuel Displacement. Soil CH4 and N2O fluxes were negligible. FMAN made up 2 and 4 % in the GHG budgets of SRC and REF sites respectively, while the SOC loss was 455 ± 524 g CO2 m−2 in 2 years. Overall, the REF site was close to neutrality from a GHG perspective (156 ± 264 g CO2eq m−2), while the SRC site was a net sink of 2202 ± 792 g CO2eq m−2. In conclusion the experiment led to a positive evaluation from a GHG viewpoint of the conversion of cropland to bioenergy SRC.
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Greenhouse gas balance of cropland conversion to bioenergy poplar short rotation coppice
2015Co-Authors: S. Sabbatini, N. Arriga, T. Bertolini, S. Castaldi, T. Chiti, C. Consalvo, S. Njakou Djomo, B. Gioli, G. Matteucci, D. PapaleAbstract:Abstract. The production of bioenergy in Europe is one of the strategies conceived to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The suitability of the land use change from a cropland (REF site) to a short rotation coppice plantation of hybrid poplar (SRC site) was investigated by comparing the GHG budgets of these two systems over 24 months in Viterbo, Italy. Eddy covariance measurements were carried out to quantify the net ecosystem exchange of CO2 (FCO2), whereas chambers were used to measure N2O and CH4 emissions from soil. Soil organic carbon (SOC) of an older poplar plantation was used to estimate via a regression the SOC loss due to SRC establishment. Emissions from tractors and from production and transport of agricultural inputs (FMAN) were modelled and GHG emission offset due to fossil Fuel substitution was credited to the SRC site considering the C intensity of natural gas. Emissions due to the use of the biomass (FEXP) were also considered. The suitability was finally assessed comparing the GHG budgets of the two sites. FCO2 was the higher flux in the SRC site (−3512 ± 224 g CO2 eq m−2 in two years), while in the REF site it was −1838 ± 107 g CO2 m−2 in two years. FEXP was equal to 1858 ± 240 g CO2 m−2 in 24 months in the REF site, thus basically compensating FCO2, while it was 1118 ± 521 g CO2 eq m−2 in 24 months in the SRC site. This latter could offset −379.7 ± 175.1 g CO2 eq m−2 from fossil Fuel Displacement. Soil CH4 and N2O fluxes were negligible. FMAN weighed 2 and 4% in the GHG budgets of SRC and REF sites respectively, while the SOC loss weighed 455 ± 524 g CO2 m−2 in two years. Overall, the REF site was close to neutrality in a GHG perspective (156 ± 264 g CO2 eq m−2), while the SRC site was a net sink of −2202 ± 792 g CO2 eq m−2. In conclusion the experiment led to a positive evaluation of the conversion of cropland to bioenergy SRC from a GHG viewpoint.
