The Experts below are selected from a list of 162 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Subhash Bhatia - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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catalytic processes towards the production of bioFuels in a palm oil and oil palm biomass based biorefinery
Bioresource Technology, 2008Co-Authors: Thiam Leng Chew, Subhash BhatiaAbstract:In Malaysia, there has been interest in the utilization of palm oil and oil palm biomass for the production of environmental friendly bioFuels. A biorefinery based on palm oil and oil palm biomass for the production of bioFuels has been proposed. The catalytic technology plays major role in the different processing stages in a biorefinery for the production of liquid as well as Gaseous bioFuels. There are number of challenges to find suitable catalytic technology to be used in a typical biorefinery. These challenges include (1) economic barriers, (2) catalysts that facilitate highly selective conversion of substrate to desired products and (3) the issues related to design, operation and control of catalytic reactor. Therefore, the catalytic technology is one of the critical factors that control the successful operation of biorefinery. There are number of catalytic processes in a biorefinery which convert the renewable feedstocks into the desired bioFuels. These include biodiesel production from palm oil, catalytic cracking of palm oil for the production of bioFuels, the production of hydrogen as well as synGas from biomass Gasification, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) for the conversion of synGas into liquid Fuels and upgrading of liquid/Gas Fuels obtained from liquefaction/pyrolysis of biomass. The selection of catalysts for these processes is essential in determining the product distribution (olefins, paraffins and oxygenated products). The integration of catalytic technology with compatible separation processes is a key challenge for biorefinery operation from the economic point of view. This paper focuses on different types of catalysts and their role in the catalytic processes for the production of bioFuels in a typical palm oil and oil palm biomass-based biorefinery.
Ross H Anderson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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twenty five years of volatile substance abuse mortality a national mortality surveillance programme
Addiction, 2013Co-Authors: Barbara K. Butland, Mary E Fieldsmith, John Ramsey, Ross H AndersonAbstract:Aims To investigate trends in volatile substance abuse (VSA) deaths over 25 years. Design A national mortality surveillance programme with standardised data collection procedures. Setting The UK and islands. Participants/Measurements All VSA deaths, 1983–2007. Findings In the five quinquennia from 1983 to 2007 the numbers of VSA deaths were 499, 609, 378, 349 and 258 respectively. There were gradual increases in the mean age at death in males and females and in the number of VSA deaths in women. Coincident with the 1992 Department of Health Advertising Campaign, VSA deaths in boys and girls (<18 years of age) fell by an estimated 56% (95% CI: 36%–70%) and 64% (20%–84%), respectively, from the underlying trend, but there was no evidence of any similar step change in either group following the 1999 Legislation prohibiting sales of cigarette lighter refills containing butane to those under the age of 18 years. Between 1983–1987 and 2003–2007, the ratio of aerosol to Gas fuel deaths fell by an estimated 80% (57% to 91%) in adults, while the ratio of glue to Gas fuel deaths fell by an estimated 95% (89% to 97%) in adults and an estimated 87% (−1% to 98%) in children. Conclusions Between 1983 and 2007, in the United Kingdom, the numbers of deaths associated with volatile substance abuse peaked in the early 1990s and fell to their lowest level in the mid-2000s. The age at death increased in both males and females. There was a fall in the proportion of volatile substance abuse deaths involving glues and a rise, particularly in adults, in the proportion involving Gas Fuels.
Shuli Zhao - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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experimental study on combustion and emission characteristics of a hydrogen enriched compressed natural Gas engine under idling condition
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2011Co-Authors: Jiao Deng, Mingyue Wang, Long Jiang, Shuli ZhaoAbstract:This paper investigates the effect of various hydrogen ratios in HCNG (hydrogen enriched compressed natural Gas) Fuels on combustion and emission characteristics of a turbocharged spark ignition natural Gas engine at idling conditions. The experiments were taken at hydrogen fractions of 0%, 30%, 55% and 75% by volume and were conducted under various operating conditions including different excess air ratio λ and spark timing θig. It is found that under various λ and θig, the addition of hydrogen can significantly reduce CH4 emission and CO emission, although NOx emission increased with the hydrogen addition, it was relatively low at idle conditions compared to other emissions. Meanwhile the addition of hydrogen can significantly reduce COVimep (coefficient of variation of the indicated mean effective pressure), extend the lean burn limit, decrease the combustion duration, achieve higher thermal efficiency and reduce fuel consumption.
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performance and emission characteristics of a turbocharged spark ignition hydrogen enriched compressed natural Gas engine under wide open throttle operating conditions
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2010Co-Authors: Mingyue Wang, Jiao Deng, Long Jiang, Nashay Naeve, Renzhe Chen, Shuli ZhaoAbstract:This paper investigates the effect of various hydrogen ratios in HCNG (hydrogen-enriched compressed natural Gas) Fuels on performance and emission characteristics at wide open throttle operating conditions using a turbocharged spark-ignition natural Gas engine. The experimental data was taken at hydrogen fractions of 0%, 30% and 55% by volume and was conducted under different excess air ratio (λ) at MBT operating conditions. It is found that under various λ, the addition of hydrogen can significantly reduce CO, CH4 emissions and the NOx emission remain at an acceptable level when ignition timing is optimized. Using the same excess air ratio, as more hydrogen is added the power, exhaust temperatures and max cylinder pressure decrease slowly until the mixture’s lower heating value remains unchanged with the hydrogen enrichment, then they rise gradually. In addition, the early flame development period and the flame propagation duration are both shorter, and the indicated thermal efficiency and maximum heat release rate both increase with more hydrogen addition.
Thiam Leng Chew - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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catalytic processes towards the production of bioFuels in a palm oil and oil palm biomass based biorefinery
Bioresource Technology, 2008Co-Authors: Thiam Leng Chew, Subhash BhatiaAbstract:In Malaysia, there has been interest in the utilization of palm oil and oil palm biomass for the production of environmental friendly bioFuels. A biorefinery based on palm oil and oil palm biomass for the production of bioFuels has been proposed. The catalytic technology plays major role in the different processing stages in a biorefinery for the production of liquid as well as Gaseous bioFuels. There are number of challenges to find suitable catalytic technology to be used in a typical biorefinery. These challenges include (1) economic barriers, (2) catalysts that facilitate highly selective conversion of substrate to desired products and (3) the issues related to design, operation and control of catalytic reactor. Therefore, the catalytic technology is one of the critical factors that control the successful operation of biorefinery. There are number of catalytic processes in a biorefinery which convert the renewable feedstocks into the desired bioFuels. These include biodiesel production from palm oil, catalytic cracking of palm oil for the production of bioFuels, the production of hydrogen as well as synGas from biomass Gasification, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) for the conversion of synGas into liquid Fuels and upgrading of liquid/Gas Fuels obtained from liquefaction/pyrolysis of biomass. The selection of catalysts for these processes is essential in determining the product distribution (olefins, paraffins and oxygenated products). The integration of catalytic technology with compatible separation processes is a key challenge for biorefinery operation from the economic point of view. This paper focuses on different types of catalysts and their role in the catalytic processes for the production of bioFuels in a typical palm oil and oil palm biomass-based biorefinery.
Barbara K. Butland - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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twenty five years of volatile substance abuse mortality a national mortality surveillance programme
Addiction, 2013Co-Authors: Barbara K. Butland, Mary E Fieldsmith, John Ramsey, Ross H AndersonAbstract:Aims To investigate trends in volatile substance abuse (VSA) deaths over 25 years. Design A national mortality surveillance programme with standardised data collection procedures. Setting The UK and islands. Participants/Measurements All VSA deaths, 1983–2007. Findings In the five quinquennia from 1983 to 2007 the numbers of VSA deaths were 499, 609, 378, 349 and 258 respectively. There were gradual increases in the mean age at death in males and females and in the number of VSA deaths in women. Coincident with the 1992 Department of Health Advertising Campaign, VSA deaths in boys and girls (<18 years of age) fell by an estimated 56% (95% CI: 36%–70%) and 64% (20%–84%), respectively, from the underlying trend, but there was no evidence of any similar step change in either group following the 1999 Legislation prohibiting sales of cigarette lighter refills containing butane to those under the age of 18 years. Between 1983–1987 and 2003–2007, the ratio of aerosol to Gas fuel deaths fell by an estimated 80% (57% to 91%) in adults, while the ratio of glue to Gas fuel deaths fell by an estimated 95% (89% to 97%) in adults and an estimated 87% (−1% to 98%) in children. Conclusions Between 1983 and 2007, in the United Kingdom, the numbers of deaths associated with volatile substance abuse peaked in the early 1990s and fell to their lowest level in the mid-2000s. The age at death increased in both males and females. There was a fall in the proportion of volatile substance abuse deaths involving glues and a rise, particularly in adults, in the proportion involving Gas Fuels.
