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Elspeth A Bruford - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Genenames.org: the HGNC and VGNC resources in 2021.
Nucleic acids research, 2020Co-Authors: Susan Tweedie, Bryony Braschi, Ruth L. Seal, Bethan Yates, Kristian Gray, Tamsin Jones, Elspeth A BrufordAbstract:The HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) based at EMBL's European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI) assigns unique symbols and names to human Genes. There are over 42,000 approved Gene symbols in our current database of which over 19 000 are for protein-coding Genes. While we still update placeholder and problematic symbols, we are working towards stabilizing symbols where possible; over 2000 symbols for disease associated Genes are now marked as stable in our symbol reports. All of our data is available at the HGNC website https://www.Genenames.org. The Vertebrate Gene Nomenclature Committee (VGNC) was established to assign standardized Nomenclature in line with human for vertebrate species lacking their own Nomenclature committee. In addition to the previous VGNC core species of chimpanzee, cow, horse and dog, we now name Genes in cat, macaque and pig. Gene groups have been added to VGNC and currently include two complex families: olfactory receptors (ORs) and cytochrome P450s (CYPs). In collaboration with specialists we have also named CYPs in species beyond our core set. All VGNC data is available at https://vertebrate.Genenames.org/. This article provides an overview of our online data and resources, focusing on updates over the last two years.
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Guidelines for human Gene Nomenclature
Nature Genetics, 2020Co-Authors: Elspeth A Bruford, Bryony Braschi, Paul Denny, Tamsin E. M. Jones, Ruth L. Seal, Susan TweedieAbstract:Standardized Gene naming is crucial for effective communication about Genes, and as genomics becomes increasingly important in health care, the need for a consistent language to refer to human Genes becomes ever more essential. Here, we present the current HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) guidelines for naming not only protein-coding Genes but also RNA Genes and pseudoGenes, and we outline the changes in approach and ethos that have resulted from the discoveries of the past few decades.
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Genenames.org: the HGNC and VGNC resources in 2019.
Nucleic acids research, 2018Co-Authors: Bryony Braschi, Paul Denny, Ruth L. Seal, Susan Tweedie, Bethan Yates, Kristian Gray, Tamsin Jones, Elspeth A BrufordAbstract:The HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) based at EMBL's European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI) assigns unique symbols and names to human Genes. There are over 40 000 approved Gene symbols in our current database of which over 19 000 are for protein-coding Genes. The Vertebrate Gene Nomenclature Committee (VGNC) was established in 2016 to assign standardized Nomenclature in line with human for vertebrate species that lack their own Nomenclature committees. The VGNC initially assigned Nomenclature for over 15000 protein-coding Genes in chimpanzee. We have extended this process to other vertebrate species, naming over 14000 protein-coding Genes in cow and dog and over 13 000 in horse to date. Our HGNC website https://www.Genenames.org has undergone a major design update, simplifying the homepage to provide easy access to our search tools and making the site more mobile friendly. Our Gene families pages are now known as 'Gene groups' and have increased in number to over 1200, with nearly half of all named Genes currently assigned to at least one Gene group. This article provides an overview of our online data and resources, focusing on our work over the last two years.
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selenoprotein Gene Nomenclature
Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2016Co-Authors: Raymond F. Burk, Brigelius Flohe Regina, Sergi Castellano, Elspeth A Bruford, Elias S J Arner, Bradley A. Carlson, Vadim N. Gladyshev, Marla J Berry, Laurent ChavatteAbstract:Abstract The human genome contains 25 Genes coding for selenocysteine-containing proteins (selenoproteins). These proteins are involved in a variety of functions, most notably redox homeostasis. Selenoprotein enzymes with known functions are designated according to these functions: TXNRD1, TXNRD2, and TXNRD3 (thioredoxin reductases), GPX1, GPX2, GPX3, GPX4 and GPX6 (glutathione peroxidases), DIO1, DIO2, and DIO3 (iodothyronine deiodinases), MSRB1 (methionine-R-sulfoxide reductase 1) and SEPHS2 (selenophosphate synthetase 2). Selenoproteins without known functions have traditionally been denoted by SEL or SEP symbols. However, these symbols are sometimes ambiguous and conflict with the approved Nomenclature for several other Genes. Therefore, there is a need to implement a rational and coherent Nomenclature system for selenoprotein-encoding Genes. Our solution is to use the root symbol SELENO followed by a letter. This Nomenclature applies to SELENOF (selenoprotein F, the 15 kDa selenoprotein, SEP15), SELENOH (selenoprotein H, SELH, C11orf31), SELENOI (selenoprotein I, SELI, EPT1), SELENOK (selenoprotein K, SELK), SELENOM (selenoprotein M, SELM), SELENON (selenoprotein N, SEPN1, SELN), SELENOO (selenoprotein O, SELO), SELENOP (selenoprotein P, SeP, SEPP1, SELP), SELENOS (selenoprotein S, SELS, SEPS1, VIMP), SELENOT (selenoprotein T, SELT), SELENOV (selenoprotein V, SELV) and SELENOW (selenoprotein W, SELW, SEPW1). This system, approved by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee, also resolves conflicting, missing and ambiguous designations for selenoprotein Genes and is applicable to selenoproteins across vertebrates.
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selenoprotein Gene Nomenclature
Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2016Co-Authors: Raymond F. Burk, Brigelius Flohe Regina, Sergi Castellano, Elspeth A Bruford, Elias S J Arner, Bradley A. Carlson, Vadim N. Gladyshev, Marla J Berry, Laurent ChavatteAbstract:Abstract The human genome contains 25 Genes coding for selenocysteine-containing proteins (selenoproteins). These proteins are involved in a variety of functions, most notably redox homeostasis. Selenoprotein enzymes with known functions are designated according to these functions: TXNRD1, TXNRD2, and TXNRD3 (thioredoxin reductases), GPX1, GPX2, GPX3, GPX4 and GPX6 (glutathione peroxidases), DIO1, DIO2, and DIO3 (iodothyronine deiodinases), MSRB1 (methionine-R-sulfoxide reductase 1) and SEPHS2 (selenophosphate synthetase 2). Selenoproteins without known functions have traditionally been denoted by SEL or SEP symbols. However, these symbols are sometimes ambiguous and conflict with the approved Nomenclature for several other Genes. Therefore, there is a need to implement a rational and coherent Nomenclature system for selenoprotein-encoding Genes. Our solution is to use the root symbol SELENO followed by a letter. This Nomenclature applies to SELENOF (selenoprotein F, the 15 kDa selenoprotein, SEP15), SELENOH (selenoprotein H, SELH, C11orf31), SELENOI (selenoprotein I, SELI, EPT1), SELENOK (selenoprotein K, SELK), SELENOM (selenoprotein M, SELM), SELENON (selenoprotein N, SEPN1, SELN), SELENOO (selenoprotein O, SELO), SELENOP (selenoprotein P, SeP, SEPP1, SELP), SELENOS (selenoprotein S, SELS, SEPS1, VIMP), SELENOT (selenoprotein T, SELT), SELENOV (selenoprotein V, SELV) and SELENOW (selenoprotein W, SELW, SEPW1). This system, approved by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee, also resolves conflicting, missing and ambiguous designations for selenoprotein Genes and is applicable to selenoproteins across vertebrates.
Mathew W Wright - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a short guide to long non coding rna Gene Nomenclature
Human Genomics, 2014Co-Authors: Mathew W WrightAbstract:The HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) is the only organisation authorised to assign standardised Nomenclature to human Genes. Of the 38,000 approved Gene symbols in our database (http://www.Genenames.org), the majority represent protein-coding (pc) Genes; however, we also name pseudoGenes, phenotypic loci, some genomic features, and to date have named more than 8,500 human non-protein coding RNA (ncRNA) Genes and ncRNA pseudoGenes. We have already established unique names for most of the small ncRNA Genes by working with experts for each class. Small ncRNAs can be defined into their respective classes by their shared homology and common function. In contrast, long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) Genes represent a disparate set of loci related only by their size, more than 200 bases in length, share no conserved sequence homology, and have variable functions. As with pc Genes, wherever possible, lncRNAs are named based on the known function of their product; a short guide is presented herein to help authors when developing novel Gene symbols for lncRNAs with characterised function. Researchers must contact the HGNC with their suggestions prior to publication, to check whether the proposed Gene symbol can be approved. Although thousands of lncRNAs have been predicted in the human genome, for the vast majority their function remains unresolved. lncRNA Genes with no known function are named based on their genomic context. Working with lncRNA researchers, the HGNC aims to provide unique and, wherever possible, meaningful Gene symbols to all lncRNA Genes.
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Vive la différence: naming structural variants in the human reference genome.
Human genomics, 2013Co-Authors: Ruth L. Seal, Mathew W Wright, Kristian Gray, Elspeth A BrufordAbstract:The HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee has approved Gene symbols for the majority of protein-coding Genes on the human reference genome. To adequately represent regions of complex structural variation, the Genome Reference Consortium now includes alternative representations of some of these regions as part of the reference genome. Here, we describe examples of how we name novel Genes in these regions and how this Nomenclature is displayed on our website, http://Genenames.org.
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Genenames.org: the HGNC resources in 2013.
Nucleic acids research, 2012Co-Authors: Kristian A Gray, Mathew W Wright, Ruth L. Seal, Louise C Daugherty, Susan M Gordon, Elspeth A BrufordAbstract:The HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee situated at the European Bioinformatics Institute assigns unique symbols and names to human Genes. Since 2011, the data within our database has expanded largely owing to an increase in naming pseudoGenes and non-coding RNA Genes, and we now have >33,500 approved symbols. Our Gene families and groups have also increased to nearly 500, with ∼45% of our Gene entries associated to at least one family or group. We have also redesigned the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee website http://www.Genenames.org creating a constant look and feel across the site and improving usability and readability for our users. The site provides a public access portal to our database with no restrictions imposed on access or the use of the data. Within this article, we review our online resources and data with particular emphasis on the updates to our website.
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Gene family matters: expanding the HGNC resource
Human Genomics, 2012Co-Authors: Louise C Daugherty, Ruth L. Seal, Mathew W Wright, Elspeth A BrufordAbstract:The HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) assigns approved Gene symbols to human loci. There are currently over 33,000 approved Gene symbols, the majority of which represent protein-coding Genes, but we also name other locus types such as non-coding RNAs, pseudoGenes and phenotypic loci. Where relevant, the HGNC organise these Genes into Gene families and groups. The HGNC website http://www.Genenames.org/ is an online repository of HGNC-approved Gene Nomenclature and associated resources for human Genes, and includes links to genomic, proteomic and phenotypic information. In addition to this, we also have dedicated Gene family web pages and are currently expanding and Generating more of these pages using data curated by the HGNC and from information derived from external resources that focus on particular Gene families. Here, we review our current online resources with a particular focus on our Gene family data, using it to highlight our new Gene Symbol Report and Gene family data downloads.
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Naming 'junk': Human non-protein coding RNA (ncRNA) Gene Nomenclature
Human Genomics, 2011Co-Authors: Mathew W Wright, Elspeth A BrufordAbstract:Previously, the majority of the human genome was thought to be 'junk' DNA with no functional purpose. Over the past decade, the field of RNA research has rapidly expanded, with a concomitant increase in the number of non-protein coding RNA (ncRNA) Genes identified in this 'junk'. Many of the encoded ncRNAs have already been shown to be essential for a variety of vital functions, and this wealth of annotated human ncRNAs requires standardised naming in order to aid effective communication. The HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) is the only organisation authorised to assign standardised Nomenclature to human Genes. Of the 30,000 approved Gene symbols currently listed in the HGNC database ( http://www.Genenames.org/search ), the majority represent protein-coding Genes; however, they also include pseudoGenes, phenotypic loci and some genomic features. In recent years the list has also increased to include almost 3,000 named human ncRNA Genes. HGNC is actively engaging with the RNA research community in order to provide unique symbols and names for each sequence that encodes an ncRNA. Most of the classical small ncRNA Genes have now been provided with a unique Nomenclature, and work on naming the long (> 200 nucleotides) non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) is ongoing.
Ruth L. Seal - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Genenames.org: the HGNC and VGNC resources in 2021.
Nucleic acids research, 2020Co-Authors: Susan Tweedie, Bryony Braschi, Ruth L. Seal, Bethan Yates, Kristian Gray, Tamsin Jones, Elspeth A BrufordAbstract:The HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) based at EMBL's European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI) assigns unique symbols and names to human Genes. There are over 42,000 approved Gene symbols in our current database of which over 19 000 are for protein-coding Genes. While we still update placeholder and problematic symbols, we are working towards stabilizing symbols where possible; over 2000 symbols for disease associated Genes are now marked as stable in our symbol reports. All of our data is available at the HGNC website https://www.Genenames.org. The Vertebrate Gene Nomenclature Committee (VGNC) was established to assign standardized Nomenclature in line with human for vertebrate species lacking their own Nomenclature committee. In addition to the previous VGNC core species of chimpanzee, cow, horse and dog, we now name Genes in cat, macaque and pig. Gene groups have been added to VGNC and currently include two complex families: olfactory receptors (ORs) and cytochrome P450s (CYPs). In collaboration with specialists we have also named CYPs in species beyond our core set. All VGNC data is available at https://vertebrate.Genenames.org/. This article provides an overview of our online data and resources, focusing on updates over the last two years.
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Guidelines for human Gene Nomenclature
Nature Genetics, 2020Co-Authors: Elspeth A Bruford, Bryony Braschi, Paul Denny, Tamsin E. M. Jones, Ruth L. Seal, Susan TweedieAbstract:Standardized Gene naming is crucial for effective communication about Genes, and as genomics becomes increasingly important in health care, the need for a consistent language to refer to human Genes becomes ever more essential. Here, we present the current HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) guidelines for naming not only protein-coding Genes but also RNA Genes and pseudoGenes, and we outline the changes in approach and ethos that have resulted from the discoveries of the past few decades.
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a guide to naming human non coding rna Genes
The EMBO Journal, 2020Co-Authors: Sam Griffithsjones, Ruth L. Seal, Lingling Chen, Todd M Lowe, Michael B Mathews, Dawn Oreilly, Andrew J Pierce, Peter F Stadler, Igor UlitskyAbstract:Research on non‐coding RNA (ncRNA) is a rapidly expanding field. Providing an official Gene symbol and name to ncRNA Genes brings order to otherwise potential chaos as it allows unambiguous communication about each Gene. The HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC, http://www.Genenames.org) is the only group with the authority to approve symbols for human Genes. The HGNC works with specialist advisors for different classes of ncRNA to ensure that ncRNA Nomenclature is accurate and informative, where possible. Here, we review each major class of ncRNA that is currently annotated in the human genome and describe how each class is assigned a standardised Nomenclature.
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Genenames.org: the HGNC and VGNC resources in 2019.
Nucleic acids research, 2018Co-Authors: Bryony Braschi, Paul Denny, Ruth L. Seal, Susan Tweedie, Bethan Yates, Kristian Gray, Tamsin Jones, Elspeth A BrufordAbstract:The HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) based at EMBL's European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI) assigns unique symbols and names to human Genes. There are over 40 000 approved Gene symbols in our current database of which over 19 000 are for protein-coding Genes. The Vertebrate Gene Nomenclature Committee (VGNC) was established in 2016 to assign standardized Nomenclature in line with human for vertebrate species that lack their own Nomenclature committees. The VGNC initially assigned Nomenclature for over 15000 protein-coding Genes in chimpanzee. We have extended this process to other vertebrate species, naming over 14000 protein-coding Genes in cow and dog and over 13 000 in horse to date. Our HGNC website https://www.Genenames.org has undergone a major design update, simplifying the homepage to provide easy access to our search tools and making the site more mobile friendly. Our Gene families pages are now known as 'Gene groups' and have increased in number to over 1200, with nearly half of all named Genes currently assigned to at least one Gene group. This article provides an overview of our online data and resources, focusing on our work over the last two years.
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Genenames.org: the HGNC and VGNC resources in 2017
Nucleic acids research, 2016Co-Authors: Bethan Yates, Bryony Braschi, Ruth L. Seal, Susan Tweedie, Kristian Gray, Elspeth A BrufordAbstract:The HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) based at the European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI) assigns unique symbols and names to human Genes. Currently the HGNC database contains almost 40 000 approved Gene symbols, over 19 000 of which represent protein-coding Genes. In addition to naming genomic loci we manually curate Genes into family sets based on shared characteristics such as homology, function or phenotype. We have recently updated our Gene family resources and introduced new improved visualizations which can be seen alongside our Gene symbol reports on our primary website http://www.Genenames.org In 2016 we expanded our remit and formed the Vertebrate Gene Nomenclature Committee (VGNC) which is responsible for assigning names to vertebrate species lacking a dedicated Nomenclature group. Using the chimpanzee genome as a pilot project we have approved symbols and names for over 14 500 protein-coding Genes in chimpanzee, and have developed a new website http://vertebrate.Genenames.org to distribute these data. Here, we review our online data and resources, focusing particularly on the improvements and new developments made during the last two years.
Hester Wain - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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eLS - Human Gene Nomenclature
Encyclopedia of Life Sciences, 2006Co-Authors: Hester Wain, Sue PoveyAbstract:All the Genes in the human genome will eventually be identified with an official Gene name and symbol (short-form abbreviation). Already, almost half of these Genes have unique symbols that reflect their structure, function or similarity, and these can be found in a number of online databases, including Genew. Keywords: Nomenclature; Gene symbol; Gene name; database; Genew
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human Gene Nomenclature
eLS, 2006Co-Authors: Hester Wain, Sue PoveyAbstract:All the Genes in the human genome will eventually be identified with an official Gene name and symbol (short-form abbreviation). Already, almost half of these Genes have unique symbols that reflect their structure, function or similarity, and these can be found in a number of online databases, including Genew. Keywords: Nomenclature; Gene symbol; Gene name; database; Genew
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Genew: the Human Gene Nomenclature Database, 2004 updates
Nucleic Acids Research, 2004Co-Authors: Hester Wain, Michael J Lush, Fabrice Ducluzeau, Varsha K. Khodiyar, Sue PoveyAbstract:Genew, the Human Gene Nomenclature Database http://www.Gene.ucl.ac.uk/cgi-bin/Nomenclature/searchGenes.pl is the only resource that provides data for all human Genes that have approved symbols. It is managed by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) as a confidential database, containing over 22 000 records, 75% of which are represented online by a publicly searchable text file. Since 2002, there have been significant improvements to the Genew search engine. Additionally we have increased our capacity to analyse confidential sequence data, which has enabled us to manage the large numbers of Gene symbol requests that we receive from the chromosome sequencing consortia.
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Update on human genome completion and annotations: Gene Nomenclature
Human Genomics, 2003Co-Authors: Daniel W Nebert, Hester WainAbstract:Why is agreeing on one particular name for each Gene important? As one genome after another becomes sequenced, it is imperative to consider the complexity of Genes, Genetic architecture, Gene expression, Gene-Gene and Gene-product interactions and evolutionary relatedness across species. To agree on a particular Gene name not only makes one's own research easier, but will also be helpful to the present Generation, as well as future Generations, of graduate students and postdoctoral fellows who are about to enter genomics research.
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Human and mouse Gene Nomenclature.
Current protocols in human genetics, 2003Co-Authors: Hester Wain, Sue Povey, Lois MaltaisAbstract:Standard Genetic Nomenclature is necessary to help researchers, clinicians, and the public to access data on their Genes of interest, and to communicate in a globally understood language of approved Gene symbols. In both human and mouse, one unique symbol (acronym/abbreviation) and one name are assigned for each Gene. Co-ordination between human and mouse Gene Nomenclature is a successful endeavor, due in part to the historical interaction between the two Nomenclature committee groups. This interaction grew out of the Human Gene Mapping (HGM) Workshops. This appendix discusses development and organization of Gene Nomenclature, how to find a Gene and how to name a new Gene.
Brigelius Flohe Regina - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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selenoprotein Gene Nomenclature
Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2016Co-Authors: Raymond F. Burk, Brigelius Flohe Regina, Sergi Castellano, Elspeth A Bruford, Elias S J Arner, Bradley A. Carlson, Vadim N. Gladyshev, Marla J Berry, Laurent ChavatteAbstract:Abstract The human genome contains 25 Genes coding for selenocysteine-containing proteins (selenoproteins). These proteins are involved in a variety of functions, most notably redox homeostasis. Selenoprotein enzymes with known functions are designated according to these functions: TXNRD1, TXNRD2, and TXNRD3 (thioredoxin reductases), GPX1, GPX2, GPX3, GPX4 and GPX6 (glutathione peroxidases), DIO1, DIO2, and DIO3 (iodothyronine deiodinases), MSRB1 (methionine-R-sulfoxide reductase 1) and SEPHS2 (selenophosphate synthetase 2). Selenoproteins without known functions have traditionally been denoted by SEL or SEP symbols. However, these symbols are sometimes ambiguous and conflict with the approved Nomenclature for several other Genes. Therefore, there is a need to implement a rational and coherent Nomenclature system for selenoprotein-encoding Genes. Our solution is to use the root symbol SELENO followed by a letter. This Nomenclature applies to SELENOF (selenoprotein F, the 15 kDa selenoprotein, SEP15), SELENOH (selenoprotein H, SELH, C11orf31), SELENOI (selenoprotein I, SELI, EPT1), SELENOK (selenoprotein K, SELK), SELENOM (selenoprotein M, SELM), SELENON (selenoprotein N, SEPN1, SELN), SELENOO (selenoprotein O, SELO), SELENOP (selenoprotein P, SeP, SEPP1, SELP), SELENOS (selenoprotein S, SELS, SEPS1, VIMP), SELENOT (selenoprotein T, SELT), SELENOV (selenoprotein V, SELV) and SELENOW (selenoprotein W, SELW, SEPW1). This system, approved by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee, also resolves conflicting, missing and ambiguous designations for selenoprotein Genes and is applicable to selenoproteins across vertebrates.
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selenoprotein Gene Nomenclature
Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2016Co-Authors: Raymond F. Burk, Brigelius Flohe Regina, Sergi Castellano, Elspeth A Bruford, Elias S J Arner, Bradley A. Carlson, Vadim N. Gladyshev, Marla J Berry, Laurent ChavatteAbstract:Abstract The human genome contains 25 Genes coding for selenocysteine-containing proteins (selenoproteins). These proteins are involved in a variety of functions, most notably redox homeostasis. Selenoprotein enzymes with known functions are designated according to these functions: TXNRD1, TXNRD2, and TXNRD3 (thioredoxin reductases), GPX1, GPX2, GPX3, GPX4 and GPX6 (glutathione peroxidases), DIO1, DIO2, and DIO3 (iodothyronine deiodinases), MSRB1 (methionine-R-sulfoxide reductase 1) and SEPHS2 (selenophosphate synthetase 2). Selenoproteins without known functions have traditionally been denoted by SEL or SEP symbols. However, these symbols are sometimes ambiguous and conflict with the approved Nomenclature for several other Genes. Therefore, there is a need to implement a rational and coherent Nomenclature system for selenoprotein-encoding Genes. Our solution is to use the root symbol SELENO followed by a letter. This Nomenclature applies to SELENOF (selenoprotein F, the 15 kDa selenoprotein, SEP15), SELENOH (selenoprotein H, SELH, C11orf31), SELENOI (selenoprotein I, SELI, EPT1), SELENOK (selenoprotein K, SELK), SELENOM (selenoprotein M, SELM), SELENON (selenoprotein N, SEPN1, SELN), SELENOO (selenoprotein O, SELO), SELENOP (selenoprotein P, SeP, SEPP1, SELP), SELENOS (selenoprotein S, SELS, SEPS1, VIMP), SELENOT (selenoprotein T, SELT), SELENOV (selenoprotein V, SELV) and SELENOW (selenoprotein W, SELW, SEPW1). This system, approved by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee, also resolves conflicting, missing and ambiguous designations for selenoprotein Genes and is applicable to selenoproteins across vertebrates.