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Frank W Stahnisch - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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alexander von humboldt Galvanism animal electricity and self experimentation part 2 the electric eel animal electricity and later years
Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2013Co-Authors: Stanley Finger, Marco Piccolino, Frank W StahnischAbstract:After extensive experimentation during the 1790s, Alexander von Humboldt remained skeptical about "animal electricity" (and metallic electricity), writing instead about an ill-defined galvanic force. With his worldview and wishing to learn more, he studied electric eels in South America just as the new century began, again using his body as a scientific instrument in many of his experiments. As had been the case in the past and for many of the same reasons, some of his findings with the electric eel (and soon after, Italian torpedoes) seemed to argue against biological electricity. But he no longer used galvanic terminology when describing his electric fish experiments. The fact that he now wrote about animal electricity rather than a different "galvanic" force owed much to Alessandro Volta, who had come forth with his "pile" (battery) for multipling the physical and perceptable effects of otherwise weak electricity in 1800, while Humboldt was deep in South America. Humboldt probably read about and saw voltaic batteries in the United States in 1804, but the time he spent with Volta in 1805 was probably more significant in his conversion from a galvanic to an electrical framework for understanding nerve and muscle physiology. Although he did not continue his animal electricity research program after this time, Humboldt retained his worldview of a unified nature and continued to believe in intrinsic animal electricity. He also served as a patron to some of the most important figures in the new field of electrophysiology (e.g., Hermann Helmholtz and Emil du Bois-Reymond), helping to take the research that he had participated in to the next level.
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alexander von humboldt Galvanism animal electricity and self experimentation part 2 the electric eel animal electricity and later years
Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2013Co-Authors: Stanley Finger, Marco Piccolino, Frank W StahnischAbstract:After extensive experimentation during the 1790s, Alexander von Humboldt remained skeptical about “animal electricity” (and metallic electricity), writing instead about an ill-defined galvanic force. With his worldview and wishing to learn more, he studied electric eels in South America just as the new century began, again using his body as a scientific instrument in many of his experiments. As had been the case in the past and for many of the same reasons, some of his findings with the electric eel (and soon after, Italian torpedoes) seemed to argue against biological electricity. But he no longer used galvanic terminology when describing his electric fish experiments. The fact that he now wrote about animal electricity rather than a different “galvanic” force owed much to Alessandro Volta, who had come forth with his “pile” (battery) for multipling the physical and perceptable effects of otherwise weak electricity in 1800, while Humboldt was deep in South America. Humboldt probably read about and saw vo...
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alexander von humboldt Galvanism animal electricity and self experimentation part 1 formative years naturphilosophie and Galvanism
Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2013Co-Authors: Stanley Finger, Marco Piccolino, Frank W StahnischAbstract:During the 1790s, Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859), who showed an early interest in many facets of natural philosophy and natural history, delved into the controversial subject of Galvanism and animal electricity, hoping to shed light on the basic nature of the nerve force. He was motivated by his broad worldview, the experiments of Luigi Galvani, who favored animal electricity in more than a few specialized fishes, and the thinking of Alessandro Volta, who accepted specialized fish electricity but was not willing to generalize to other animals, thinking Galvani's frog experiments flawed by his use of metals. Differing from many German Naturphilosophen, who shunned “violent” experiments, the newest instruments, and detailed measurement, Humboldt conducted thousands of galvanic experiments on animals and animal parts, as well as many on his own body, some of which caused him great pain. He interpreted his results as supporting some but not all of the claims made by both Galvani and Volta. Notably, becaus...
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alexander von humboldt Galvanism animal electricity and self experimentation part 1 formative years naturphilosophie and Galvanism
Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2013Co-Authors: Stanley Finger, Marco Piccolino, Frank W StahnischAbstract:During the 1790s, Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859), who showed an early interest in many facets of natural philosophy and natural history, delved into the controversial subject of Galvanism and animal electricity, hoping to shed light on the basic nature of the nerve force. He was motivated by his broad worldview, the experiments of Luigi Galvani, who favored animal electricity in more than a few specialized fishes, and the thinking of Alessandro Volta, who accepted specialized fish electricity but was not willing to generalize to other animals, thinking Galvani's frog experiments flawed by his use of metals. Differing from many German Naturphilosophen, who shunned "violent" experiments, the newest instruments, and detailed measurement, Humboldt conducted thousands of galvanic experiments on animals and animal parts, as well as many on his own body, some of which caused him great pain. He interpreted his results as supporting some but not all of the claims made by both Galvani and Volta. Notably, because of certain negative findings and phenomenological differences, he remained skeptical about the intrinsic animal force being qualitatively identical to true electricity. Hence, he referred to a "galvanic force," not animal electricity, in his letters and publications, a theoretical position he would abandon with Volta's help early in the new century.
Stanley Finger - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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alexander von humboldt Galvanism animal electricity and self experimentation part 2 the electric eel animal electricity and later years
Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2013Co-Authors: Stanley Finger, Marco Piccolino, Frank W StahnischAbstract:After extensive experimentation during the 1790s, Alexander von Humboldt remained skeptical about “animal electricity” (and metallic electricity), writing instead about an ill-defined galvanic force. With his worldview and wishing to learn more, he studied electric eels in South America just as the new century began, again using his body as a scientific instrument in many of his experiments. As had been the case in the past and for many of the same reasons, some of his findings with the electric eel (and soon after, Italian torpedoes) seemed to argue against biological electricity. But he no longer used galvanic terminology when describing his electric fish experiments. The fact that he now wrote about animal electricity rather than a different “galvanic” force owed much to Alessandro Volta, who had come forth with his “pile” (battery) for multipling the physical and perceptable effects of otherwise weak electricity in 1800, while Humboldt was deep in South America. Humboldt probably read about and saw vo...
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alexander von humboldt Galvanism animal electricity and self experimentation part 2 the electric eel animal electricity and later years
Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2013Co-Authors: Stanley Finger, Marco Piccolino, Frank W StahnischAbstract:After extensive experimentation during the 1790s, Alexander von Humboldt remained skeptical about "animal electricity" (and metallic electricity), writing instead about an ill-defined galvanic force. With his worldview and wishing to learn more, he studied electric eels in South America just as the new century began, again using his body as a scientific instrument in many of his experiments. As had been the case in the past and for many of the same reasons, some of his findings with the electric eel (and soon after, Italian torpedoes) seemed to argue against biological electricity. But he no longer used galvanic terminology when describing his electric fish experiments. The fact that he now wrote about animal electricity rather than a different "galvanic" force owed much to Alessandro Volta, who had come forth with his "pile" (battery) for multipling the physical and perceptable effects of otherwise weak electricity in 1800, while Humboldt was deep in South America. Humboldt probably read about and saw voltaic batteries in the United States in 1804, but the time he spent with Volta in 1805 was probably more significant in his conversion from a galvanic to an electrical framework for understanding nerve and muscle physiology. Although he did not continue his animal electricity research program after this time, Humboldt retained his worldview of a unified nature and continued to believe in intrinsic animal electricity. He also served as a patron to some of the most important figures in the new field of electrophysiology (e.g., Hermann Helmholtz and Emil du Bois-Reymond), helping to take the research that he had participated in to the next level.
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alexander von humboldt Galvanism animal electricity and self experimentation part 1 formative years naturphilosophie and Galvanism
Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2013Co-Authors: Stanley Finger, Marco Piccolino, Frank W StahnischAbstract:During the 1790s, Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859), who showed an early interest in many facets of natural philosophy and natural history, delved into the controversial subject of Galvanism and animal electricity, hoping to shed light on the basic nature of the nerve force. He was motivated by his broad worldview, the experiments of Luigi Galvani, who favored animal electricity in more than a few specialized fishes, and the thinking of Alessandro Volta, who accepted specialized fish electricity but was not willing to generalize to other animals, thinking Galvani's frog experiments flawed by his use of metals. Differing from many German Naturphilosophen, who shunned “violent” experiments, the newest instruments, and detailed measurement, Humboldt conducted thousands of galvanic experiments on animals and animal parts, as well as many on his own body, some of which caused him great pain. He interpreted his results as supporting some but not all of the claims made by both Galvani and Volta. Notably, becaus...
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alexander von humboldt Galvanism animal electricity and self experimentation part 1 formative years naturphilosophie and Galvanism
Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2013Co-Authors: Stanley Finger, Marco Piccolino, Frank W StahnischAbstract:During the 1790s, Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859), who showed an early interest in many facets of natural philosophy and natural history, delved into the controversial subject of Galvanism and animal electricity, hoping to shed light on the basic nature of the nerve force. He was motivated by his broad worldview, the experiments of Luigi Galvani, who favored animal electricity in more than a few specialized fishes, and the thinking of Alessandro Volta, who accepted specialized fish electricity but was not willing to generalize to other animals, thinking Galvani's frog experiments flawed by his use of metals. Differing from many German Naturphilosophen, who shunned "violent" experiments, the newest instruments, and detailed measurement, Humboldt conducted thousands of galvanic experiments on animals and animal parts, as well as many on his own body, some of which caused him great pain. He interpreted his results as supporting some but not all of the claims made by both Galvani and Volta. Notably, because of certain negative findings and phenomenological differences, he remained skeptical about the intrinsic animal force being qualitatively identical to true electricity. Hence, he referred to a "galvanic force," not animal electricity, in his letters and publications, a theoretical position he would abandon with Volta's help early in the new century.
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the shocking history of electric fishes from ancient epochs to the birth of modern neurophysiology
2011Co-Authors: Stanley Finger, Marco PiccolinoAbstract:PART I: INTRODUCTION 1- The Allure of Electric Fishes: Humboldt's Obsession PART II: ANCIENT CULTURES 2- The Shocking Catfish of the Nile 3- Torpedoes in the Greco-Roman World: Pt. 1. Wonders of Nature Between Science and Myth 4- Torpedoes in the Greco-Roman World: Pt. 2. From Therapeutic Shocks to Theories of the Discharge 5- Byzantine and Islamic Writings PART III: MIDDLE AGES TO THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD 6- Torpedoes: From the Scholastics through the Renaissance 7- Rediscovering The Torporific Catfishes 8- The "Eels" of South America 9- From the Occult to Mechanical Theories of the Discharge PART IV: THE EMERGENCE OF FISH ELECTRICITY 10- The Electrical World of Benjamin Franklin 11- Animal Spirits and Physiology 12- First Steps Toward Fish Electricity 13- The Dutch, the Eel, and Electricity PART V: THE ROYAL SOCIETY AND THE COVETED SPARK 14- Edward Bancroft's Guiana Eels and London Connections 15- John Walsh's Scientific Journey 16- The Royal Society and Interdisciplinary Science 17- Out of the Guianas: The American Philosophical Society and the Eel 18- Alexander Garden: A Linnaean in South Carolina and Captain Banker's Eels 19- Sparks in Darkness and the Eel's Electrical Sense 20- Public Knowledge: Newspapers, Magazines, and "Shocking" Poetry PART VI: FROM FISH TO NERVE PHYSIOLOGY AND BACK 21- Galvani's Animal Electricity 22- Electric Fishes in Volta's Path to the Battery 23- Galvanism Contra "Voltaism": Electric Fishes and the "Unsolvable" Dilemma 24- Electric Fishes in the Nineteenth Century 25- The Changing Neurohysiological Setting 26- Understanding the Shock Mechanisms: A Twentieth Century Odyssey EPILOGUE APPENDIX I: Names with Birth and Death Dates REFERENCES
Marco Piccolino - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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alexander von humboldt Galvanism animal electricity and self experimentation part 2 the electric eel animal electricity and later years
Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2013Co-Authors: Stanley Finger, Marco Piccolino, Frank W StahnischAbstract:After extensive experimentation during the 1790s, Alexander von Humboldt remained skeptical about “animal electricity” (and metallic electricity), writing instead about an ill-defined galvanic force. With his worldview and wishing to learn more, he studied electric eels in South America just as the new century began, again using his body as a scientific instrument in many of his experiments. As had been the case in the past and for many of the same reasons, some of his findings with the electric eel (and soon after, Italian torpedoes) seemed to argue against biological electricity. But he no longer used galvanic terminology when describing his electric fish experiments. The fact that he now wrote about animal electricity rather than a different “galvanic” force owed much to Alessandro Volta, who had come forth with his “pile” (battery) for multipling the physical and perceptable effects of otherwise weak electricity in 1800, while Humboldt was deep in South America. Humboldt probably read about and saw vo...
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alexander von humboldt Galvanism animal electricity and self experimentation part 2 the electric eel animal electricity and later years
Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2013Co-Authors: Stanley Finger, Marco Piccolino, Frank W StahnischAbstract:After extensive experimentation during the 1790s, Alexander von Humboldt remained skeptical about "animal electricity" (and metallic electricity), writing instead about an ill-defined galvanic force. With his worldview and wishing to learn more, he studied electric eels in South America just as the new century began, again using his body as a scientific instrument in many of his experiments. As had been the case in the past and for many of the same reasons, some of his findings with the electric eel (and soon after, Italian torpedoes) seemed to argue against biological electricity. But he no longer used galvanic terminology when describing his electric fish experiments. The fact that he now wrote about animal electricity rather than a different "galvanic" force owed much to Alessandro Volta, who had come forth with his "pile" (battery) for multipling the physical and perceptable effects of otherwise weak electricity in 1800, while Humboldt was deep in South America. Humboldt probably read about and saw voltaic batteries in the United States in 1804, but the time he spent with Volta in 1805 was probably more significant in his conversion from a galvanic to an electrical framework for understanding nerve and muscle physiology. Although he did not continue his animal electricity research program after this time, Humboldt retained his worldview of a unified nature and continued to believe in intrinsic animal electricity. He also served as a patron to some of the most important figures in the new field of electrophysiology (e.g., Hermann Helmholtz and Emil du Bois-Reymond), helping to take the research that he had participated in to the next level.
-
alexander von humboldt Galvanism animal electricity and self experimentation part 1 formative years naturphilosophie and Galvanism
Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2013Co-Authors: Stanley Finger, Marco Piccolino, Frank W StahnischAbstract:During the 1790s, Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859), who showed an early interest in many facets of natural philosophy and natural history, delved into the controversial subject of Galvanism and animal electricity, hoping to shed light on the basic nature of the nerve force. He was motivated by his broad worldview, the experiments of Luigi Galvani, who favored animal electricity in more than a few specialized fishes, and the thinking of Alessandro Volta, who accepted specialized fish electricity but was not willing to generalize to other animals, thinking Galvani's frog experiments flawed by his use of metals. Differing from many German Naturphilosophen, who shunned “violent” experiments, the newest instruments, and detailed measurement, Humboldt conducted thousands of galvanic experiments on animals and animal parts, as well as many on his own body, some of which caused him great pain. He interpreted his results as supporting some but not all of the claims made by both Galvani and Volta. Notably, becaus...
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alexander von humboldt Galvanism animal electricity and self experimentation part 1 formative years naturphilosophie and Galvanism
Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2013Co-Authors: Stanley Finger, Marco Piccolino, Frank W StahnischAbstract:During the 1790s, Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859), who showed an early interest in many facets of natural philosophy and natural history, delved into the controversial subject of Galvanism and animal electricity, hoping to shed light on the basic nature of the nerve force. He was motivated by his broad worldview, the experiments of Luigi Galvani, who favored animal electricity in more than a few specialized fishes, and the thinking of Alessandro Volta, who accepted specialized fish electricity but was not willing to generalize to other animals, thinking Galvani's frog experiments flawed by his use of metals. Differing from many German Naturphilosophen, who shunned "violent" experiments, the newest instruments, and detailed measurement, Humboldt conducted thousands of galvanic experiments on animals and animal parts, as well as many on his own body, some of which caused him great pain. He interpreted his results as supporting some but not all of the claims made by both Galvani and Volta. Notably, because of certain negative findings and phenomenological differences, he remained skeptical about the intrinsic animal force being qualitatively identical to true electricity. Hence, he referred to a "galvanic force," not animal electricity, in his letters and publications, a theoretical position he would abandon with Volta's help early in the new century.
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the shocking history of electric fishes from ancient epochs to the birth of modern neurophysiology
2011Co-Authors: Stanley Finger, Marco PiccolinoAbstract:PART I: INTRODUCTION 1- The Allure of Electric Fishes: Humboldt's Obsession PART II: ANCIENT CULTURES 2- The Shocking Catfish of the Nile 3- Torpedoes in the Greco-Roman World: Pt. 1. Wonders of Nature Between Science and Myth 4- Torpedoes in the Greco-Roman World: Pt. 2. From Therapeutic Shocks to Theories of the Discharge 5- Byzantine and Islamic Writings PART III: MIDDLE AGES TO THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD 6- Torpedoes: From the Scholastics through the Renaissance 7- Rediscovering The Torporific Catfishes 8- The "Eels" of South America 9- From the Occult to Mechanical Theories of the Discharge PART IV: THE EMERGENCE OF FISH ELECTRICITY 10- The Electrical World of Benjamin Franklin 11- Animal Spirits and Physiology 12- First Steps Toward Fish Electricity 13- The Dutch, the Eel, and Electricity PART V: THE ROYAL SOCIETY AND THE COVETED SPARK 14- Edward Bancroft's Guiana Eels and London Connections 15- John Walsh's Scientific Journey 16- The Royal Society and Interdisciplinary Science 17- Out of the Guianas: The American Philosophical Society and the Eel 18- Alexander Garden: A Linnaean in South Carolina and Captain Banker's Eels 19- Sparks in Darkness and the Eel's Electrical Sense 20- Public Knowledge: Newspapers, Magazines, and "Shocking" Poetry PART VI: FROM FISH TO NERVE PHYSIOLOGY AND BACK 21- Galvani's Animal Electricity 22- Electric Fishes in Volta's Path to the Battery 23- Galvanism Contra "Voltaism": Electric Fishes and the "Unsolvable" Dilemma 24- Electric Fishes in the Nineteenth Century 25- The Changing Neurohysiological Setting 26- Understanding the Shock Mechanisms: A Twentieth Century Odyssey EPILOGUE APPENDIX I: Names with Birth and Death Dates REFERENCES
Perez A Yuste - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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salva s electric telegraph based on volta s battery
2008 IEEE History of Telecommunications Conference, 2008Co-Authors: Perez A YusteAbstract:Contemporary of such important figures as d'Alembert, Buffon, Franklin, Kant, Betancourt or Goya, Francisco Salva y Campillo was also a prominent Enlightenment scientist who shared with all of them his passion for knowledge and his support to the empiricism and to the scientific method. Five years before Samuel Thomas von Sommering demonstrated his electro-chemical telegraph to the Munich Academy of Sciences, Salva proposed a very innovative electric telegraph based on Volta's pile, for generating an electric current, and the electrolysis of the water, for detecting such a current flow. Salva presented his electric telegraph to the Academy of Sciences at Barcelona, Spain, in 22 February 1804, and left his thoughts written in a not very well known essay titled: 'Second Report about Galvanism as applied to Telegraphy' which will serve as the basis for this paper.
Segala Marco - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Électricité animale, magnétisme animal, Galvanisme universel : À la recherche de l'identité entre l'homme et la nature / Animal electricity, animal magnetism, universal Galvanism : In search of universal harmony between man and nature
'PERSEE Program', 2001Co-Authors: Segala MarcoAbstract:SUMMARY. — Through animal electricity and animal magnetism, research was developed in order to show the essential unity of forces in organic and inorganic nature. Animal forces were considered able to reveal universal forces. At the end of the 18th century, some scientists, mainly in Germany, followed this line of investigation. Alexander von Humboldt and Ritter developed an experimental programme based on the idea of universal Galvanism. Some physiologists (Johann Christian Reil, Samuel Thomas Soemmerring, Karl Friedrich Burdach) tried to explain vital force as animal electricity. After the negative judgement by the Académie des sciences in Paris about a physical explanation for mesmerism, animal magnetism became a theory founding the idea universal harmony between human beings and nature.RÉSUMÉ. — Dotés de l'épithète animal, phénomènes électriques et magnétiques sortent du domaine de la physique pour se déployer dans ceux de la philosophie et de la physiologie par des recherches qui veulent démontrer l'unité essentielle des forces agissant dans la nature organique et inorganique. Les forces animales deviennent très tôt un moyen de révéler les forces universelles. Cette investigation se manifeste principalement en Allemagne, à la fin du XVIIIe siècle. Alexander von Humboldt et Johann Wilhem Ritter développent un programme expérimental fondé sur une conception universelle du Galvanisme. Les physiologues, Johann Christian Reil, Samuel Thomas Soemmerring, Karl Friedrich Burdach notamment, tentent d'expliquer la force vitale en termes d'électricité animale. Le magnétisme animal, réfuté comme preuve d'une force physique mystérieuse par l'Académie des sciences de Paris, sert de fondement à une théorie de l'harmonie universelle, entre homme et nature.Segala Marco. Électricité animale, magnétisme animal, Galvanisme universel : À la recherche de l'identité entre l'homme et la nature / Animal electricity, animal magnetism, universal Galvanism : In search of universal harmony between man and nature. In: Revue d'histoire des sciences, tome 54, n°1, 2001. pp. 71-84
