The Experts below are selected from a list of 7947 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Abdul Jabbar - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of alpacas in australia ii a longitudinal study
    Parasitology Research, 2019
    Co-Authors: Mohammed H Rashid, Angus J D Campbell, Jane L Vaughan, Muhammad A Saeed, Mark Stevenson, Abdul Jabbar
    Abstract:

    We conducted a longitudinal survey on 13 alpaca farms in four climatic zones of Australia to understand the epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes (GINs) of alpacas. A total of 1688 fresh faecal samples were collected from both sexes of alpacas from May 2015 to April 2016 and processed for faecal egg counts (FEC) and molecular identification of eggs using the multiplexed-tandem PCR assay. Based on egg morphology, the overall prevalence of GINs was 61% while that for strongyles was 53%. The overall mean FEC was 168 eggs per gram (EPG) of faeces, with the highest count of 15,540 EPG. Weaners had the highest prevalence (73%) and mean FEC (295 EPG) of GINs followed by tuis, crias and adults. Alpacas in the winter rainfall zone had the highest prevalence (68%) as well as FEC (266 EPG) followed by Mediterranean-type, non-seasonal and summer rainfall zones. Trichostrongylus spp. (83%, 89/107), Haemonchus spp. (71%, 76/107) and Camelostrongylus mentulatus (63%, 67/107) were the three most common GINs of alpacas across all climatic zones. The mixed-effects zero-inflated negative binomial regression model used in this study showed that it could help to design parasite control interventions targeted at both the herd level and the individual alpaca level. The findings of this study showed that the epidemiology of GINs of alpacas is very similar to those of cattle and sheep, and careful attention should be paid when designing control strategies for domestic ruminants co-grazing with alpacas.

  • epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of alpacas in australia ii a longitudinal study
    Parasitology Research, 2019
    Co-Authors: Mohammed H Rashid, Angus J D Campbell, Jane L Vaughan, Muhammad A Saeed, Mark Stevenson, Abdul Jabbar
    Abstract:

    We conducted a longitudinal survey on 13 alpaca farms in four climatic zones of Australia to understand the epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes (GINs) of alpacas. A total of 1688 fresh faecal samples were collected from both sexes of alpacas from May 2015 to April 2016 and processed for faecal egg counts (FEC) and molecular identification of eggs using the multiplexed-tandem PCR assay. Based on egg morphology, the overall prevalence of GINs was 61% while that for strongyles was 53%. The overall mean FEC was 168 eggs per gram (EPG) of faeces, with the highest count of 15,540 EPG. Weaners had the highest prevalence (73%) and mean FEC (295 EPG) of GINs followed by tuis, crias and adults. Alpacas in the winter rainfall zone had the highest prevalence (68%) as well as FEC (266 EPG) followed by Mediterranean-type, non-seasonal and summer rainfall zones. Trichostrongylus spp. (83%, 89/107), Haemonchus spp. (71%, 76/107) and Camelostrongylus mentulatus (63%, 67/107) were the three most common GINs of alpacas across all climatic zones. The mixed-effects zero-inflated negative binomial regression model used in this study showed that it could help to design parasite control interventions targeted at both the herd level and the individual alpaca level. The findings of this study showed that the epidemiology of GINs of alpacas is very similar to those of cattle and sheep, and careful attention should be paid when designing control strategies for domestic ruminants co-grazing with alpacas.

  • epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of alpacas in australia i a cross sectional study
    Parasitology Research, 2019
    Co-Authors: Mohammed H Rashid, Angus J D Campbell, Jane L Vaughan, Muhammad A Saeed, Mark Stevenson, Ian Beveridge, Lea Indjein, Abdul Jabbar
    Abstract:

    This study involved a national cross-sectional survey of Gastrointestinal Nematodes (GINs) of alpacas in Australia. A total of 1545 fresh faecal samples were collected from both sexes of alpacas and processed for faecal egg counts (FEC) and molecular identification of Nematodes using the multiplexed tandem PCR assay. Based on egg morphology, the overall prevalence of GINs was 66% while that for strongyles was 59%. The overall mean FEC was 276 eggs per gram (EPG) of faeces, with the highest count of 17,415 EPG. Male alpacas had a higher prevalence (68%, 334/490) as well as mean FEC (328 ± 60 EPG) of GINs than females (63%, 602/954; 227 ± 26, respectively). Weaners had the highest prevalence (80%) whereas tuis had the highest FEC (402 EPG) of Nematodes. The highest prevalence (77%, 293/383) and FEC (630 EPG) of GINs were observed in the summer rainfall zone followed by the Mediterranean-type rainfall, non-seasonal rainfall and winter rainfall zones. The characterisation of nematode DNA isolated from faeces revealed the occurrence of seven different GINs, including Camelostrongylus mentulatus, Cooperia spp., Haemonchus spp., Oesophagostomum spp., Ostertagia ostertagi, Teladorsagia circumcincta and Trichostrongylus spp. Besides, Nematodirus spp. and Trichuris spp. were also found during FECs. The prevalence of Haemonchus spp. was highest in the summer rainfall zone while that of C. mentulatus was highest in the Mediterranean-type rainfall, non-seasonal rainfall and winter rainfall zones. The findings of this study revealed that alpacas harbour many of the same Nematodes as sheep and cattle.

  • anthelmintic resistance in Gastrointestinal Nematodes of alpacas vicugna pacos in australia
    Parasites & Vectors, 2018
    Co-Authors: Mohammed H Rashid, Angus J D Campbell, Jane L Vaughan, Mark Stevenson, Abdul Jabbar
    Abstract:

    Background Gastrointestinal Nematodes (GINs) can cause significant economic losses in alpacas due to lowered production of fibre and meat. Although no anthelmintics are registered for use in alpacas, various classes of anthelmintics are frequently used to control parasitic gastroenteritis in alpacas in Australia and other countries. Very little is known about the current worm control practices as well as the efficacy of anthelmintics used against common GINs of alpacas. This study aimed to assess the existing worm control practices used by Australian alpaca farmers and to quantify the efficacy of commonly used anthelmintics against GINs of alpacas.

  • Anthelmintic resistance in Gastrointestinal Nematodes of alpacas (Vicugna pacos) in Australia
    Parasites & vectors, 2018
    Co-Authors: Mohammed H Rashid, Angus J D Campbell, Jane L Vaughan, Mark Stevenson, Ian Beveridge, Abdul Jabbar
    Abstract:

    Gastrointestinal Nematodes (GINs) can cause significant economic losses in alpacas due to lowered production of fibre and meat. Although no anthelmintics are registered for use in alpacas, various classes of anthelmintics are frequently used to control parasitic gastroenteritis in alpacas in Australia and other countries. Very little is known about the current worm control practices as well as the efficacy of anthelmintics used against common GINs of alpacas. This study aimed to assess the existing worm control practices used by Australian alpaca farmers and to quantify the efficacy of commonly used anthelmintics against GINs of alpacas. An online questionnaire survey was conducted to assess current worm control practices on 97 Australian alpaca farms, with an emphasis on the use of anthelmintics. Of this group of 97 alpaca farms, 20 were selected to assess the efficacy of eight anthelmintics and/or their combinations (closantel, fenbendazole ivermectin, monepantel, moxidectin and a combination of levamisole, closantel, albendazole, abamectin) using the faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT). A multiplexed-tandem PCR (MT-PCR) was used to identify the prevalent nematode genera/species. The response rate for the questionnaire was 94% (91/97). Almost half of the respondents kept alpacas with sheep and cattle, and 26% of respondents allowed alpacas to co-graze with these ruminants. Although only 63% respondents perceived worms to be an important health concern for alpacas, the majority of respondents (89%) used anthelmintics to control GINs of alpacas. The commonly used anthelmintics were macrocyclic lactones, monepantel, benzimidazoles, levamisole, closantel and their combinations, and they were typically administered at the dose rate recommended for sheep. The FECRT results showed that a combination of levamisole, closantel, albendazole and abamectin was the most effective dewormer followed by single drugs, including monepantel, moxidectin, closantel, fenbendazole and ivermectin. Haemonchus spp. were the most commonly resistant Nematodes followed by Trichostrongylus spp., Camelostrongylus mentulatus, Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia spp. This is the first study aimed at assessing worm control practices and efficacy of commonly used anthelmintics in alpacas in Australia. Our findings document the extent of anthelmintics resistance on Australian alpaca farms and identify those anthelmintics that are still effective against GINs of alpacas.

Claudia Maria Leal Bevilaqua - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Anthelmintic effect of thymol and thymol acetate on sheep Gastrointestinal Nematodes and their toxicity in mice.
    Revista brasileira de parasitologia veterinaria = Brazilian journal of veterinary parasitology : Orgao Oficial do Colegio Brasileiro de Parasitologia , 2017
    Co-Authors: Weibson Paz Pinheiro Andre, Géssica Soares Cavalcante, Wesley Lyeverton Correia Ribeiro, Jessica Maria Leite Dos Santos, Iara Tersia Freitas Macedo, Haroldo C.b. Paula, Selene Maia De Morais, Janaina V. De Melo, Claudia Maria Leal Bevilaqua
    Abstract:

    Thymol is a monoterpene and acetylation form of this compound can reduce the toxicity and enhance its biological effects. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of thymol and thymol acetate (TA) on egg, larva and adult Haemonchus contortus and the cuticular changes, acute toxicity in mice and the efficacy on sheep Gastrointestinal Nematodes. In vitro tests results were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and followed by comparison with Tukey test or Bonferroni. The efficacy of in vivo test was calculated by the BootStreet program. In the egg hatch test (EHT), thymol (0.5 mg/mL) and TA (4 mg/mL) inhibited larval hatching by 98% and 67.1%, respectively. Thymol and TA (8 mg/mL) inhibited 100% of larval development. Thymol and TA (800 µg/mL) reduced the motility of adult worms, by 100% and 83.4%, respectively. Thymol caused cuticular changes in adult worm teguments. In the acute toxicity test, the LD50 of thymol and TA were 1,350.9 mg/kg and 4,144.4 mg/kg, respectively. Thymol and TA reduced sheep egg count per gram of faeces (epg) by 59.8% and 76.2%, respectively. In in vitro tests thymol presented better anthelmintic activity than TA. However TA was less toxic and in in vivo test efficacy was similar.

  • comparative efficacy and toxic effects of carvacryl acetate and carvacrol on sheep Gastrointestinal Nematodes and mice
    Veterinary Parasitology, 2016
    Co-Authors: Weibson Paz Pinheiro Andre, Géssica Soares Cavalcante, Wesley Lyeverton Correia Ribeiro, Jessica Maria Leite Dos Santos, Iara Tersia Freitas Macedo, Selene Maia De Morais, Janaina V. De Melo, Haroldo C B Paula, Rivelilson Mendes De Freitas, Claudia Maria Leal Bevilaqua
    Abstract:

    Carvacrol is a compound isolated from some essential oils. It has been reported to possess anthelmintic activity. Acetylation of this monoterpene has been proposed as a potential way to reduce the toxicity and enhance the pharmacological effects of carvacrol. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of carvacryl acetate (CA) using in vitro and in vivo assays with Gastrointestinal Nematodes of small ruminants. The egg hatching test (EHT), larval development test (LDT) and adult worm motility (AWM) assessment were conducted to evaluate the effect of the acetylated product and pure carvacrol on Haemonchus contortus eggs, larvae and adults. The structural changes induced in adult H. contortus were assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). CA and carvacrol acute toxicity was evaluated in mice. Finally, the efficacy of 250 mg/kg CA and 2.5mg/kg monepantel (positive control) were evaluated in 30 sheep naturally infected with Gastrointestinal Nematodes by the fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT). In vitro tests were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by comparison with Tukey's test. The efficacy was calculated by the Boot Street program using the arithmetic average. The number of eggs in feces (epg) of the groups were transformed to log (x+1) and subjected to ANOVA to compare differences among the groups by Tukey's test. The level of significance was P<0.05. CA and carvacrol inhibited larval hatching by 89.3 and 97.7% at doses of 8.0 and 1.0mg/ml, respectively. At the concentration of 2mg/ml, CA and carvacrol inhibited 100% of larval development. At a concentration of 200 μg/ml, CA and carvacrol inhibited the motility of adult worms by 100% and 58.3% at 24h post-exposure, respectively. CA caused cuticle and vulvar flap wrinkling and bubbles to emerge from the tegument. Carvacrol caused more discreet effects on the cuticle and vulvar flap. The LD10 and LD50 of CA were 566.7 mg/kg and 1544.5mg/kg, respectively. The LD10 and LD50 of carvacrol were 546.8 mg/kg and 919 mg/kg, respectively. CA and monepantel reduced the epg of sheep by 65.9 and 96.4%, respectively, at 16 days post-treatment. CA showed in vitro and in vivo anthelmintic activity and was less toxic than carvacrol.

  • efficacy of free and nanoencapsulated eucalyptus citriodora essential oils on sheep Gastrointestinal Nematodes and toxicity for mice
    Veterinary Parasitology, 2014
    Co-Authors: Juliana De Carvalho Ribeiro, Wesley Lyeverton Correia Ribeiro, Jessica Maria Leite Dos Santos, Iara Tersia Freitas Macedo, A L F Camurcavasconcelos, Haroldo C B Paula, J Araujo V Filho, R D Magalhaes, Claudia Maria Leal Bevilaqua
    Abstract:

    Abstract Herbal medicines with anthelmintic effects are alternatives for the sustainable control and prevention of disease caused by Gastrointestinal parasites. The nanoencapsulation of essential oils has been proposed to enhance the absorption of their constituents and improve their efficacy. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of free and nanoencapsulated Eucalyptus citriodora essential oil (EcEO) on the control of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of small ruminants in vitro and in vivo. Chitosan was used as a matrix for the formulation of a nanoemulsion. Chromatographic and physico-chemical analyses of EcEO were performed. Egg hatch (EHT) and larval development (LDT) tests were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of nanoencapsulated and free EcEO on the eggs and larvae of Haemonchus contortus. Acute toxicity of free and nanoencapsulated EcEO was evaluated using mice. Finally, nanoencapsulated EcEO efficacy on the control of Gastrointestinal Nematodes was calculated by fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) treating 30 sheep naturally infected with 250 mg/kg of free and nanoencapsulated EcEO. In vitro tests were analyzed by an analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by comparison with the Tukey test. The efficacy of FECRT was calculated by the BootStreet program through arithmetic average, using the formula 100 (1 − XT/XC). To compare the differences between epg, the data were transformed to log (x + 1) and subjected to an ANOVA to compare the significant differences between groups by Tukey's. The level of significance was P

  • efficacy of free and nanoencapsulated eucalyptus citriodora essential oils on sheep Gastrointestinal Nematodes and toxicity for mice
    Veterinary Parasitology, 2014
    Co-Authors: Juliana De Carvalho Ribeiro, Wesley Lyeverton Correia Ribeiro, Jessica Maria Leite Dos Santos, Iara Tersia Freitas Macedo, A L F Camurcavasconcelos, Haroldo C B Paula, J Araujo V Filho, R D Magalhaes, Claudia Maria Leal Bevilaqua
    Abstract:

    Herbal medicines with anthelmintic effects are alternatives for the sustainable control and prevention of disease caused by Gastrointestinal parasites. The nanoencapsulation of essential oils has been proposed to enhance the absorption of their constituents and improve their efficacy. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of free and nanoencapsulated Eucalyptus citriodora essential oil (EcEO) on the control of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of small ruminants in vitro and in vivo. Chitosan was used as a matrix for the formulation of a nanoemulsion. Chromatographic and physico-chemical analyses of EcEO were performed. Egg hatch (EHT) and larval development (LDT) tests were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of nanoencapsulated and free EcEO on the eggs and larvae of Haemonchus contortus. Acute toxicity of free and nanoencapsulated EcEO was evaluated using mice. Finally, nanoencapsulated EcEO efficacy on the control of Gastrointestinal Nematodes was calculated by fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) treating 30 sheep naturally infected with 250 mg/kg of free and nanoencapsulated EcEO. In vitro tests were analyzed by an analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by comparison with the Tukey test. The efficacy of FECRT was calculated by the BootStreet program through arithmetic average, using the formula 100 (1-XT/XC). To compare the differences between epg, the data were transformed to log(x+1) and subjected to an ANOVA to compare the significant differences between groups by Tukey's. The level of significance was P<0.05. The free (4 mg/ml concentration) and nanoencapsulated (2mg/ml concentration) EcEO inhibited larvae hatching by 97.2% and 92.8%, respectively. Free and nanoencapsulated EcEO at 8 mg/ml inhibited larval development by 99.8% and 98.1%, respectively. In the acute toxicity test, the LD10 and LD50 of free EcEO was 1999 and 2653 mg/kg, respectively, while the LD10 and LD50 of nanoencapsulated EcEO was 1121 and 1681 mg/kg, respectively. Nanoencapsulated and free EcEO reduced FEC similarly by 40.5% and 55.9%, respectively at 10 days post-treatment. Nanoencapsulated EcEO did not obtain the expected efficacy in vivo.

  • anthelmintic effect of eucalyptus staigeriana essential oil against goat Gastrointestinal Nematodes
    Veterinary Parasitology, 2010
    Co-Authors: Iara Tersia Freitas Macedo, Claudia Maria Leal Bevilaqua, Lorena Mayana Beserra De Oliveira, A L F Camurcavasconcelos, Luiz Da Silva Vieira, Fabricio R Oliveira, Eudson M Queirozjunior, Adriana Da Rocha Tome, Nilberto R F Nascimento
    Abstract:

    Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy of Eucalyptus staigeriana essential oil (EsEO). The in vitro effects of EsEO were determined through the egg hatching test and the inhibition of larval development of Haemonchus contortus. The oil was subjected to acute and subacute toxicity rodents. The in vivo effects were determined through fecal egg count reduction test in goats. 1.35 and 5.4 mg ml −1 EsEO inhibited 99.27 and 99.20% H. contortus egg hatching and larval development. In subacute toxicity of EsEO, all parameters were found to be in the normal range, and histopathological analysis of organs did not present alterations. EsEO efficacy against goat Gastrointestinal Nematodes was 76.57% at 15th day after treatment. E. staigeriana essential oil showed in vitro and in vivo anthelmintic activity.

Mohammed H Rashid - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of alpacas in australia ii a longitudinal study
    Parasitology Research, 2019
    Co-Authors: Mohammed H Rashid, Angus J D Campbell, Jane L Vaughan, Muhammad A Saeed, Mark Stevenson, Abdul Jabbar
    Abstract:

    We conducted a longitudinal survey on 13 alpaca farms in four climatic zones of Australia to understand the epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes (GINs) of alpacas. A total of 1688 fresh faecal samples were collected from both sexes of alpacas from May 2015 to April 2016 and processed for faecal egg counts (FEC) and molecular identification of eggs using the multiplexed-tandem PCR assay. Based on egg morphology, the overall prevalence of GINs was 61% while that for strongyles was 53%. The overall mean FEC was 168 eggs per gram (EPG) of faeces, with the highest count of 15,540 EPG. Weaners had the highest prevalence (73%) and mean FEC (295 EPG) of GINs followed by tuis, crias and adults. Alpacas in the winter rainfall zone had the highest prevalence (68%) as well as FEC (266 EPG) followed by Mediterranean-type, non-seasonal and summer rainfall zones. Trichostrongylus spp. (83%, 89/107), Haemonchus spp. (71%, 76/107) and Camelostrongylus mentulatus (63%, 67/107) were the three most common GINs of alpacas across all climatic zones. The mixed-effects zero-inflated negative binomial regression model used in this study showed that it could help to design parasite control interventions targeted at both the herd level and the individual alpaca level. The findings of this study showed that the epidemiology of GINs of alpacas is very similar to those of cattle and sheep, and careful attention should be paid when designing control strategies for domestic ruminants co-grazing with alpacas.

  • epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of alpacas in australia ii a longitudinal study
    Parasitology Research, 2019
    Co-Authors: Mohammed H Rashid, Angus J D Campbell, Jane L Vaughan, Muhammad A Saeed, Mark Stevenson, Abdul Jabbar
    Abstract:

    We conducted a longitudinal survey on 13 alpaca farms in four climatic zones of Australia to understand the epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes (GINs) of alpacas. A total of 1688 fresh faecal samples were collected from both sexes of alpacas from May 2015 to April 2016 and processed for faecal egg counts (FEC) and molecular identification of eggs using the multiplexed-tandem PCR assay. Based on egg morphology, the overall prevalence of GINs was 61% while that for strongyles was 53%. The overall mean FEC was 168 eggs per gram (EPG) of faeces, with the highest count of 15,540 EPG. Weaners had the highest prevalence (73%) and mean FEC (295 EPG) of GINs followed by tuis, crias and adults. Alpacas in the winter rainfall zone had the highest prevalence (68%) as well as FEC (266 EPG) followed by Mediterranean-type, non-seasonal and summer rainfall zones. Trichostrongylus spp. (83%, 89/107), Haemonchus spp. (71%, 76/107) and Camelostrongylus mentulatus (63%, 67/107) were the three most common GINs of alpacas across all climatic zones. The mixed-effects zero-inflated negative binomial regression model used in this study showed that it could help to design parasite control interventions targeted at both the herd level and the individual alpaca level. The findings of this study showed that the epidemiology of GINs of alpacas is very similar to those of cattle and sheep, and careful attention should be paid when designing control strategies for domestic ruminants co-grazing with alpacas.

  • epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of alpacas in australia i a cross sectional study
    Parasitology Research, 2019
    Co-Authors: Mohammed H Rashid, Angus J D Campbell, Jane L Vaughan, Muhammad A Saeed, Mark Stevenson, Ian Beveridge, Lea Indjein, Abdul Jabbar
    Abstract:

    This study involved a national cross-sectional survey of Gastrointestinal Nematodes (GINs) of alpacas in Australia. A total of 1545 fresh faecal samples were collected from both sexes of alpacas and processed for faecal egg counts (FEC) and molecular identification of Nematodes using the multiplexed tandem PCR assay. Based on egg morphology, the overall prevalence of GINs was 66% while that for strongyles was 59%. The overall mean FEC was 276 eggs per gram (EPG) of faeces, with the highest count of 17,415 EPG. Male alpacas had a higher prevalence (68%, 334/490) as well as mean FEC (328 ± 60 EPG) of GINs than females (63%, 602/954; 227 ± 26, respectively). Weaners had the highest prevalence (80%) whereas tuis had the highest FEC (402 EPG) of Nematodes. The highest prevalence (77%, 293/383) and FEC (630 EPG) of GINs were observed in the summer rainfall zone followed by the Mediterranean-type rainfall, non-seasonal rainfall and winter rainfall zones. The characterisation of nematode DNA isolated from faeces revealed the occurrence of seven different GINs, including Camelostrongylus mentulatus, Cooperia spp., Haemonchus spp., Oesophagostomum spp., Ostertagia ostertagi, Teladorsagia circumcincta and Trichostrongylus spp. Besides, Nematodirus spp. and Trichuris spp. were also found during FECs. The prevalence of Haemonchus spp. was highest in the summer rainfall zone while that of C. mentulatus was highest in the Mediterranean-type rainfall, non-seasonal rainfall and winter rainfall zones. The findings of this study revealed that alpacas harbour many of the same Nematodes as sheep and cattle.

  • anthelmintic resistance in Gastrointestinal Nematodes of alpacas vicugna pacos in australia
    Parasites & Vectors, 2018
    Co-Authors: Mohammed H Rashid, Angus J D Campbell, Jane L Vaughan, Mark Stevenson, Abdul Jabbar
    Abstract:

    Background Gastrointestinal Nematodes (GINs) can cause significant economic losses in alpacas due to lowered production of fibre and meat. Although no anthelmintics are registered for use in alpacas, various classes of anthelmintics are frequently used to control parasitic gastroenteritis in alpacas in Australia and other countries. Very little is known about the current worm control practices as well as the efficacy of anthelmintics used against common GINs of alpacas. This study aimed to assess the existing worm control practices used by Australian alpaca farmers and to quantify the efficacy of commonly used anthelmintics against GINs of alpacas.

  • Anthelmintic resistance in Gastrointestinal Nematodes of alpacas (Vicugna pacos) in Australia
    Parasites & vectors, 2018
    Co-Authors: Mohammed H Rashid, Angus J D Campbell, Jane L Vaughan, Mark Stevenson, Ian Beveridge, Abdul Jabbar
    Abstract:

    Gastrointestinal Nematodes (GINs) can cause significant economic losses in alpacas due to lowered production of fibre and meat. Although no anthelmintics are registered for use in alpacas, various classes of anthelmintics are frequently used to control parasitic gastroenteritis in alpacas in Australia and other countries. Very little is known about the current worm control practices as well as the efficacy of anthelmintics used against common GINs of alpacas. This study aimed to assess the existing worm control practices used by Australian alpaca farmers and to quantify the efficacy of commonly used anthelmintics against GINs of alpacas. An online questionnaire survey was conducted to assess current worm control practices on 97 Australian alpaca farms, with an emphasis on the use of anthelmintics. Of this group of 97 alpaca farms, 20 were selected to assess the efficacy of eight anthelmintics and/or their combinations (closantel, fenbendazole ivermectin, monepantel, moxidectin and a combination of levamisole, closantel, albendazole, abamectin) using the faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT). A multiplexed-tandem PCR (MT-PCR) was used to identify the prevalent nematode genera/species. The response rate for the questionnaire was 94% (91/97). Almost half of the respondents kept alpacas with sheep and cattle, and 26% of respondents allowed alpacas to co-graze with these ruminants. Although only 63% respondents perceived worms to be an important health concern for alpacas, the majority of respondents (89%) used anthelmintics to control GINs of alpacas. The commonly used anthelmintics were macrocyclic lactones, monepantel, benzimidazoles, levamisole, closantel and their combinations, and they were typically administered at the dose rate recommended for sheep. The FECRT results showed that a combination of levamisole, closantel, albendazole and abamectin was the most effective dewormer followed by single drugs, including monepantel, moxidectin, closantel, fenbendazole and ivermectin. Haemonchus spp. were the most commonly resistant Nematodes followed by Trichostrongylus spp., Camelostrongylus mentulatus, Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia spp. This is the first study aimed at assessing worm control practices and efficacy of commonly used anthelmintics in alpacas in Australia. Our findings document the extent of anthelmintics resistance on Australian alpaca farms and identify those anthelmintics that are still effective against GINs of alpacas.

Iara Tersia Freitas Macedo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Anthelmintic effect of thymol and thymol acetate on sheep Gastrointestinal Nematodes and their toxicity in mice.
    Revista brasileira de parasitologia veterinaria = Brazilian journal of veterinary parasitology : Orgao Oficial do Colegio Brasileiro de Parasitologia , 2017
    Co-Authors: Weibson Paz Pinheiro Andre, Géssica Soares Cavalcante, Wesley Lyeverton Correia Ribeiro, Jessica Maria Leite Dos Santos, Iara Tersia Freitas Macedo, Haroldo C.b. Paula, Selene Maia De Morais, Janaina V. De Melo, Claudia Maria Leal Bevilaqua
    Abstract:

    Thymol is a monoterpene and acetylation form of this compound can reduce the toxicity and enhance its biological effects. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of thymol and thymol acetate (TA) on egg, larva and adult Haemonchus contortus and the cuticular changes, acute toxicity in mice and the efficacy on sheep Gastrointestinal Nematodes. In vitro tests results were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and followed by comparison with Tukey test or Bonferroni. The efficacy of in vivo test was calculated by the BootStreet program. In the egg hatch test (EHT), thymol (0.5 mg/mL) and TA (4 mg/mL) inhibited larval hatching by 98% and 67.1%, respectively. Thymol and TA (8 mg/mL) inhibited 100% of larval development. Thymol and TA (800 µg/mL) reduced the motility of adult worms, by 100% and 83.4%, respectively. Thymol caused cuticular changes in adult worm teguments. In the acute toxicity test, the LD50 of thymol and TA were 1,350.9 mg/kg and 4,144.4 mg/kg, respectively. Thymol and TA reduced sheep egg count per gram of faeces (epg) by 59.8% and 76.2%, respectively. In in vitro tests thymol presented better anthelmintic activity than TA. However TA was less toxic and in in vivo test efficacy was similar.

  • comparative efficacy and toxic effects of carvacryl acetate and carvacrol on sheep Gastrointestinal Nematodes and mice
    Veterinary Parasitology, 2016
    Co-Authors: Weibson Paz Pinheiro Andre, Géssica Soares Cavalcante, Wesley Lyeverton Correia Ribeiro, Jessica Maria Leite Dos Santos, Iara Tersia Freitas Macedo, Selene Maia De Morais, Janaina V. De Melo, Haroldo C B Paula, Rivelilson Mendes De Freitas, Claudia Maria Leal Bevilaqua
    Abstract:

    Carvacrol is a compound isolated from some essential oils. It has been reported to possess anthelmintic activity. Acetylation of this monoterpene has been proposed as a potential way to reduce the toxicity and enhance the pharmacological effects of carvacrol. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of carvacryl acetate (CA) using in vitro and in vivo assays with Gastrointestinal Nematodes of small ruminants. The egg hatching test (EHT), larval development test (LDT) and adult worm motility (AWM) assessment were conducted to evaluate the effect of the acetylated product and pure carvacrol on Haemonchus contortus eggs, larvae and adults. The structural changes induced in adult H. contortus were assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). CA and carvacrol acute toxicity was evaluated in mice. Finally, the efficacy of 250 mg/kg CA and 2.5mg/kg monepantel (positive control) were evaluated in 30 sheep naturally infected with Gastrointestinal Nematodes by the fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT). In vitro tests were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by comparison with Tukey's test. The efficacy was calculated by the Boot Street program using the arithmetic average. The number of eggs in feces (epg) of the groups were transformed to log (x+1) and subjected to ANOVA to compare differences among the groups by Tukey's test. The level of significance was P<0.05. CA and carvacrol inhibited larval hatching by 89.3 and 97.7% at doses of 8.0 and 1.0mg/ml, respectively. At the concentration of 2mg/ml, CA and carvacrol inhibited 100% of larval development. At a concentration of 200 μg/ml, CA and carvacrol inhibited the motility of adult worms by 100% and 58.3% at 24h post-exposure, respectively. CA caused cuticle and vulvar flap wrinkling and bubbles to emerge from the tegument. Carvacrol caused more discreet effects on the cuticle and vulvar flap. The LD10 and LD50 of CA were 566.7 mg/kg and 1544.5mg/kg, respectively. The LD10 and LD50 of carvacrol were 546.8 mg/kg and 919 mg/kg, respectively. CA and monepantel reduced the epg of sheep by 65.9 and 96.4%, respectively, at 16 days post-treatment. CA showed in vitro and in vivo anthelmintic activity and was less toxic than carvacrol.

  • efficacy of free and nanoencapsulated eucalyptus citriodora essential oils on sheep Gastrointestinal Nematodes and toxicity for mice
    Veterinary Parasitology, 2014
    Co-Authors: Juliana De Carvalho Ribeiro, Wesley Lyeverton Correia Ribeiro, Jessica Maria Leite Dos Santos, Iara Tersia Freitas Macedo, A L F Camurcavasconcelos, Haroldo C B Paula, J Araujo V Filho, R D Magalhaes, Claudia Maria Leal Bevilaqua
    Abstract:

    Abstract Herbal medicines with anthelmintic effects are alternatives for the sustainable control and prevention of disease caused by Gastrointestinal parasites. The nanoencapsulation of essential oils has been proposed to enhance the absorption of their constituents and improve their efficacy. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of free and nanoencapsulated Eucalyptus citriodora essential oil (EcEO) on the control of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of small ruminants in vitro and in vivo. Chitosan was used as a matrix for the formulation of a nanoemulsion. Chromatographic and physico-chemical analyses of EcEO were performed. Egg hatch (EHT) and larval development (LDT) tests were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of nanoencapsulated and free EcEO on the eggs and larvae of Haemonchus contortus. Acute toxicity of free and nanoencapsulated EcEO was evaluated using mice. Finally, nanoencapsulated EcEO efficacy on the control of Gastrointestinal Nematodes was calculated by fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) treating 30 sheep naturally infected with 250 mg/kg of free and nanoencapsulated EcEO. In vitro tests were analyzed by an analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by comparison with the Tukey test. The efficacy of FECRT was calculated by the BootStreet program through arithmetic average, using the formula 100 (1 − XT/XC). To compare the differences between epg, the data were transformed to log (x + 1) and subjected to an ANOVA to compare the significant differences between groups by Tukey's. The level of significance was P

  • efficacy of free and nanoencapsulated eucalyptus citriodora essential oils on sheep Gastrointestinal Nematodes and toxicity for mice
    Veterinary Parasitology, 2014
    Co-Authors: Juliana De Carvalho Ribeiro, Wesley Lyeverton Correia Ribeiro, Jessica Maria Leite Dos Santos, Iara Tersia Freitas Macedo, A L F Camurcavasconcelos, Haroldo C B Paula, J Araujo V Filho, R D Magalhaes, Claudia Maria Leal Bevilaqua
    Abstract:

    Herbal medicines with anthelmintic effects are alternatives for the sustainable control and prevention of disease caused by Gastrointestinal parasites. The nanoencapsulation of essential oils has been proposed to enhance the absorption of their constituents and improve their efficacy. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of free and nanoencapsulated Eucalyptus citriodora essential oil (EcEO) on the control of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of small ruminants in vitro and in vivo. Chitosan was used as a matrix for the formulation of a nanoemulsion. Chromatographic and physico-chemical analyses of EcEO were performed. Egg hatch (EHT) and larval development (LDT) tests were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of nanoencapsulated and free EcEO on the eggs and larvae of Haemonchus contortus. Acute toxicity of free and nanoencapsulated EcEO was evaluated using mice. Finally, nanoencapsulated EcEO efficacy on the control of Gastrointestinal Nematodes was calculated by fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) treating 30 sheep naturally infected with 250 mg/kg of free and nanoencapsulated EcEO. In vitro tests were analyzed by an analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by comparison with the Tukey test. The efficacy of FECRT was calculated by the BootStreet program through arithmetic average, using the formula 100 (1-XT/XC). To compare the differences between epg, the data were transformed to log(x+1) and subjected to an ANOVA to compare the significant differences between groups by Tukey's. The level of significance was P<0.05. The free (4 mg/ml concentration) and nanoencapsulated (2mg/ml concentration) EcEO inhibited larvae hatching by 97.2% and 92.8%, respectively. Free and nanoencapsulated EcEO at 8 mg/ml inhibited larval development by 99.8% and 98.1%, respectively. In the acute toxicity test, the LD10 and LD50 of free EcEO was 1999 and 2653 mg/kg, respectively, while the LD10 and LD50 of nanoencapsulated EcEO was 1121 and 1681 mg/kg, respectively. Nanoencapsulated and free EcEO reduced FEC similarly by 40.5% and 55.9%, respectively at 10 days post-treatment. Nanoencapsulated EcEO did not obtain the expected efficacy in vivo.

  • anthelmintic effect of eucalyptus staigeriana essential oil against goat Gastrointestinal Nematodes
    Veterinary Parasitology, 2010
    Co-Authors: Iara Tersia Freitas Macedo, Claudia Maria Leal Bevilaqua, Lorena Mayana Beserra De Oliveira, A L F Camurcavasconcelos, Luiz Da Silva Vieira, Fabricio R Oliveira, Eudson M Queirozjunior, Adriana Da Rocha Tome, Nilberto R F Nascimento
    Abstract:

    Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy of Eucalyptus staigeriana essential oil (EsEO). The in vitro effects of EsEO were determined through the egg hatching test and the inhibition of larval development of Haemonchus contortus. The oil was subjected to acute and subacute toxicity rodents. The in vivo effects were determined through fecal egg count reduction test in goats. 1.35 and 5.4 mg ml −1 EsEO inhibited 99.27 and 99.20% H. contortus egg hatching and larval development. In subacute toxicity of EsEO, all parameters were found to be in the normal range, and histopathological analysis of organs did not present alterations. EsEO efficacy against goat Gastrointestinal Nematodes was 76.57% at 15th day after treatment. E. staigeriana essential oil showed in vitro and in vivo anthelmintic activity.

A L F Camurcavasconcelos - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • efficacy of free and nanoencapsulated eucalyptus citriodora essential oils on sheep Gastrointestinal Nematodes and toxicity for mice
    Veterinary Parasitology, 2014
    Co-Authors: Juliana De Carvalho Ribeiro, Wesley Lyeverton Correia Ribeiro, Jessica Maria Leite Dos Santos, Iara Tersia Freitas Macedo, A L F Camurcavasconcelos, Haroldo C B Paula, J Araujo V Filho, R D Magalhaes, Claudia Maria Leal Bevilaqua
    Abstract:

    Abstract Herbal medicines with anthelmintic effects are alternatives for the sustainable control and prevention of disease caused by Gastrointestinal parasites. The nanoencapsulation of essential oils has been proposed to enhance the absorption of their constituents and improve their efficacy. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of free and nanoencapsulated Eucalyptus citriodora essential oil (EcEO) on the control of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of small ruminants in vitro and in vivo. Chitosan was used as a matrix for the formulation of a nanoemulsion. Chromatographic and physico-chemical analyses of EcEO were performed. Egg hatch (EHT) and larval development (LDT) tests were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of nanoencapsulated and free EcEO on the eggs and larvae of Haemonchus contortus. Acute toxicity of free and nanoencapsulated EcEO was evaluated using mice. Finally, nanoencapsulated EcEO efficacy on the control of Gastrointestinal Nematodes was calculated by fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) treating 30 sheep naturally infected with 250 mg/kg of free and nanoencapsulated EcEO. In vitro tests were analyzed by an analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by comparison with the Tukey test. The efficacy of FECRT was calculated by the BootStreet program through arithmetic average, using the formula 100 (1 − XT/XC). To compare the differences between epg, the data were transformed to log (x + 1) and subjected to an ANOVA to compare the significant differences between groups by Tukey's. The level of significance was P

  • efficacy of free and nanoencapsulated eucalyptus citriodora essential oils on sheep Gastrointestinal Nematodes and toxicity for mice
    Veterinary Parasitology, 2014
    Co-Authors: Juliana De Carvalho Ribeiro, Wesley Lyeverton Correia Ribeiro, Jessica Maria Leite Dos Santos, Iara Tersia Freitas Macedo, A L F Camurcavasconcelos, Haroldo C B Paula, J Araujo V Filho, R D Magalhaes, Claudia Maria Leal Bevilaqua
    Abstract:

    Herbal medicines with anthelmintic effects are alternatives for the sustainable control and prevention of disease caused by Gastrointestinal parasites. The nanoencapsulation of essential oils has been proposed to enhance the absorption of their constituents and improve their efficacy. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of free and nanoencapsulated Eucalyptus citriodora essential oil (EcEO) on the control of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of small ruminants in vitro and in vivo. Chitosan was used as a matrix for the formulation of a nanoemulsion. Chromatographic and physico-chemical analyses of EcEO were performed. Egg hatch (EHT) and larval development (LDT) tests were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of nanoencapsulated and free EcEO on the eggs and larvae of Haemonchus contortus. Acute toxicity of free and nanoencapsulated EcEO was evaluated using mice. Finally, nanoencapsulated EcEO efficacy on the control of Gastrointestinal Nematodes was calculated by fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) treating 30 sheep naturally infected with 250 mg/kg of free and nanoencapsulated EcEO. In vitro tests were analyzed by an analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by comparison with the Tukey test. The efficacy of FECRT was calculated by the BootStreet program through arithmetic average, using the formula 100 (1-XT/XC). To compare the differences between epg, the data were transformed to log(x+1) and subjected to an ANOVA to compare the significant differences between groups by Tukey's. The level of significance was P<0.05. The free (4 mg/ml concentration) and nanoencapsulated (2mg/ml concentration) EcEO inhibited larvae hatching by 97.2% and 92.8%, respectively. Free and nanoencapsulated EcEO at 8 mg/ml inhibited larval development by 99.8% and 98.1%, respectively. In the acute toxicity test, the LD10 and LD50 of free EcEO was 1999 and 2653 mg/kg, respectively, while the LD10 and LD50 of nanoencapsulated EcEO was 1121 and 1681 mg/kg, respectively. Nanoencapsulated and free EcEO reduced FEC similarly by 40.5% and 55.9%, respectively at 10 days post-treatment. Nanoencapsulated EcEO did not obtain the expected efficacy in vivo.

  • anthelmintic effect of eucalyptus staigeriana essential oil against goat Gastrointestinal Nematodes
    Veterinary Parasitology, 2010
    Co-Authors: Iara Tersia Freitas Macedo, Claudia Maria Leal Bevilaqua, Lorena Mayana Beserra De Oliveira, A L F Camurcavasconcelos, Luiz Da Silva Vieira, Fabricio R Oliveira, Eudson M Queirozjunior, Adriana Da Rocha Tome, Nilberto R F Nascimento
    Abstract:

    Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy of Eucalyptus staigeriana essential oil (EsEO). The in vitro effects of EsEO were determined through the egg hatching test and the inhibition of larval development of Haemonchus contortus. The oil was subjected to acute and subacute toxicity rodents. The in vivo effects were determined through fecal egg count reduction test in goats. 1.35 and 5.4 mg ml −1 EsEO inhibited 99.27 and 99.20% H. contortus egg hatching and larval development. In subacute toxicity of EsEO, all parameters were found to be in the normal range, and histopathological analysis of organs did not present alterations. EsEO efficacy against goat Gastrointestinal Nematodes was 76.57% at 15th day after treatment. E. staigeriana essential oil showed in vitro and in vivo anthelmintic activity.

  • anthelmintic activity of cocos nucifera l against sheep Gastrointestinal Nematodes
    Veterinary Parasitology, 2009
    Co-Authors: L M B Oliveira, Iara Tersia Freitas Macedo, Selene Maia De Morais, Claudia Maria Leal Bevilaqua, A L F Camurcavasconcelos, C T C Costa, Renata S Barros, Ana Caroline Moura Rodrigues, Y C Lima, Luiz Da Silva Vieira
    Abstract:

    The development of anthelmintic resistance has made the search for alternatives to control Gastrointestinal Nematodes of small ruminants imperative. Among these alternatives are several medicinal plants traditionally used as anthelmintics. This work evaluated the efficacy of Cocos nucifera fruit on sheep Gastrointestinal parasites. The ethyl acetate extract obtained from the liquid of green coconut husk fiber (LGCHF) was submitted to in vitro and in vivo tests. The in vitro assay was based on egg hatching (EHT) and larval development tests (LDT) with Haemonchus contortus. The concentrations tested in the EHT were 0.31, 0.62, 1.25, 2.5 and 5 mg ml(-1), while in the LDT they were 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg ml(-1). The in vivo assay was a controlled test. In this experiment, 18 sheep infected with Gastrointestinal Nematodes were divided into three groups (n=6), with the following doses administered: G1-400 mg kg(-1) LGCHF ethyl acetate extract, G2-0.2 mg kg(-1) moxidectin (Cydectin) and G3-3% DMSO. The worm burden was analyzed. The results of the in vitro and in vivo tests were submitted to ANOVA and analyzed by the Tukey and Kruskal-Wallis tests, respectively. The extract efficacy in the EHT and LDT, at the highest concentrations tested, was 100% on egg hatching and 99.77% on larval development. The parameters evaluated in the controlled test were not statistically different, showing that despite the significant results of the in vitro tests, the LGCHF ethyl acetate extract showed no activity against sheep Gastrointestinal Nematodes.

  • anthelmintic activity of lippia sidoides essential oil on sheep Gastrointestinal Nematodes
    Veterinary Parasitology, 2008
    Co-Authors: A L F Camurcavasconcelos, Iara Tersia Freitas Macedo, Selene Maia De Morais, Claudia Maria Leal Bevilaqua, C T C Costa, M V Maciel, Ldr Oliveira, R R Braga, Rafaella Albuquerque Silva, Luiz Da Silva Vieira
    Abstract:

    Medicinal plants have been investigated for their anthelmintic properties and shown to be effective against eggs and larvae of Gastrointestinal Nematodes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the Lippia sidoides essential oil (LsEO) on sheep Gastrointestinal Nematodes. Initially, 44 naturally infected sheep were divided and treated with 200 microg kg(-1) ivermectin and 230 and 283 mg kg(-1) LsEO, respectively, plus the control. Fecal samples were collected from each animal to determine epg at 7, 14 and 21 days after treatment. In another test, 21 sheep were distributed and treated with 200 microg kg(-1) ivermectin, 283 mg kg(-1) LsEO and the control, respectively. Seven days after treatment, they were euthanized and necropsied to count and identify the Nematodes from the abomasum, small and large intestines. In the first test, the efficacy of 230 and 283 mg kg(-1) LsEO and ivermectin was 38%, 45.9% and 40.2%, respectively, 7 days after treatment, and 30%, 54% and 39.6%, respectively, 14 days after treatment. In the second experiment, the respective efficacy of 283 mg kg(-1) LsEO and ivermectin was 56.9% and 34.4% against Haemonchus spp., and 39.3% and 63.6% against Trichostrongylus spp.