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Thomas D Durbin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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emissions from a flex Fuel gdi Vehicle operating on ethanol Fuels show marked contrasts in chemical physical and toxicological characteristics as a function of ethanol content
Science of The Total Environment, 2019Co-Authors: Jiacheng Yang, Patrick Roth, Thomas D Durbin, Akua Asaawuku, Martin M Shafer, Jocelyn D C Hemming, Dagmara S Antkiewicz, Georgios KaravalakisAbstract:Abstract This study assessed the gaseous and particulate emissions, as well as the toxicological properties of particulate matter (PM) from a flex Fuel Vehicle equipped with a wall-guided gasoline direct injection engine over triplicates cold-start and hot-start LA92 cycles. The Vehicle was operated on a Tier 3 E10 Fuel, an E10 Fuel with higher levels of aromatics than the Tier 3 E10, an E30, and an E78 blend. Total hydrocarbon (THC), non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate emissions, and gaseous toxics (of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes (BTEX), and 1,3-butadiene) reduced for E30 and E78 blends compared to both E10 Fuels. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde emissions substantially increased with the higher ethanol blends. The high aromatic E10 Fuel increased the emissions of THC, NMHC, particulates, and BTEX compared to the Tier 3 E10 Fuel and the higher ethanol blends, as well as showed higher concentrations of accumulation mode particles. The GDI PM did not exhibit any measurable mutagenicity at the PM concentrations tested. Cytotoxicity varied only within a small range and concentrations of PM, eliciting a cytotoxic response similar to those by ambient aerosol. The outcomes of our two measures of PM oxidative potential (macrophage ROS and DTT) were significantly correlated, with the E78 blend exhibiting the least oxidative potential and the E30 the greatest. Gene expression analysis at both the mRNA and protein level indicates that there is the potential for GDI PM emissions to contribute to inflammation and etiology of disease such as asthma, and in contrast to the ROS and DTT outcomes, the E78 Fuel PM exhibited the greatest potential to elicit pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNFα) production. Overall, the trends in toxicity emission rates (activity/mi) across the ethanol blends was driven primarily by PM mass emission rate contrasts and only secondarily by the differences in intrinsic toxicity of the PM.
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investigation of the effect of mid and high level ethanol blends on the particulate and the mobile source air toxic emissions from a gasoline direct injection flex Fuel Vehicle
Energy & Fuels, 2019Co-Authors: Jiacheng Yang, Patrick Roth, Thomas D Durbin, Kent C Johnson, Akua AsaawukuAbstract:This study examined the influence of low-, mid-, and high-ethanol Fueling, as well as the influence of the aromatic hydrocarbons in the Fuel blend, on the regulated and greenhouse gas emissions, the mobile source air toxic pollutants, and the particulate emissions from a current model flexible Fuel Vehicle equipped with a gasoline direct injection engine. This study utilized a total of four Fuels, including a baseline U.S. EPA Tier 3 E10 Fuel, one E10 Fuel with higher aromatics content than the baseline E10, an E30 Fuel that was splash-blended with the Tier 3 E10, and an E78 Fuel. Testing was conducted over triplicate cold-start and hot-start LA92 cycles. The findings of this study showed that the higher ethanol blends, namely, the E30 and E78, led to statistically significant reductions of 9%–13% for total hydrocarbon (THC), 13%–44% for non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC), 20%–35% for carbon monoxide (CO), and 17%–36% for nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions compared to the high-aromatics E10 Fuel. The emissions o...
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Investigation of the Effect of Mid- And High-Level Ethanol Blends on the Particulate and the Mobile Source Air Toxic Emissions from a Gasoline Direct Injection Flex Fuel Vehicle
2018Co-Authors: Jiacheng Yang, Patrick Roth, Thomas D Durbin, Kent C Johnson, Akua Asa-awuku, David R. Cocker, Georgios KaravalakisAbstract:This study examined the influence of low-, mid-, and high-ethanol Fueling, as well as the influence of the aromatic hydrocarbons in the Fuel blend, on the regulated and greenhouse gas emissions, the mobile source air toxic pollutants, and the particulate emissions from a current model flexible Fuel Vehicle equipped with a gasoline direct injection engine. This study utilized a total of four Fuels, including a baseline U.S. EPA Tier 3 E10 Fuel, one E10 Fuel with higher aromatics content than the baseline E10, an E30 Fuel that was splash-blended with the Tier 3 E10, and an E78 Fuel. Testing was conducted over triplicate cold-start and hot-start LA92 cycles. The findings of this study showed that the higher ethanol blends, namely, the E30 and E78, led to statistically significant reductions of 9%–13% for total hydrocarbon (THC), 13%–44% for non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC), 20%–35% for carbon monoxide (CO), and 17%–36% for nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions compared to the high-aromatics E10 Fuel. The emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) for the high-aromatics E10 were higher than the Tier 3 E10, E30, and E78 blends. A Fuel economy penalty was also observed for lower energy content E30 and E78 blends compared to both E10 Fuels. Particulate matter (PM) mass, black carbon, and total and solid particle number emissions showed statistically significant reductions for the E30 and E78 Fuels compared to both E10 Fuels. Results also showed that the high PM index/high-aromatics E10 produced more particulate emissions than the low PM index E10, as well as higher populations of accumulation (soot) mode particles. Acetaldehyde formation was favored by the higher ethanol content in the Fuel, resulting in significant increases compared to both E10 Fuels. Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) emissions enhanced their formation with the high-aromatics E10, whereas the use of E30 and E78 Fuels showed important reductions in BTEX emissions
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Understanding particles emitted from spray and wall-guided gasoline direct injection and flex Fuel Vehicles operating on ethanol and iso-butanol gasoline blends
2016Co-Authors: Daniel Short, Thomas D Durbin, Georgios Karavalakis, Vincent Chen, Carlos Espinoza, Tyler Berte, Akua Asa-awukuAbstract:Traffic-related pollutants are an ever-growing concern. However, the composition of particle emissions from new Vehicle technologies using relevant current and prospective Fuel blends is not known. This study tested four current and up-and-coming Vehicle technologies with nine Fuel blends with various concentrations of ethanol and iso-butanol. Vehicles were driven on both the federal test procedure (FTP) and the unified cycle (UC). Additional tests were conducted under steady-state speed conditions. The Vehicle technologies include spray-guided gasoline direct injection (SG-GDI), wall-guided gasoline direct injection (WG-GDI), port-Fuel injection flex Fuel Vehicle (PFI-FFV), and a wall-guided GDI-FFV. The Fuels consisted of 10–83% ethanol and 16–55% iso-butanol in gasoline. The composition of soot, water-insoluble mass (WIM), water-soluble organic mass, and water-insoluble organic mass (WIOM), and OM was measured. The majority of emissions over FTP and UC were water-insoluble (>70%), and WIOM contributes mostly to OM. PFIs have lower soot and particulate matter (PM) emissions in comparison to the WG-GDI technology even while increasing the renewable Fuel content. SG-GDI technology, which has not penetrated the market, show promise as soot and PM emissions are comparable to PFI Vehicles while preserving the GDI Fuel economy benefits. The WIM fraction in GDI-FFV consistently increased with increasing ethanol concentration. Lastly, the impact of the future Vehicle emissions and traffic pollutants is discussed. SG-GDI technology is found to be a promising sustainable technology to enhance Fuel economy and also reduce PM, soot, and WIM emissions. Copyright © 2017 American Association for Aerosol Research
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impacts of ethanol Fuel level on emissions of regulated and unregulated pollutants from a fleet of gasoline light duty Vehicles
Fuel, 2012Co-Authors: Georgios Karavalakis, Thomas D Durbin, Manish Shrivastava, Zhongqing Zheng, Mark Villela, Heejung JungAbstract:Abstract The study investigated the impact of ethanol blends on criteria emissions (THC, NMHC, CO, NOx), greenhouse gas (CO2), and a suite of unregulated pollutants in a fleet of gasoline-powered light-duty Vehicles. The Vehicles ranged in model year from 1984 to 2007 and included one Flexible Fuel Vehicle (FFV). Emission and Fuel consumption measurements were performed in duplicate or triplicate over the Federal Test Procedure (FTP) driving cycle using a chassis dynamometer for four Fuels in each of seven Vehicles. The test Fuels included a CARB phase 2 certification Fuel with 11% MTBE content, a CARB phase 3 certification Fuel with a 5.7% ethanol content, and E10, E20, E50, and E85 Fuels. In most cases, THC and NMHC emissions were lower with the ethanol blends, while the use of E85 resulted in increases of THC and NMHC for the FFV. CO emissions were lower with ethanol blends for all Vehicles and significantly decreased for earlier model Vehicles. Results for NOx emissions were mixed, with some older Vehicles showing increases with increasing ethanol level, while other Vehicles showed either no impact or a slight, but not statistically significant, decrease. CO2 emissions did not show any significant trends. Fuel economy showed decreasing trends with increasing ethanol content in later model Vehicles. There was also a consistent trend of increasing acetaldehyde emissions with increasing ethanol level, but other carbonyls did not show strong trends. The use of E85 resulted in significantly higher formaldehyde and acetaldehyde emissions than the specification Fuels or other ethanol blends. BTEX and 1,3-butadiene emissions were lower with ethanol blends compared to the CARB 2 Fuel, and were almost undetectable from the E85 Fuel. The largest contribution to total carbonyls and other toxics was during the cold-start phase of FTP.
Georgios Karavalakis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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emissions from a flex Fuel gdi Vehicle operating on ethanol Fuels show marked contrasts in chemical physical and toxicological characteristics as a function of ethanol content
Science of The Total Environment, 2019Co-Authors: Jiacheng Yang, Patrick Roth, Thomas D Durbin, Akua Asaawuku, Martin M Shafer, Jocelyn D C Hemming, Dagmara S Antkiewicz, Georgios KaravalakisAbstract:Abstract This study assessed the gaseous and particulate emissions, as well as the toxicological properties of particulate matter (PM) from a flex Fuel Vehicle equipped with a wall-guided gasoline direct injection engine over triplicates cold-start and hot-start LA92 cycles. The Vehicle was operated on a Tier 3 E10 Fuel, an E10 Fuel with higher levels of aromatics than the Tier 3 E10, an E30, and an E78 blend. Total hydrocarbon (THC), non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate emissions, and gaseous toxics (of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes (BTEX), and 1,3-butadiene) reduced for E30 and E78 blends compared to both E10 Fuels. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde emissions substantially increased with the higher ethanol blends. The high aromatic E10 Fuel increased the emissions of THC, NMHC, particulates, and BTEX compared to the Tier 3 E10 Fuel and the higher ethanol blends, as well as showed higher concentrations of accumulation mode particles. The GDI PM did not exhibit any measurable mutagenicity at the PM concentrations tested. Cytotoxicity varied only within a small range and concentrations of PM, eliciting a cytotoxic response similar to those by ambient aerosol. The outcomes of our two measures of PM oxidative potential (macrophage ROS and DTT) were significantly correlated, with the E78 blend exhibiting the least oxidative potential and the E30 the greatest. Gene expression analysis at both the mRNA and protein level indicates that there is the potential for GDI PM emissions to contribute to inflammation and etiology of disease such as asthma, and in contrast to the ROS and DTT outcomes, the E78 Fuel PM exhibited the greatest potential to elicit pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNFα) production. Overall, the trends in toxicity emission rates (activity/mi) across the ethanol blends was driven primarily by PM mass emission rate contrasts and only secondarily by the differences in intrinsic toxicity of the PM.
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Investigation of the Effect of Mid- And High-Level Ethanol Blends on the Particulate and the Mobile Source Air Toxic Emissions from a Gasoline Direct Injection Flex Fuel Vehicle
2018Co-Authors: Jiacheng Yang, Patrick Roth, Thomas D Durbin, Kent C Johnson, Akua Asa-awuku, David R. Cocker, Georgios KaravalakisAbstract:This study examined the influence of low-, mid-, and high-ethanol Fueling, as well as the influence of the aromatic hydrocarbons in the Fuel blend, on the regulated and greenhouse gas emissions, the mobile source air toxic pollutants, and the particulate emissions from a current model flexible Fuel Vehicle equipped with a gasoline direct injection engine. This study utilized a total of four Fuels, including a baseline U.S. EPA Tier 3 E10 Fuel, one E10 Fuel with higher aromatics content than the baseline E10, an E30 Fuel that was splash-blended with the Tier 3 E10, and an E78 Fuel. Testing was conducted over triplicate cold-start and hot-start LA92 cycles. The findings of this study showed that the higher ethanol blends, namely, the E30 and E78, led to statistically significant reductions of 9%–13% for total hydrocarbon (THC), 13%–44% for non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC), 20%–35% for carbon monoxide (CO), and 17%–36% for nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions compared to the high-aromatics E10 Fuel. The emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) for the high-aromatics E10 were higher than the Tier 3 E10, E30, and E78 blends. A Fuel economy penalty was also observed for lower energy content E30 and E78 blends compared to both E10 Fuels. Particulate matter (PM) mass, black carbon, and total and solid particle number emissions showed statistically significant reductions for the E30 and E78 Fuels compared to both E10 Fuels. Results also showed that the high PM index/high-aromatics E10 produced more particulate emissions than the low PM index E10, as well as higher populations of accumulation (soot) mode particles. Acetaldehyde formation was favored by the higher ethanol content in the Fuel, resulting in significant increases compared to both E10 Fuels. Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) emissions enhanced their formation with the high-aromatics E10, whereas the use of E30 and E78 Fuels showed important reductions in BTEX emissions
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Understanding particles emitted from spray and wall-guided gasoline direct injection and flex Fuel Vehicles operating on ethanol and iso-butanol gasoline blends
2016Co-Authors: Daniel Short, Thomas D Durbin, Georgios Karavalakis, Vincent Chen, Carlos Espinoza, Tyler Berte, Akua Asa-awukuAbstract:Traffic-related pollutants are an ever-growing concern. However, the composition of particle emissions from new Vehicle technologies using relevant current and prospective Fuel blends is not known. This study tested four current and up-and-coming Vehicle technologies with nine Fuel blends with various concentrations of ethanol and iso-butanol. Vehicles were driven on both the federal test procedure (FTP) and the unified cycle (UC). Additional tests were conducted under steady-state speed conditions. The Vehicle technologies include spray-guided gasoline direct injection (SG-GDI), wall-guided gasoline direct injection (WG-GDI), port-Fuel injection flex Fuel Vehicle (PFI-FFV), and a wall-guided GDI-FFV. The Fuels consisted of 10–83% ethanol and 16–55% iso-butanol in gasoline. The composition of soot, water-insoluble mass (WIM), water-soluble organic mass, and water-insoluble organic mass (WIOM), and OM was measured. The majority of emissions over FTP and UC were water-insoluble (>70%), and WIOM contributes mostly to OM. PFIs have lower soot and particulate matter (PM) emissions in comparison to the WG-GDI technology even while increasing the renewable Fuel content. SG-GDI technology, which has not penetrated the market, show promise as soot and PM emissions are comparable to PFI Vehicles while preserving the GDI Fuel economy benefits. The WIM fraction in GDI-FFV consistently increased with increasing ethanol concentration. Lastly, the impact of the future Vehicle emissions and traffic pollutants is discussed. SG-GDI technology is found to be a promising sustainable technology to enhance Fuel economy and also reduce PM, soot, and WIM emissions. Copyright © 2017 American Association for Aerosol Research
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impacts of ethanol Fuel level on emissions of regulated and unregulated pollutants from a fleet of gasoline light duty Vehicles
Fuel, 2012Co-Authors: Georgios Karavalakis, Thomas D Durbin, Manish Shrivastava, Zhongqing Zheng, Mark Villela, Heejung JungAbstract:Abstract The study investigated the impact of ethanol blends on criteria emissions (THC, NMHC, CO, NOx), greenhouse gas (CO2), and a suite of unregulated pollutants in a fleet of gasoline-powered light-duty Vehicles. The Vehicles ranged in model year from 1984 to 2007 and included one Flexible Fuel Vehicle (FFV). Emission and Fuel consumption measurements were performed in duplicate or triplicate over the Federal Test Procedure (FTP) driving cycle using a chassis dynamometer for four Fuels in each of seven Vehicles. The test Fuels included a CARB phase 2 certification Fuel with 11% MTBE content, a CARB phase 3 certification Fuel with a 5.7% ethanol content, and E10, E20, E50, and E85 Fuels. In most cases, THC and NMHC emissions were lower with the ethanol blends, while the use of E85 resulted in increases of THC and NMHC for the FFV. CO emissions were lower with ethanol blends for all Vehicles and significantly decreased for earlier model Vehicles. Results for NOx emissions were mixed, with some older Vehicles showing increases with increasing ethanol level, while other Vehicles showed either no impact or a slight, but not statistically significant, decrease. CO2 emissions did not show any significant trends. Fuel economy showed decreasing trends with increasing ethanol content in later model Vehicles. There was also a consistent trend of increasing acetaldehyde emissions with increasing ethanol level, but other carbonyls did not show strong trends. The use of E85 resulted in significantly higher formaldehyde and acetaldehyde emissions than the specification Fuels or other ethanol blends. BTEX and 1,3-butadiene emissions were lower with ethanol blends compared to the CARB 2 Fuel, and were almost undetectable from the E85 Fuel. The largest contribution to total carbonyls and other toxics was during the cold-start phase of FTP.
Akua Asaawuku - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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emissions from a flex Fuel gdi Vehicle operating on ethanol Fuels show marked contrasts in chemical physical and toxicological characteristics as a function of ethanol content
Science of The Total Environment, 2019Co-Authors: Jiacheng Yang, Patrick Roth, Thomas D Durbin, Akua Asaawuku, Martin M Shafer, Jocelyn D C Hemming, Dagmara S Antkiewicz, Georgios KaravalakisAbstract:Abstract This study assessed the gaseous and particulate emissions, as well as the toxicological properties of particulate matter (PM) from a flex Fuel Vehicle equipped with a wall-guided gasoline direct injection engine over triplicates cold-start and hot-start LA92 cycles. The Vehicle was operated on a Tier 3 E10 Fuel, an E10 Fuel with higher levels of aromatics than the Tier 3 E10, an E30, and an E78 blend. Total hydrocarbon (THC), non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate emissions, and gaseous toxics (of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes (BTEX), and 1,3-butadiene) reduced for E30 and E78 blends compared to both E10 Fuels. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde emissions substantially increased with the higher ethanol blends. The high aromatic E10 Fuel increased the emissions of THC, NMHC, particulates, and BTEX compared to the Tier 3 E10 Fuel and the higher ethanol blends, as well as showed higher concentrations of accumulation mode particles. The GDI PM did not exhibit any measurable mutagenicity at the PM concentrations tested. Cytotoxicity varied only within a small range and concentrations of PM, eliciting a cytotoxic response similar to those by ambient aerosol. The outcomes of our two measures of PM oxidative potential (macrophage ROS and DTT) were significantly correlated, with the E78 blend exhibiting the least oxidative potential and the E30 the greatest. Gene expression analysis at both the mRNA and protein level indicates that there is the potential for GDI PM emissions to contribute to inflammation and etiology of disease such as asthma, and in contrast to the ROS and DTT outcomes, the E78 Fuel PM exhibited the greatest potential to elicit pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNFα) production. Overall, the trends in toxicity emission rates (activity/mi) across the ethanol blends was driven primarily by PM mass emission rate contrasts and only secondarily by the differences in intrinsic toxicity of the PM.
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investigation of the effect of mid and high level ethanol blends on the particulate and the mobile source air toxic emissions from a gasoline direct injection flex Fuel Vehicle
Energy & Fuels, 2019Co-Authors: Jiacheng Yang, Patrick Roth, Thomas D Durbin, Kent C Johnson, Akua AsaawukuAbstract:This study examined the influence of low-, mid-, and high-ethanol Fueling, as well as the influence of the aromatic hydrocarbons in the Fuel blend, on the regulated and greenhouse gas emissions, the mobile source air toxic pollutants, and the particulate emissions from a current model flexible Fuel Vehicle equipped with a gasoline direct injection engine. This study utilized a total of four Fuels, including a baseline U.S. EPA Tier 3 E10 Fuel, one E10 Fuel with higher aromatics content than the baseline E10, an E30 Fuel that was splash-blended with the Tier 3 E10, and an E78 Fuel. Testing was conducted over triplicate cold-start and hot-start LA92 cycles. The findings of this study showed that the higher ethanol blends, namely, the E30 and E78, led to statistically significant reductions of 9%–13% for total hydrocarbon (THC), 13%–44% for non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC), 20%–35% for carbon monoxide (CO), and 17%–36% for nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions compared to the high-aromatics E10 Fuel. The emissions o...
Jiacheng Yang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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emissions from a flex Fuel gdi Vehicle operating on ethanol Fuels show marked contrasts in chemical physical and toxicological characteristics as a function of ethanol content
Science of The Total Environment, 2019Co-Authors: Jiacheng Yang, Patrick Roth, Thomas D Durbin, Akua Asaawuku, Martin M Shafer, Jocelyn D C Hemming, Dagmara S Antkiewicz, Georgios KaravalakisAbstract:Abstract This study assessed the gaseous and particulate emissions, as well as the toxicological properties of particulate matter (PM) from a flex Fuel Vehicle equipped with a wall-guided gasoline direct injection engine over triplicates cold-start and hot-start LA92 cycles. The Vehicle was operated on a Tier 3 E10 Fuel, an E10 Fuel with higher levels of aromatics than the Tier 3 E10, an E30, and an E78 blend. Total hydrocarbon (THC), non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate emissions, and gaseous toxics (of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes (BTEX), and 1,3-butadiene) reduced for E30 and E78 blends compared to both E10 Fuels. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde emissions substantially increased with the higher ethanol blends. The high aromatic E10 Fuel increased the emissions of THC, NMHC, particulates, and BTEX compared to the Tier 3 E10 Fuel and the higher ethanol blends, as well as showed higher concentrations of accumulation mode particles. The GDI PM did not exhibit any measurable mutagenicity at the PM concentrations tested. Cytotoxicity varied only within a small range and concentrations of PM, eliciting a cytotoxic response similar to those by ambient aerosol. The outcomes of our two measures of PM oxidative potential (macrophage ROS and DTT) were significantly correlated, with the E78 blend exhibiting the least oxidative potential and the E30 the greatest. Gene expression analysis at both the mRNA and protein level indicates that there is the potential for GDI PM emissions to contribute to inflammation and etiology of disease such as asthma, and in contrast to the ROS and DTT outcomes, the E78 Fuel PM exhibited the greatest potential to elicit pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNFα) production. Overall, the trends in toxicity emission rates (activity/mi) across the ethanol blends was driven primarily by PM mass emission rate contrasts and only secondarily by the differences in intrinsic toxicity of the PM.
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investigation of the effect of mid and high level ethanol blends on the particulate and the mobile source air toxic emissions from a gasoline direct injection flex Fuel Vehicle
Energy & Fuels, 2019Co-Authors: Jiacheng Yang, Patrick Roth, Thomas D Durbin, Kent C Johnson, Akua AsaawukuAbstract:This study examined the influence of low-, mid-, and high-ethanol Fueling, as well as the influence of the aromatic hydrocarbons in the Fuel blend, on the regulated and greenhouse gas emissions, the mobile source air toxic pollutants, and the particulate emissions from a current model flexible Fuel Vehicle equipped with a gasoline direct injection engine. This study utilized a total of four Fuels, including a baseline U.S. EPA Tier 3 E10 Fuel, one E10 Fuel with higher aromatics content than the baseline E10, an E30 Fuel that was splash-blended with the Tier 3 E10, and an E78 Fuel. Testing was conducted over triplicate cold-start and hot-start LA92 cycles. The findings of this study showed that the higher ethanol blends, namely, the E30 and E78, led to statistically significant reductions of 9%–13% for total hydrocarbon (THC), 13%–44% for non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC), 20%–35% for carbon monoxide (CO), and 17%–36% for nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions compared to the high-aromatics E10 Fuel. The emissions o...
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Investigation of the Effect of Mid- And High-Level Ethanol Blends on the Particulate and the Mobile Source Air Toxic Emissions from a Gasoline Direct Injection Flex Fuel Vehicle
2018Co-Authors: Jiacheng Yang, Patrick Roth, Thomas D Durbin, Kent C Johnson, Akua Asa-awuku, David R. Cocker, Georgios KaravalakisAbstract:This study examined the influence of low-, mid-, and high-ethanol Fueling, as well as the influence of the aromatic hydrocarbons in the Fuel blend, on the regulated and greenhouse gas emissions, the mobile source air toxic pollutants, and the particulate emissions from a current model flexible Fuel Vehicle equipped with a gasoline direct injection engine. This study utilized a total of four Fuels, including a baseline U.S. EPA Tier 3 E10 Fuel, one E10 Fuel with higher aromatics content than the baseline E10, an E30 Fuel that was splash-blended with the Tier 3 E10, and an E78 Fuel. Testing was conducted over triplicate cold-start and hot-start LA92 cycles. The findings of this study showed that the higher ethanol blends, namely, the E30 and E78, led to statistically significant reductions of 9%–13% for total hydrocarbon (THC), 13%–44% for non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC), 20%–35% for carbon monoxide (CO), and 17%–36% for nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions compared to the high-aromatics E10 Fuel. The emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) for the high-aromatics E10 were higher than the Tier 3 E10, E30, and E78 blends. A Fuel economy penalty was also observed for lower energy content E30 and E78 blends compared to both E10 Fuels. Particulate matter (PM) mass, black carbon, and total and solid particle number emissions showed statistically significant reductions for the E30 and E78 Fuels compared to both E10 Fuels. Results also showed that the high PM index/high-aromatics E10 produced more particulate emissions than the low PM index E10, as well as higher populations of accumulation (soot) mode particles. Acetaldehyde formation was favored by the higher ethanol content in the Fuel, resulting in significant increases compared to both E10 Fuels. Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) emissions enhanced their formation with the high-aromatics E10, whereas the use of E30 and E78 Fuels showed important reductions in BTEX emissions
Patrick Roth - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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emissions from a flex Fuel gdi Vehicle operating on ethanol Fuels show marked contrasts in chemical physical and toxicological characteristics as a function of ethanol content
Science of The Total Environment, 2019Co-Authors: Jiacheng Yang, Patrick Roth, Thomas D Durbin, Akua Asaawuku, Martin M Shafer, Jocelyn D C Hemming, Dagmara S Antkiewicz, Georgios KaravalakisAbstract:Abstract This study assessed the gaseous and particulate emissions, as well as the toxicological properties of particulate matter (PM) from a flex Fuel Vehicle equipped with a wall-guided gasoline direct injection engine over triplicates cold-start and hot-start LA92 cycles. The Vehicle was operated on a Tier 3 E10 Fuel, an E10 Fuel with higher levels of aromatics than the Tier 3 E10, an E30, and an E78 blend. Total hydrocarbon (THC), non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate emissions, and gaseous toxics (of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes (BTEX), and 1,3-butadiene) reduced for E30 and E78 blends compared to both E10 Fuels. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde emissions substantially increased with the higher ethanol blends. The high aromatic E10 Fuel increased the emissions of THC, NMHC, particulates, and BTEX compared to the Tier 3 E10 Fuel and the higher ethanol blends, as well as showed higher concentrations of accumulation mode particles. The GDI PM did not exhibit any measurable mutagenicity at the PM concentrations tested. Cytotoxicity varied only within a small range and concentrations of PM, eliciting a cytotoxic response similar to those by ambient aerosol. The outcomes of our two measures of PM oxidative potential (macrophage ROS and DTT) were significantly correlated, with the E78 blend exhibiting the least oxidative potential and the E30 the greatest. Gene expression analysis at both the mRNA and protein level indicates that there is the potential for GDI PM emissions to contribute to inflammation and etiology of disease such as asthma, and in contrast to the ROS and DTT outcomes, the E78 Fuel PM exhibited the greatest potential to elicit pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNFα) production. Overall, the trends in toxicity emission rates (activity/mi) across the ethanol blends was driven primarily by PM mass emission rate contrasts and only secondarily by the differences in intrinsic toxicity of the PM.
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investigation of the effect of mid and high level ethanol blends on the particulate and the mobile source air toxic emissions from a gasoline direct injection flex Fuel Vehicle
Energy & Fuels, 2019Co-Authors: Jiacheng Yang, Patrick Roth, Thomas D Durbin, Kent C Johnson, Akua AsaawukuAbstract:This study examined the influence of low-, mid-, and high-ethanol Fueling, as well as the influence of the aromatic hydrocarbons in the Fuel blend, on the regulated and greenhouse gas emissions, the mobile source air toxic pollutants, and the particulate emissions from a current model flexible Fuel Vehicle equipped with a gasoline direct injection engine. This study utilized a total of four Fuels, including a baseline U.S. EPA Tier 3 E10 Fuel, one E10 Fuel with higher aromatics content than the baseline E10, an E30 Fuel that was splash-blended with the Tier 3 E10, and an E78 Fuel. Testing was conducted over triplicate cold-start and hot-start LA92 cycles. The findings of this study showed that the higher ethanol blends, namely, the E30 and E78, led to statistically significant reductions of 9%–13% for total hydrocarbon (THC), 13%–44% for non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC), 20%–35% for carbon monoxide (CO), and 17%–36% for nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions compared to the high-aromatics E10 Fuel. The emissions o...
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Investigation of the Effect of Mid- And High-Level Ethanol Blends on the Particulate and the Mobile Source Air Toxic Emissions from a Gasoline Direct Injection Flex Fuel Vehicle
2018Co-Authors: Jiacheng Yang, Patrick Roth, Thomas D Durbin, Kent C Johnson, Akua Asa-awuku, David R. Cocker, Georgios KaravalakisAbstract:This study examined the influence of low-, mid-, and high-ethanol Fueling, as well as the influence of the aromatic hydrocarbons in the Fuel blend, on the regulated and greenhouse gas emissions, the mobile source air toxic pollutants, and the particulate emissions from a current model flexible Fuel Vehicle equipped with a gasoline direct injection engine. This study utilized a total of four Fuels, including a baseline U.S. EPA Tier 3 E10 Fuel, one E10 Fuel with higher aromatics content than the baseline E10, an E30 Fuel that was splash-blended with the Tier 3 E10, and an E78 Fuel. Testing was conducted over triplicate cold-start and hot-start LA92 cycles. The findings of this study showed that the higher ethanol blends, namely, the E30 and E78, led to statistically significant reductions of 9%–13% for total hydrocarbon (THC), 13%–44% for non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC), 20%–35% for carbon monoxide (CO), and 17%–36% for nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions compared to the high-aromatics E10 Fuel. The emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) for the high-aromatics E10 were higher than the Tier 3 E10, E30, and E78 blends. A Fuel economy penalty was also observed for lower energy content E30 and E78 blends compared to both E10 Fuels. Particulate matter (PM) mass, black carbon, and total and solid particle number emissions showed statistically significant reductions for the E30 and E78 Fuels compared to both E10 Fuels. Results also showed that the high PM index/high-aromatics E10 produced more particulate emissions than the low PM index E10, as well as higher populations of accumulation (soot) mode particles. Acetaldehyde formation was favored by the higher ethanol content in the Fuel, resulting in significant increases compared to both E10 Fuels. Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) emissions enhanced their formation with the high-aromatics E10, whereas the use of E30 and E78 Fuels showed important reductions in BTEX emissions
