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Uri Shwed - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • the black Gender Gap in educational attainment historical trends and racial comparisons
    Demography, 2011
    Co-Authors: Anne Mcdaniel, Thomas A Diprete, Claudia Buchmann, Uri Shwed
    Abstract:

    It is often asserted that the Gender Gap in educational attainment is larger for blacks than whites, but historical trends comparing the black and white Gender Gap have received surprisingly little attention. Analysis of historical data from the U.S. census IPUMS samples shows that the Gender Gap in college completion has evolved differently for whites and blacks. Historically, the female advantage in educational attainment among blacks is linked to more favorable labor market opportunities and stronger incentives for employment for educated black women. Blacks, particularly black males, still lag far behind whites in their rates of college completion, but the striking educational gains of white women have caused the racial patterns of Gender differences in college completion rates to grow more similar over time. While some have linked the disadvantaged position of black males to their high risk of incarceration, our estimates suggest that incarceration has a relatively small impact on the black Gender Gap and the racial Gap in college completion rates for males in the United States.

  • the black Gender Gap in educational attainment historical trends and racial comparisons
    2010
    Co-Authors: Anne Mcdaniel, Thomas A Diprete, Claudia Buchmann, Uri Shwed
    Abstract:

    It is often asserted that the Gender Gap in educational attainment is larger for blacks than whites, but the historical trends that lead up to the current situation have received surprisingly little attention. Analysis of historical data from the U.S. Census IPUMS Samples shows that the Gender Gap in college completion has evolved differently for whites and blacks. Historically, the female advantage in educational attainment among blacks is linked to more favorable labor market opportunities and stronger incentives for employment for educated black women. Blacks, particularly black males, still lag far behind whites in their rates of college completion, but the striking educational gains of white women have caused the racial patterns of Gender differences in college completion rates to grow more similar over time. While some have linked the disadvantaged position of black males to their high risk of incarceration, our estimates suggest that incarceration has a relatively small impact on the black Gender Gap and the racial Gap in college completion rates for males in the U.S.

Steven D Levitt - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • An empirical analysis of the Gender Gap in mathematics
    American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 2010
    Co-Authors: Roland G Fryer, Steven D Levitt
    Abstract:

    We document and analyze the emergence of a substantial Gender Gap in mathematics in the early years of schooling using a large, recent, and nationally representative panel of US children. There are no mean differences between boys and girls upon entry to school, but girls lose more than two-tenths of a standard deviation relative to boys over the first six years of school. The ground lost by girls relative to boys is roughly half as large as the black-white test score Gap that appears over these same ages. We document the presence of this Gender math Gap across every strata of society. We explore a wide range of possible explanations in the data, including less investment by girls in math, low parental expectations, and biased tests, but find little support for these theories. Moving to cross-country comparisons, we find earlier results linking the Gender Gap in math to measures of Gender equality are sensitive to the inclusion of Muslim countries, where, in spite of women's low status, there is little or no Gender Gap in math.

  • an empirical analysis of the Gender Gap in mathematics
    2009
    Co-Authors: Roland G Fryer, Steven D Levitt
    Abstract:

    We document and analyze the emergence of a substantial Gender Gap in mathematics in the early years of schooling using a large, recent, and nationally representative panel of children in the United States. There are no mean differences between boys and girls upon entry to school, but girls lose more than two-tenths of a standard deviation relative to boys over the first six years of school. The ground lost by girls relative to boys is roughly half as large as the black-white test score Gap that appears over these same ages. We document the presence of this Gender math Gap across every strata of society. We explore a wide range of possible explanations in the U.S. data, including less investment by girls in math, low parental expectations, and biased tests, but find little support for any of these theories. Moving to cross-country comparisons, we find that earlier results linking the Gender Gap in math to measures of Gender equality are sensitive to the inclusion of Muslim countries, where in spite of women's low status, there is little or no Gender Gap in math.

Joanna K Swaffield - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • the Gender Gap in early career wage growth
    The Economic Journal, 2008
    Co-Authors: Alan Manning, Joanna K Swaffield
    Abstract:

    In the UK the Gender pay Gap on entry to the labour market is approximately zero but ten years after labour market entry, there is a Gender wage Gap of almost 25 log points. This article explores the reason for this Gender Gap in early-career wage growth, considering three main hypotheses - human capital, job-shopping and 'psychological' theories. Human capital factors can explain about 11 log points, job-shopping about 1.5 log points and the psychological theories up to 4.5 log points depending on the specification. But a substantial unexplained Gap remains: women who have continuous full-time employment, have had no children and express no desire to have them earn about 8 log points less than equivalent men after 10 years in the labour market. Copyright © The Author(s). Journal compilation © Royal Economic Society 2008.

  • the Gender Gap in early career wage growth
    LSE Research Online Documents on Economics, 2005
    Co-Authors: Alan Manning, Joanna K Swaffield
    Abstract:

    In the UK the Gender pay Gap on entry to the labour market is approximately zero but after ten years after labour market entry, there is a Gender wage Gap of almost 25 log points. This paper explores the reason for this Gender Gap in early-career wage growth, considering three main hypotheses - human capital, job-shopping and ‘psychological’ theories. Human capital factors can explain about 12 log points, job-shopping about 1.5 log points and the psychological theories about half a log point. But a substantial unexplained Gap remains: women who have continuous full-time employment, have had no children and express no desire to have them earn about 12 log points less than equivalent men after 10 years in the labour market.

Anne Mcdaniel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • the black Gender Gap in educational attainment historical trends and racial comparisons
    Demography, 2011
    Co-Authors: Anne Mcdaniel, Thomas A Diprete, Claudia Buchmann, Uri Shwed
    Abstract:

    It is often asserted that the Gender Gap in educational attainment is larger for blacks than whites, but historical trends comparing the black and white Gender Gap have received surprisingly little attention. Analysis of historical data from the U.S. census IPUMS samples shows that the Gender Gap in college completion has evolved differently for whites and blacks. Historically, the female advantage in educational attainment among blacks is linked to more favorable labor market opportunities and stronger incentives for employment for educated black women. Blacks, particularly black males, still lag far behind whites in their rates of college completion, but the striking educational gains of white women have caused the racial patterns of Gender differences in college completion rates to grow more similar over time. While some have linked the disadvantaged position of black males to their high risk of incarceration, our estimates suggest that incarceration has a relatively small impact on the black Gender Gap and the racial Gap in college completion rates for males in the United States.

  • the black Gender Gap in educational attainment historical trends and racial comparisons
    2010
    Co-Authors: Anne Mcdaniel, Thomas A Diprete, Claudia Buchmann, Uri Shwed
    Abstract:

    It is often asserted that the Gender Gap in educational attainment is larger for blacks than whites, but the historical trends that lead up to the current situation have received surprisingly little attention. Analysis of historical data from the U.S. Census IPUMS Samples shows that the Gender Gap in college completion has evolved differently for whites and blacks. Historically, the female advantage in educational attainment among blacks is linked to more favorable labor market opportunities and stronger incentives for employment for educated black women. Blacks, particularly black males, still lag far behind whites in their rates of college completion, but the striking educational gains of white women have caused the racial patterns of Gender differences in college completion rates to grow more similar over time. While some have linked the disadvantaged position of black males to their high risk of incarceration, our estimates suggest that incarceration has a relatively small impact on the black Gender Gap and the racial Gap in college completion rates for males in the U.S.

Claudia Goldin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • dynamics of the Gender Gap for young professionals in the corporate and financial sectors
    National Bureau of Economic Research, 2009
    Co-Authors: Marianne Bertrand, Claudia Goldin, Lawrence F Katz
    Abstract:

    This paper assesses the relative importance of various explanations for the Gender Gap in career outcomes for highly-educated workers in the U.S. corporate and financial sectors. The careers of MBAs, who graduated between 1990 and 2006 from a top U.S. business school, are studied to understand how career dynamics differ by Gender. Although male and female MBAs have nearly identical (labor) incomes at the outset of their careers, their earnings soon diverge, with the male annual earnings advantage reaching almost 60 log points at ten to 16 years after MBA completion. We identify three proximate reasons for the large and rising Gender Gap in earnings: differences in training prior to MBA graduation; differences in career interruptions; and differences in weekly hours. These three determinants can explain the bulk of Gender differences in earnings across the years following MBA completion. The presence of children is the main contributor to the lesser job experience, greater career discontinuity and shorter work hours for female MBAs. Some MBA mothers, especially those with well-off spouses, slow down in the labor market within a few years following their first birth. Disparities in the productive characteristics of male and female MBAs are small, but the pecuniary penalties from shorter hours and any job discontinuity are enormous for MBAs.

  • the homecoming of american college women the reversal of the college Gender Gap
    Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2006
    Co-Authors: Claudia Goldin, Lawrence F Katz, Ilyana Kuziemko
    Abstract:

    Women are currently the majority of U.S. college students and of those receiving a bachelor's degree, but were 39 percent of undergraduates in 1960. We use three longitudinal data sets of high school graduates in 1957, 1972, and 1992 to understand the narrowing of the Gender Gap in college and its reversal. From 1972 to 1992 high school girls narrowed the Gap with boys in math and science course taking and in achievement test scores. These variables, which we term the proximate determinants, can account for 30 to 60 percent of the relative increase in women's college completion rate. Behind these changes were several others: the future work expectations of young women increased greatly between 1968 and 1979 and the age at first marriage for college graduate women rose by 2.5 years in the 1970s, allowing them to be more serious students. The reversal of the college Gender Gap, rather than just its elimination, was due in part to the persistence of behavioral and developmental differences between males and females.

  • understanding the Gender Gap an economic history of american women
    1992
    Co-Authors: Claudia Goldin
    Abstract:

    Using a unique set of data drawn from the US census, statistics, city directories, and other sources, the author looks at the differences between men and women in the US labour force. She shows that the `Gender Gap' in income and job level that has existed throughout history cannot be explained simply as a matter of sex discrimination, nor as a result of inherent structural phenomena in the employment market.