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Mauritz Vestberg - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Soil legacy determines arbuscular mycorrhizal Spore bank and plant performance in the low Arctic
Mycorrhiza, 2020Co-Authors: Minna-maarit Kytöviita, Mauritz VestbergAbstract:Human impact is rapidly changing vegetation globally. The effect of plant cover that no longer exists in a site may still affect the development of future vegetation. We focused on a little studied factor—arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) Fungus Spore bank—and its effect on three test plant species. In a low Arctic field site, plots were maintained for 6 years, devoid of any vegetation or with a Solidago virgaurea monoculture cover. We analysed the AM fungal morphospecies composition and identified 21 morphospecies in the field plots. The AM morphospecies community was dominated by members of Acaulosporaceae. Monoculturing under low Arctic field conditions changed the soil AM Spore community, which became dominated by Glomus hoi. We tested the soil feedback in the greenhouse and grew Solidago virgaurea , Potentilla crantzii and Anthoxanthum odoratum in the field soils from the plots without plant cover, covered with Solidago virgaurea or with intact vegetation. Our results suggest that monoculturing resulted in improved N acquisition by the monocultured plant species Solidago virgaurea which may be related to the AM Fungus community. Our results show that a rich community of AM Fungus Spores may remain viable under field conditions for 6 years in the low Arctic. Spore longevity in field soil in the absence of any host plants differed among AM Fungus species. We suggest that AM Fungus Spore longevity be considered an AM fungal life-history trait.
S.e. Peters - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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VAM Fungus Spore populations and colonization of roots of maize and soybean under conventional and low-input sustainable agriculture
Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 1993Co-Authors: David D Douds, R.r. Janke, S.e. PetersAbstract:Abstract Spore populations of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi and formation of mycorrhizae in maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) were studied in three farming systems: a conventional maize-soybean rotation and two low-input systems. Spore populations were counted in soil samples obtained at planting and after harvest for two growing seasons. Maize and soybean root systems were sampled for mycorrhizae early in the growing season. Low-input plots tended to have higher populations of Spores of VAM fungi than conventionally farmed plots. Further, the readily identifiable species Gigaspora gigantea (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerdemann & Trappe, was more numerous in low-inputs plots (up to 30 Spores 50 cm−3 soil) than in conventional plots (0–0.3 Spores 50 cm−3 soil), suggesting farming system affected species distribution as well. Colonization of plants in the field did not always reflect VAM Fungus Spore populations at planting. Greenhouse bioassays showed 2.5–10 fold greater colonization of plants growing in soil from low-input than conventional systems. The results indicate that conventional farming systems yield lower levels of VAM fungi whereas low-input sustainable agriculture, with cover crops planted between cash crops, has greater populations of VAM fungi and potential to utilize the benefits of VA mycorrhizae.
Minna-maarit Kytöviita - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Soil legacy determines arbuscular mycorrhizal Spore bank and plant performance in the low Arctic
Mycorrhiza, 2020Co-Authors: Minna-maarit Kytöviita, Mauritz VestbergAbstract:Human impact is rapidly changing vegetation globally. The effect of plant cover that no longer exists in a site may still affect the development of future vegetation. We focused on a little studied factor—arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) Fungus Spore bank—and its effect on three test plant species. In a low Arctic field site, plots were maintained for 6 years, devoid of any vegetation or with a Solidago virgaurea monoculture cover. We analysed the AM fungal morphospecies composition and identified 21 morphospecies in the field plots. The AM morphospecies community was dominated by members of Acaulosporaceae. Monoculturing under low Arctic field conditions changed the soil AM Spore community, which became dominated by Glomus hoi. We tested the soil feedback in the greenhouse and grew Solidago virgaurea , Potentilla crantzii and Anthoxanthum odoratum in the field soils from the plots without plant cover, covered with Solidago virgaurea or with intact vegetation. Our results suggest that monoculturing resulted in improved N acquisition by the monocultured plant species Solidago virgaurea which may be related to the AM Fungus community. Our results show that a rich community of AM Fungus Spores may remain viable under field conditions for 6 years in the low Arctic. Spore longevity in field soil in the absence of any host plants differed among AM Fungus species. We suggest that AM Fungus Spore longevity be considered an AM fungal life-history trait.
David D Douds - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Tectona grandis Linn.f. plantations and their effects on growth of micropropagated plantlets
New Forests, 2017Co-Authors: Amornrat Chaiyasen, David D Douds, Paiboolya GavinlertvatanaAbstract:Regeneration of stands of valuable tropical hardwood tree species for sustainable harvest requires production of seedlings with high probabilities of survival. One way to enhance the vigor of plants for outplanting is pre-colonization of roots by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. We pursued the strategy that the most promising AM Fungus candidates for inoculation would be those associated with the tree of interest in the field. AM Fungus communities were assessed in five plantations of Tectona grandis Linn.f. A total of 18 AM fungal morphotypes were found, representing four families: Glomeraceae (49.6%), Acaulosporaceae (24.9%), Claroideoglomeraceae (20.8%), and Gigasporaceae (4.8%). AM Fungus Spore density was negatively correlated with soil organic carbon. Some of these AM fungi, plus Rhizophagus irregularis , were established in pot culture and in vitro with transformed carrot roots, and subsequently used to inoculate micropropagated plantlets of T. grandis . Tectona grandis plantlets inoculated in vitro were successfully colonized by all AM fungi studied. Plants inoculated with Funneliformis mosseae were taller than uninoculated plants. Tectona grandis plantlets inoculated with the AM Fungus Claroideoglomus etunicatum PBT03 were taller than uninoculated controls in ex vitro experiments. This study provides early insight for the targeted use of the AM symbiosis in production of important tree species in future greenhouse studies and reforestation.
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VAM Fungus Spore populations and colonization of roots of maize and soybean under conventional and low-input sustainable agriculture
Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 1993Co-Authors: David D Douds, R.r. Janke, S.e. PetersAbstract:Abstract Spore populations of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi and formation of mycorrhizae in maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) were studied in three farming systems: a conventional maize-soybean rotation and two low-input systems. Spore populations were counted in soil samples obtained at planting and after harvest for two growing seasons. Maize and soybean root systems were sampled for mycorrhizae early in the growing season. Low-input plots tended to have higher populations of Spores of VAM fungi than conventionally farmed plots. Further, the readily identifiable species Gigaspora gigantea (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerdemann & Trappe, was more numerous in low-inputs plots (up to 30 Spores 50 cm−3 soil) than in conventional plots (0–0.3 Spores 50 cm−3 soil), suggesting farming system affected species distribution as well. Colonization of plants in the field did not always reflect VAM Fungus Spore populations at planting. Greenhouse bioassays showed 2.5–10 fold greater colonization of plants growing in soil from low-input than conventional systems. The results indicate that conventional farming systems yield lower levels of VAM fungi whereas low-input sustainable agriculture, with cover crops planted between cash crops, has greater populations of VAM fungi and potential to utilize the benefits of VA mycorrhizae.
Yuval Goldblat - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Plant growth hormones suppress the development of Harpophora maydis, the cause of late wilt in maize
Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 2015Co-Authors: Ofir Degani, Ran Drori, Yuval GoldblatAbstract:Late wilt, a severe vascular disease of maize caused by the Fungus Harpophora maydis, is characterized by rapid wilting of maize plants before tasseling and until shortly before maturity. The pathogen is currently controlled by resistant maize cultivars, but the disease is constantly spreading to new areas. The plant’s late phenological stage at which the disease appears suggests that plant hormones may be involved in the pathogenesis. This work revealed that plant growth hormones, auxin (Indole-3-acetic acid) and cytokinin (kinetin), suppress H. maydis in culture media and in a detached root assay. Kinetin, and even more auxin, caused significant suppression of Fungus Spore germination. Gibberellic acid did not alter colony growth rate but had a signal suppressive effect on the pathogens’ Spore germination. In comparison, ethylene and jasmonic acid, plant senescing and defense response regulators, had minor effects on colony growth and Spore germination rate. Their associate hormone, salicylic acid, had a moderate suppressive effect on Spore germination and colony growth rate, and a strong influence when combined with auxin. Despite the anti-fungal auxin success in vitro, field experiments with dimethylamine salt of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (that mimics the influence of auxin) failed to suppress the late wilt. The lines of evidence presented here reveal the suppressive influence of the three growth hormones studied on fungal development and are important to encourage further and more in-depth examinations of this intriguing hormonal complex regulatory and its role in the maize-H. maydis interactions.
