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Eric A. Kennedy - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Eye injury from electrical weapon probes: Mechanisms and treatment.
The American journal of emergency medicine, 2018Co-Authors: Mark W. Kroll, Eric A. Kennedy, Mollie B. Ritter, Nora Siegal, Roman Shinder, Michael A. Brave, Howard E. WilliamsAbstract:Abstract Purpose While generally reducing morbidity and mortality, TASER® electrical weapons have risks associated with their usage, including burn injuries and head and cervical trauma associated with uncontrolled falls. The primary non-fatal complications appear to be significant eye injury but no analysis of the mechanisms or suggested treatments has been published. Methods We used a biomechanical model to predict the risk of eye injury as a function of distance from the weapon muzzle to the eye. We compared our model results to recently published epidemiological findings. We also describe the typical presentation and suggest treatment options. Results The Globe Rupture model predicted that a Globe Rupture can be expected (50% risk) when the eye is within 6 m of the muzzle and decreases rapidly beyond that. This critical distance is 9 m for lens and retinal damage which is approximately the range of the most common probe cartridges. Beyond 9 m, hyphema is expected along with a perforation by the dart portion of the probe. Our prediction of Globe Rupture out to 6 m (out of a typical range of 9 m) is consistent with the published risk of enucleation or unilateral blindness being 69 ± 18%, with an eye penetration. Conclusions Significant eye injury is expected from a penetration by an electrical weapon probe at close range. The risk decreases rapidly at extended distances from the muzzle. Not all penetrating Globe injuries from electrical weapon probes will result in blindness.
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Evaluation of Globe Rupture Injury Mechanisms and Pressure Response of the Eye During Projectile Impact
ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference Parts A and B, 2011Co-Authors: Kelly Desharnais, Samantha A Clark, Eric A. KennedyAbstract:In the United States, over 1.9 million civilian eye injuries occur annually [1]. Furthermore, with the recent conflict, the military has experienced a dramatic 17%–26% increase in rate of injury to the eyes [2]. Risk functions for various eye injuries, particularly Globe Rupture, have already been developed and show area-normalized energy (based on the mass, size, and velocity of the projectile) to be most highly correlated to injury [3–5]. However, it remains desirable to further investigate the relationship between area-normalized energy and the eye injury mechanism.© 2011 ASME
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Evaluation of Different Projectiles in Matched Experimental Eye Impact Simulations
Journal of biomechanical engineering, 2011Co-Authors: Ashley A. Weaver, Eric A. Kennedy, Stefan M. Duma, Joel D. StitzelAbstract:Eye trauma results in 30,000 cases of blindness each year in the United States and is the second leading cause of monocular visual impairment. Eye injury is caused by a wide variety of projectile impacts and loading scenarios with common sources of trauma being motor vehicle crashes, military operations, and sporting impacts. For the current study, 79 experimental eye impact tests in literature were computationally modeled to analyze global and localized responses of the eye to a variety of blunt projectile impacts. Simulations were run with eight different projectiles (airsoft pellets, baseball, air gun pellets commonly known as BBs, blunt impactor, paintball, aluminum, foam, and plastic rods) to characterize effects of the projectile size, mass, geometry, material properties, and velocity on eye response. This study presents a matched comparison of experimental test results and computational model outputs including stress, energy, and pressure used to evaluate risk of eye injury. In general, the computational results agreed with the experimental results. A receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to establish the stress and pressure thresholds that best discriminated for Globe Rupture in the matched experimental tests. Globe Rupture is predicted by the computational simulations when the corneoscleral stress exceeds 17.21 MPa or the vitreous pressure exceeds 1.01 MPa. Peak stresses were located at the apex of the cornea, the limbus, or the equator depending on the type of projectile impacting the eye. A multivariate correlation analysis revealed that area-normalized kinetic energy was the best single predictor of peak stress and pressure. Additional incorporation of a relative size parameter that relates the projectile area to the area of the eye reduced stress response variability and may be of importance in eye injury prediction. The modeling efforts shed light on the injury response of the eye when subjected to a variety of blunt projectile impacts and further validate the eye model's ability to predict Globe Rupture. Results of this study are relevant to the design and regulation of safety systems and equipment to protect against eye injury. Language: en
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the effects of the extraocular muscles on eye impact force deflection and Globe Rupture response
Journal of Biomechanics, 2008Co-Authors: Eric A. Kennedy, Stefan M. DumaAbstract:Abstract There are over 1.9 million eye injuries per year in the United States, with blunt impacts the cause of approximately one-half of all civilian eye injuries. No previous experimental studies have investigated the effects of the extraocular muscles on the impact response of the eye. A spring-powered blunt impactor was used to determine the effects that the extraocular muscles have on the force–deflection and injury response of the eye to blunt trauma. A total of 10 dynamic impact tests were performed at 8.2±0.1 m/s on five human cadaver heads. With the extraocular muscles left intact, the average peak force was found to be 271±51 N at 7.5±0.9 mm posterior translation; with the muscles transected, the average peak force was 268±26 N at 7.6±1.3 mm of posterior translation. From the data available from this study, the peak impact force and overall amount of translation during the impact are not affected by the extraocular muscles. Additionally, from the data presented in this study, the eyes with the extraocular muscles left intact do not Rupture with a different injury pattern or display an increased risk for Rupture than the eyes with the extraocular muscles transected. Therefore, it is believed that the effect of the extraocular muscles is not sufficient to drastically alter the response of the eye under dynamic impact. This information is useful to characterize the boundary conditions that dictate the eye response from blunt impact and can be used to define the biofidelity requirements for the impact response of synthetic eyes.
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The effects of the extraocular muscles on eye impact force–deflection and Globe Rupture response
Journal of biomechanics, 2008Co-Authors: Eric A. Kennedy, Stefan M. DumaAbstract:Abstract There are over 1.9 million eye injuries per year in the United States, with blunt impacts the cause of approximately one-half of all civilian eye injuries. No previous experimental studies have investigated the effects of the extraocular muscles on the impact response of the eye. A spring-powered blunt impactor was used to determine the effects that the extraocular muscles have on the force–deflection and injury response of the eye to blunt trauma. A total of 10 dynamic impact tests were performed at 8.2±0.1 m/s on five human cadaver heads. With the extraocular muscles left intact, the average peak force was found to be 271±51 N at 7.5±0.9 mm posterior translation; with the muscles transected, the average peak force was 268±26 N at 7.6±1.3 mm of posterior translation. From the data available from this study, the peak impact force and overall amount of translation during the impact are not affected by the extraocular muscles. Additionally, from the data presented in this study, the eyes with the extraocular muscles left intact do not Rupture with a different injury pattern or display an increased risk for Rupture than the eyes with the extraocular muscles transected. Therefore, it is believed that the effect of the extraocular muscles is not sufficient to drastically alter the response of the eye under dynamic impact. This information is useful to characterize the boundary conditions that dictate the eye response from blunt impact and can be used to define the biofidelity requirements for the impact response of synthetic eyes.
Stefan M. Duma - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Eye injury risk associated with remote control toy helicopter blades.
Biomedical sciences instrumentation, 2012Co-Authors: Vanessa D. Alphonse, Andrew R. Kemper, Steven Rowson, Stefan M. DumaAbstract:Eye injuries can be caused by a variety of consumer products and toys. Recently, indoor remote controlled (RC) toy helicopters have become very popular. The purpose of this study is to quantify eye injury risk associated with five commercially available RC toy helicopter blades. An experimental matrix of 25 tests was developed to test five different RC toy helicopter blades at full battery power on six postmortem human eyes. A pressure sensor inserted through the optic nerve measured intraocular pressure. Corneal abrasion was assessed post-impact using fluorescein dye. Intraocular pressure was correlated to injury risk for hyphema, lens damage, retinal damage, and Globe Rupture using published risk functions. All tests resulted in corneal abrasions; however, no other injuries were observed. The 25 tests produced an increase intraocular pressure between 15.2 kPa and 99.3 kPa (114.3 mmHg and 744.7 mmHg). Calculated blade velocities ranged between 16.0 m/s and 25.4 m/s. Injury risk for hyphema was a maximum of 0.2%. Injury risk for lens damage, retinal damage, and Globe Rupture was 0.0% for all tests. Blade design parameters such as length and mass did not affect the risk of eye injury. This is the first study to quantify the risk of eye injury from RC toy helicopter blades. While corneal abrasions were observed, more serious eye injuries were neither observed nor predicted to have occurred. Results from this study are critical for establishing safe design thresholds for RC toy helicopter blades so that more serious injuries can be prevented. Language: en
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Evaluation of Different Projectiles in Matched Experimental Eye Impact Simulations
Journal of biomechanical engineering, 2011Co-Authors: Ashley A. Weaver, Eric A. Kennedy, Stefan M. Duma, Joel D. StitzelAbstract:Eye trauma results in 30,000 cases of blindness each year in the United States and is the second leading cause of monocular visual impairment. Eye injury is caused by a wide variety of projectile impacts and loading scenarios with common sources of trauma being motor vehicle crashes, military operations, and sporting impacts. For the current study, 79 experimental eye impact tests in literature were computationally modeled to analyze global and localized responses of the eye to a variety of blunt projectile impacts. Simulations were run with eight different projectiles (airsoft pellets, baseball, air gun pellets commonly known as BBs, blunt impactor, paintball, aluminum, foam, and plastic rods) to characterize effects of the projectile size, mass, geometry, material properties, and velocity on eye response. This study presents a matched comparison of experimental test results and computational model outputs including stress, energy, and pressure used to evaluate risk of eye injury. In general, the computational results agreed with the experimental results. A receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to establish the stress and pressure thresholds that best discriminated for Globe Rupture in the matched experimental tests. Globe Rupture is predicted by the computational simulations when the corneoscleral stress exceeds 17.21 MPa or the vitreous pressure exceeds 1.01 MPa. Peak stresses were located at the apex of the cornea, the limbus, or the equator depending on the type of projectile impacting the eye. A multivariate correlation analysis revealed that area-normalized kinetic energy was the best single predictor of peak stress and pressure. Additional incorporation of a relative size parameter that relates the projectile area to the area of the eye reduced stress response variability and may be of importance in eye injury prediction. The modeling efforts shed light on the injury response of the eye when subjected to a variety of blunt projectile impacts and further validate the eye model's ability to predict Globe Rupture. Results of this study are relevant to the design and regulation of safety systems and equipment to protect against eye injury. Language: en
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High-Rate Internal Pressurization of Human Eyes to Predict Globe Rupture
Archives of ophthalmology (Chicago Ill. : 1960), 2009Co-Authors: Jill Bisplinghoff, Craig Mcnally, Stefan M. DumaAbstract:Objective To determine the dynamic Rupture pressure of the human eye by using an in vitro high-rate pressurization system to investigate blunt-impact eye injuries. Methods Internal pressure was dynamically induced in the eye by means of a drop-tower pressurization system. The internal eye pressure was measured with a small pressure sensor inserted into the eye through the optic nerve. A total of 20 human eye tests were performed to determine Rupture pressure and characterize Rupture patterns. Results The high-rate pressurization resulted in a mean (SD) Rupture pressure of 0.97 (0.29) MPa (7275.60 [2175.18] mm Hg). A total of 16 eyes Ruptured in the equatorial direction, whereas 4 Ruptured in the meridional direction. There was no significant difference in the Rupture pressure between the equatorial and meridional directions ( P = .16). Conclusion As the loading rate increases, the Rupture pressure of the human eye increases. Clinical Relevance Eye injuries are expensive to treat, given that the estimated annual cost associated with adult vision problems in the United States is $51.4 billion. Determining Globe Rupture properties will establish injury criteria for the human eye to prevent these common yet devastating injuries.
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Evaluation of eye injury risk from projectile shooting toys using the focus headform - biomed 2009.
Biomedical sciences instrumentation, 2009Co-Authors: Jill Bisplinghoff, Stefan M. DumaAbstract:Half of eye injuries in the United States are caused by a blunt impact and more specifically, eye injuries effecting children often result from projectile shooting toys. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the risk of eye injuries of currently available projectile shooting toys. In order to assess the risk of each toy, a Facial and Ocular Countermeasure Safety (FOCUS) headform was used to measure the force applied to the eye during each hit for a total of 18 tests. The selected toys included a dart gun, a foam launcher, and a ball launcher. The force ranged from 4-93 N and was analyzed using the injury risk function for Globe Rupture for the FOCUS headform. Projectile characteristics were also examined using normalized energy to determine risk of corneal abrasion, hyphema, lens dislocation, retinal damage and Globe Rupture. It was found that the three toys tested produced peak loads corresponding with risk of Globe Rupture between 0% and 17.3%. The normalized energy results show no risk of hyphema, lens dislocation, retinal damage or Globe Rupture and a maximum risk of corneal abrasion of 5.9%. This study concludes that although there are many eye injuries caused by projectiles, the selected toys show a very low risk of eye injury.
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the effects of the extraocular muscles on eye impact force deflection and Globe Rupture response
Journal of Biomechanics, 2008Co-Authors: Eric A. Kennedy, Stefan M. DumaAbstract:Abstract There are over 1.9 million eye injuries per year in the United States, with blunt impacts the cause of approximately one-half of all civilian eye injuries. No previous experimental studies have investigated the effects of the extraocular muscles on the impact response of the eye. A spring-powered blunt impactor was used to determine the effects that the extraocular muscles have on the force–deflection and injury response of the eye to blunt trauma. A total of 10 dynamic impact tests were performed at 8.2±0.1 m/s on five human cadaver heads. With the extraocular muscles left intact, the average peak force was found to be 271±51 N at 7.5±0.9 mm posterior translation; with the muscles transected, the average peak force was 268±26 N at 7.6±1.3 mm of posterior translation. From the data available from this study, the peak impact force and overall amount of translation during the impact are not affected by the extraocular muscles. Additionally, from the data presented in this study, the eyes with the extraocular muscles left intact do not Rupture with a different injury pattern or display an increased risk for Rupture than the eyes with the extraocular muscles transected. Therefore, it is believed that the effect of the extraocular muscles is not sufficient to drastically alter the response of the eye under dynamic impact. This information is useful to characterize the boundary conditions that dictate the eye response from blunt impact and can be used to define the biofidelity requirements for the impact response of synthetic eyes.
Joel D. Stitzel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Injury risk prediction from computational simulations of ocular blast loading
Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology, 2017Co-Authors: Ashley A. Weaver, Sarah M. Stitzel, Joel D. StitzelAbstract:A predictive Lagrangian–Eulerian finite element eye model was used to analyze 2.27 and 0.45 kg trinitrotoluene equivalent blasts detonated from 24 different locations. Free air and ground level blasts were simulated directly in front of the eye and at lateral offset locations with box, average, less protective, and more protective orbital anthropometries, resulting in 96 simulations. Injury risk curves were developed for hyphema, lens dislocation, retinal damage, and Globe Rupture from experimental and computational data to compute risk from corneoscleral stress and intra-ocular pressure computational outputs. Corneoscleral stress, intra-ocular pressure, and injury risks increased when the blast size was larger and located nearer to the eye. Risks ranged from 20–100 % for hyphema, 1–100 % for lens dislocation, 2–100 % for retinal damage, and 0–98 % for Globe Rupture depending on the blast condition. Orbital geometry affected the stresses, pressures, and associated ocular injury risks of the blast conditions simulated. Orbital geometries that more fully surrounded the eye such as the more protective orbit tended to produce higher corneoscleral stresses and compression of the eye against the surrounding rigid orbit contributing to high stresses as the blast wave propagated. However, the more protective orbit tended to produce lower intra-ocular pressures in comparison with the other three orbital geometries which may indicate that the more protective orbit inhibits propagation of the blast wave and reduces ocular loading. Results of this parametric computational study of ocular blast loading are valuable to the design of eye protection equipment and the mitigation of blast-related eye injuries.
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Evaluation of Different Projectiles in Matched Experimental Eye Impact Simulations
Journal of biomechanical engineering, 2011Co-Authors: Ashley A. Weaver, Eric A. Kennedy, Stefan M. Duma, Joel D. StitzelAbstract:Eye trauma results in 30,000 cases of blindness each year in the United States and is the second leading cause of monocular visual impairment. Eye injury is caused by a wide variety of projectile impacts and loading scenarios with common sources of trauma being motor vehicle crashes, military operations, and sporting impacts. For the current study, 79 experimental eye impact tests in literature were computationally modeled to analyze global and localized responses of the eye to a variety of blunt projectile impacts. Simulations were run with eight different projectiles (airsoft pellets, baseball, air gun pellets commonly known as BBs, blunt impactor, paintball, aluminum, foam, and plastic rods) to characterize effects of the projectile size, mass, geometry, material properties, and velocity on eye response. This study presents a matched comparison of experimental test results and computational model outputs including stress, energy, and pressure used to evaluate risk of eye injury. In general, the computational results agreed with the experimental results. A receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to establish the stress and pressure thresholds that best discriminated for Globe Rupture in the matched experimental tests. Globe Rupture is predicted by the computational simulations when the corneoscleral stress exceeds 17.21 MPa or the vitreous pressure exceeds 1.01 MPa. Peak stresses were located at the apex of the cornea, the limbus, or the equator depending on the type of projectile impacting the eye. A multivariate correlation analysis revealed that area-normalized kinetic energy was the best single predictor of peak stress and pressure. Additional incorporation of a relative size parameter that relates the projectile area to the area of the eye reduced stress response variability and may be of importance in eye injury prediction. The modeling efforts shed light on the injury response of the eye when subjected to a variety of blunt projectile impacts and further validate the eye model's ability to predict Globe Rupture. Results of this study are relevant to the design and regulation of safety systems and equipment to protect against eye injury. Language: en
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Risk functions for human and porcine eye Rupture based on projectile characteristics of blunt objects
Stapp car crash journal, 2006Co-Authors: Eric A. Kennedy, Joel D. Stitzel, Craig Mcnally, S.m. DumaAbstract:Blunt projectile impacts to the eye can occur in automobile crashes, sporting impacts, and military events. This study developed injury risk functions for Globe Rupture of both human and porcine eyes from blunt projectile impacts. The first part of this study was an analysis of data from 57 eye impact tests reported in the literature. In the second part, 126 projectile tests were performed on human and porcine eyes. Projectiles included blunt aluminum projectiles, BBs, foam pellets, Airsoft pellets, and paintballs. In the third part of the study, the data were pooled for a total of 183 eye impact tests, 83 human and 100 porcine, and were analyzed to develop the injury risk criteria. Porcine eyes were found to be significantly stronger than human eyes in resisting Globe Rupture. The results presented in this paper are useful in estimating the risk of Globe Rupture when projectile parameters are known. They can also be used to validate computational eye models.
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The effects of extraocular muscles on static displacements of the human eye.
Biomedical sciences instrumentation, 2006Co-Authors: Eric A. Kennedy, Joel D. Stitzel, Amber R. Bonivtch, Sarah J. Manoogian, Ian P. Herring, Stefan M. DumaAbstract:More than 30,000 people lose sight in at least one eye every year in the United States. Globe Rupture is one of the most severe injuries and can often result in the loss of an eye. Previous studies to determine the injury tolerance of the human eye to Globe Rupture have not investigated the effects of extraocular muscles on the response of the eye. The purpose of the current study is to quantify the effects of the extraocular muscles using quasistatic displacement tests of the human eye in situ. A total of three post-mortem human heads were used for the matched pair tests designed to elucidate any differences in the force-deflection response of the human eye with the extraocular muscles intact and transected. Computed tomography imaging was utilized to observe the deformation of the eye within the orbit for each displacement, from 0 mm to 30 mm. Slight differences in the force-deflection response are observed; however, it is not clear how these differences will influence impact response at a dynamic rate. It was also observed that under quasistatic displacements that the eye is able to translate out of the way of the impactor assembly, even under large deflections, and without Globe Rupture. Additional dynamic tests are recommended to determine the effects of the extraocular muscles on eye impact response.
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A nonlinear finite element model of the eye with experimental validation for the prediction of Globe Rupture.
Stapp car crash journal, 2002Co-Authors: Joel D. Stitzel, Jean Marie Cormier, Stefan M. Duma, I P HerringAbstract:Over 2.4 million eye injuries occur each year in the US, with over 30,000 patients left blind as a result of the trauma. The majority of these injuries occur in automobile crashes, military operations and sporting activities. This paper presents a nonlinear finite element model of the eye and the results of 22 experiments using human eyes to validate for Globe Rupture injury prediction. The model of the human eye consists of the cornea, sclera, lens, ciliary body, zonules, aqueous humor and vitreous body. Lagrangian membrane elements are used for the cornea and sclera, Lagrangian bricks for the lens, ciliary, and zonules, and Eulerian brick elements comprise the aqueous and vitreous. Nonlinear, isotropic material properties of the sclera and cornea were gathered from uniaxial tensile strip tests performed up to Rupture. Dynamic modeling was performed using LS-Dyna. Experimental validation tests consisted of 22 tests using three scenarios: impacts from foam particles, BB's, and baseballs onto fresh eyes used within 24 hours postmortem. The energies of the projectiles were chosen so as to provide both Globe Rupture and no Rupture tests. Displacements of the eye were recorded using high speed color video at 7100 frames per second. The matched simulations predicted Rupture of the eye when Rupture was seen in the BB and baseball tests, and closely predicted displacements of the eye for the foam tests. Globe Rupture has previously been shown to occur at peak stresses of 9.4 MPa using the material properties included in the model. Because of dynamic effects and improvements in boundary conditions resulting from a more realistic modeling of the fluid in the anterior and posterior chambers, the stresses can be much higher than those previously predicted, with the Globe remaining intact. The model is empirically verified to predict Globe Rupture for stresses in the corneoscleral shell exceeding 23 MPa, and local dynamic pressures exceeding 2.1 MPa. The model can be used as a predictive aid to reduce the burden of eye injury, and can serve as a validated model to predict Globe Rupture.
C. D. Reilly - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Globe Rupture with post cataract surgery safety sunglasses
Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, 2010Co-Authors: Clifford W. Brooks, Robert C. Howard, Robert A. Lyons, C. D. ReillyAbstract:We report a case of Globe Rupture associated with the use of post cataract–surgery protective eyewear. The patient had routine cataract surgery 3 months before presentation and had adapted his post cataract–surgery glasses to use on the tennis court. He experienced a large posterior Globe Rupture after falling directly onto his face during a match. Spectacle torsion is the suspected biomechanical process that led to the Rupture. We conclude that although the glasses given to many patients after cataract surgery are protective for most low-impact injuries, patients should be aware they are not designed for activities with a risk for significant impact. Patients should also be counseled to use protective eyewear specifically designed and approved for the sport or activity in which they participate. Financial Disclosure No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
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Globe Rupture with post cataract–surgery safety sunglasses
Journal of cataract and refractive surgery, 2010Co-Authors: Clifford W. Brooks, Robert C. Howard, Robert A. Lyons, C. D. ReillyAbstract:We report a case of Globe Rupture associated with the use of post cataract–surgery protective eyewear. The patient had routine cataract surgery 3 months before presentation and had adapted his post cataract–surgery glasses to use on the tennis court. He experienced a large posterior Globe Rupture after falling directly onto his face during a match. Spectacle torsion is the suspected biomechanical process that led to the Rupture. We conclude that although the glasses given to many patients after cataract surgery are protective for most low-impact injuries, patients should be aware they are not designed for activities with a risk for significant impact. Patients should also be counseled to use protective eyewear specifically designed and approved for the sport or activity in which they participate. Financial Disclosure No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Graeme Williams - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Presumed occult Globe Rupture resulting in sympathetic ophthalmia
Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection, 2012Co-Authors: Martin Galea, Kevin Falzon, Vikas Chadha, Graeme WilliamsAbstract:Introduction Sympathetic ophthalmia (SO) is an uncommon bilateral granulomatous panuveitis following uveal trauma to one eye. We present an unusual case of SO which resulted from presumed occult Globe Rupture following blunt trauma; and highlight the association of trauma and acquired external ocular pigmentation as a possible predictor for SO. Case report Five weeks following blunt trauma to the left eye (OS), a 30-year-old patient presented complaining of spontaneous blurred vision (4/60) in the right eye (OD). In the OD, there was anterior chamber and vitreous inflammation (3+), multiple areas of serous retinal detachments, Dalen Fuchs spots, and optic disk swelling. In the OS, there was iridodialysis, post-traumatic acquired external ocular pigmentation suggestive of occult Globe Rupture. This was diagnosed as SO and treated with systemic steroids and a steroid sparing agent; which resulted in resolution of the inflammation with improvement in the visual acuity. Conclusion Sympathetic ophthalmia has been reported to occur following penetrating eye injury secondary to trauma and surgery, and also secondary to non-penetrating eye trauma. This case reports SO occurring after presumed occult Globe Rupture; and reinforces the association between acquired external ocular pigmentation and SO in the context of trauma.
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Presumed occult Globe Rupture resulting in sympathetic ophthalmia
Journal of ophthalmic inflammation and infection, 2011Co-Authors: Martin Galea, Kevin Falzon, Vikas Chadha, Graeme WilliamsAbstract:Introduction Sympathetic ophthalmia (SO) is an uncommon bilateral granulomatous panuveitis following uveal trauma to one eye. We present an unusual case of SO which resulted from presumed occult Globe Rupture following blunt trauma; and highlight the association of trauma and acquired external ocular pigmentation as a possible predictor for SO.