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Peter M. Gollwitzer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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planning and performance in small groups collective implementation intentions enhance group Goal Striving
Frontiers in Psychology, 2017Co-Authors: Peter M. Gollwitzer, Frank Wieber, Lukas J ThurmerAbstract:There are two key motivators to perform well in a group: making a contribution that (a) is crucial for the group (indispensability) and that (b) the other group members recognize (identifiability). We argue that indispensability promotes setting collective (“We”) Goals whereas identifiability induces individual (“I”) Goals. Although both Goals may enhance performance, they should align with different strategies. Whereas pursuing collective Goals should involve more cooperation, pursuing individual Goals should involve less cooperation. Two experiments support this reasoning and show that planning out collective Goals with collective implementation intentions (cIIs or “We-plans”) relies on cooperation but planning out individual Goals with individual implementation intentions (IIs or “I-plans”) does not. In Experiment 1, three-member groups first formed a collective or an individual Goal and then performed a first round of a physical persistence task. Groups then either formed a respective implementation intention (cII or II) or a control plan and then performed a second round of the task. Although groups with cIIs and IIs performed better on a physical persistence task than respective control groups, only cII groups interacted more cooperatively during task performance. To confirm the causal role of these interaction processes, Experiment 2 used the same persistence task and manipulated whether groups could communicate: When communication was hindered, groups with cIIs but not groups with IIs performed worse. Communication thus qualifies as a process making cIIs effective. The present research offers a psychology of action account to small group performance.
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Goal Striving strategies and effort mobilization when implementation intentions reduce effort related cardiac activity during task performance
International Journal of Psychophysiology, 2016Co-Authors: Laure Freydefont, Peter M. Gollwitzer, Gabriele OettingenAbstract:Two experiments investigate the influence of Goal and implementation intentions on effort mobilization during task performance. Although numerous studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of setting Goals and making plans on performance, the effects of Goals and plans on effort-related cardiac activity and especially the cardiac preejection period (PEP) during Goal Striving have not yet been addressed. According to the Motivational Intensity Theory, participants should increase effort mobilization proportionally to task difficulty as long as success is possible and justified. Forming Goals and making plans should allow for reduced effort mobilization when participants perform an easy task. However, when the task is difficult, Goals and plans should differ in their effect on effort mobilization. Participants who set Goals should disengage, whereas participants who made if-then plans should stay in the field showing high effort mobilization during task performance. As expected, using an easy task in Experiment 1, we observed a lower cardiac PEP in both the implementation intention and the Goal intention condition than in the control condition. In Experiment 2, we varied task difficulty and demonstrated that while participants with a mere Goal intention disengaged from difficult tasks, participants with an implementation intention increased effort mobilization proportionally with task difficulty. These findings demonstrate the influence of Goal Striving strategies (i.e., mere Goals vs. if-then plans) on effort mobilization during task performance.
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Decoupling Goal Striving from resource depletion by forming implementation intentions
Self-Regulation and Ego Control, 2016Co-Authors: Frank Wieber, Peter M. GollwitzerAbstract:Previous research has identified a variety of ways to mitigate the ego-depletion effect (ie, whereby exerting self-control in a first task impairs performance in a second self-control task). In the present chapter, we discuss if–then planning (ie, forming implementation intentions; IIs) as an easily applicable self-regulation tool that can help individuals and groups to overcome major threats to effective task performance. After a short overview of research on ego depletion, the moderators of the ego-depletion effect, and recent conceptual developments, we review studies that have directly tested II effects on ego depletion. We differentiate between studies investigating whether IIs can prevent individuals from becoming depleted from studies exploring whether IIs can help participants to overcome the negative consequences of being depleted in subsequent self-control tasks. Because the self-regulation threat of being depleted often cooccurs with other self-regulation threats, we then expand our view to determine whether IIs can have beneficial effects not only with regard to self-regulatory resource depletion but also to other major threats to self-regulation: impulse control and cue exposure, emotional and social distress, lapse-activated pattern and abstinence violations, impairments in self-monitoring and self-awareness, the disruptive influence of other people, and alcohol intoxication. We also review research on the regulation of detrimental self-states (eg, being anxious) by IIs, and on new methods to strengthen self-regulation by combining IIs with helpful strategies such as self-affirmation, setting autonomous Goals, and mental contrasting. Finally, we discuss all of these findings and their implications for both the original and more recent conceptual explications of the ego-depletion phenomenon as well as for II research, and point to venues for future investigation.
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setting one s mind on action planning out Goal Striving in advance
Emerging Trends in the Social and Behavioral Sciences: An Interdisciplinary Searchable and Linkable Resource, 2015Co-Authors: Peter M. GollwitzerAbstract:Ineffective Goal Striving may be overcome using a simple self-regulation strategy: preparing Goal Striving in advance by forming implementation intentions (i.e., making if-then plans). This strategy helps to cope with the classic challenges to Goal Striving: getting started, staying on track, not overextending oneself, and disengaging from faulty means. Interestingly, these beneficial effects are observed no matter whether hindrances from within (e.g., ego depletion) or outside (e.g., social influence) the person are to be dealt with. In this essay, the processes on which the beneficial effects of implementation intentions are based will be discussed by pointing to relevant research using cognitive task paradigms and assessing brain data. Moreover, recent findings are reported demonstrating that implementation intentions can be used to curb reflexive cognitive, affective, and behavioral responses that interfere with a person’s focal Goal pursuit. In closing this essay, a behavior change intervention (i.e., mental contrasting with implementation intentions) is introduced that establishes the prerequisites for implementation intention effects to occur, and research areas in psychology are pointed to that could benefit from conducting implementation intention research.
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Parks-Stamm et al.Cue Detection and Efficient Response ACTION CONTROL BY IMPLEMENTATION INTENTIONS: EFFECTIVE CUE DETECTION AND EFFICIENT RESPONSE INITIATION
2015Co-Authors: Elizabeth J. Parks–stamm, Peter M. Gollwitzer, Gabriele OettingenAbstract:Past research has demonstrated that implementation intentions (i.e., if–then plans) facilitate Goal Striving by two processes: increasing the acti-vation of the anticipated situational cue (the if–process) and automating the Goal–directed response to that cue (the then–process; Gollwitzer, 1999; Webb & Sheeran, in press). Two studies investigated the implica-tions for the course of Goal Striving guided by implementation intentions. When implementation intentions achieved their effects by facilitating cue identification (the if–process), alternative cues were disregarded (Study 1). On the contrary, when implementation intentions achieved their effects by the automation of the critical response (the then–process), alternative Goal–directed responses were still considered (Study 2). We discuss these results with respect to the functioning of implementation intentions and the use of alternative means in planned Goal pursuit
Mario Sims - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a longitudinal evaluation of Goal Striving stress and sleep duration among african americans in the jackson heart study
Psychosomatic Medicine, 2021Co-Authors: Loretta R Cainshields, Lashaunta M Glover, Dayna A Johnson, Mario SimsAbstract:OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to assess the association between changes in Goal-Striving stress (GSS) and changes in sleep duration in African Americans (AAs) and to determine if the association varies by sex, age, and/or educational attainment. METHODS We completed a longitudinal analysis using exam 1 (2000-2004, n = 5306) and exam 3 (2009-2013, n = 3819) data from the Jackson Heart Study (JHS), with a final sample of 3500. Changes in GSS and changes in sleep duration were calculated by subtracting exam 1 GSS from exam 3 GSS. Mean differences [β(beta (standard error-SE)) between changes in GSS and changes in sleep duration were assessed using linear regression models that adjusted for length of follow-up, socio-demographics, health behaviors/risk factors, and stressors. RESULTS In the fully-adjusted models, the increase in GSS from exam 1 to exam 3 was associated with a decrease in sleep duration (minutes) from exam 1 to exam 3 in the overall cohort [β = -7.72 (2.44), p < 0.002], in high school graduates [β = -21.23 (5.63), p < 0.001], and in college graduates [β = -7.57 (3.75), p = 0.044] but not in those with less than a high school education [β = 1.49 (8.35), p = 0.86] or those who attended college but did not graduate [β = 0.44 (4.94), p = 0.93]. CONCLUSION Changes in GSS were inversely associated with changes in sleep duration over a mean period of 8 years in AA subgroups. Interventions that reduce stress related to Goal Striving should be considered to help improve sleep health in AAs.
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association between Goal Striving stress and rapid kidney function decline among african americans the jackson heart study
Journal of Investigative Medicine, 2021Co-Authors: Loretta R Cainshields, Lashaunta M Glover, Bessie A Young, Mario SimsAbstract:African Americans (AAs) are disproportionately affected by kidney disease and also report higher psychosocial stressors than other racial groups. Goal-Striving stress (GSS) is an understudied psychosocial stressor related to attempting to accomplish one's life Goals. Given the numerous social determinants that contribute to health inequities among AAs, stress from Goal Striving may also disproportionately affect the health of AAs and in particular kidney disease outcomes. The objective of this study was to explore the association between GSS and rapid kidney function decline (RKFD) in an AA cohort. Using examination 1 (2000-2004) and examination 3 (2009-2013) data from the Jackson Heart Study (n=2630), we examined associations of baseline levels of GSS with RKFD among AAs using multivariable Poisson regression models, adjusting for sociodemographics, health behaviors, chronic disease and discrimination. We also explored baseline cortisol as a mediator. The incidence of RKFD in this sample was 7.34% (mean years of follow-up: 8.06±0.84 years). The mean GSS score was 3.80 (±4.88) and total GSS score ranged from 0 to 36. Those who reported high (vs low) GSS were 1.60 times more likely to experience RKFD after full adjustment (incidence rate ratio (IRR) 1.60; 95% CI 1.11 to 2.14, p=0.01). After confirming cortisol as a mediator and adding it to the model, those who reported high (vs low) GSS had 1.58 times the rate of RKFD (IRR 1.58; 95% CI 1.09 to 2.30, p=0.0153). Stress related to not achieving Goals was associated with a greater risk of RKFD in this sample of AAs.
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Goal Striving stress and incident cardiovascular disease in blacks the jackson heart study
Journal of the American Heart Association, 2020Co-Authors: Lashaunta M Glover, Loretta R Cainshields, Tanya M Spruill, Emily C Obrien, Sharrelle Barber, Laura R Loehr, Mario SimsAbstract:Background Goal‐Striving stress (GSS), the stress from Striving for Goals, is associated with poor health. Less is known about its association with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Methods and Results...
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the association of Goal Striving stress with sleep duration and sleep quality among african americans in the jackson heart study
Sleep Health, 2020Co-Authors: Loretta R Cainshields, Lashaunta M Glover, Dayna A Johnson, Mario SimsAbstract:Abstract Background African Americans (AAs) report a higher frequency of certain stressors over their lifetime which may impact biological processes that can impair sleep. For this reason, Goal-Striving stress (GSS), the difference between aspiration and achievement, weighted by disappointment, may contribute to poor sleep quality and suboptimal sleep duration among AAs. Methods We completed a cross-sectional analysis using exam 1 data (2000-2004) from the Jackson Heart Study (JHS) (n=4943). GSS was self-reported and categorized in tertiles of low, moderate, and high. Participants self-reported the number of hours they slept each night and rated their sleep quality as (1) very poor to (5) excellent. Sleep duration categories included the following: short sleep (≤6 hours), normal sleep (7-8 hours) and long sleep (≥ 9 hours). Sleep quality was categorized as high (good/very good/excellent) and low (fair/poor). Relative risk ratios (RRRs 95% confidence intervals-CI) were estimated for sleep duration and sleep quality categories by GSS using logistic regression. Results After full adjustment, there were no significant associations between GSS and sleep duration categories. However, participants who reported high (versus low) GSS had a 20% greater risk (1.20 95% CI: 1.01, 1.43) of low (versus high) sleep quality in the fully adjusted model. Conclusion The stress due to the deficit between Goal aspiration and achievement was associated with poor sleep quality. Future investigations should examine the association of changes in GSS with changes in sleep duration and sleep quality.
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correction to Goal Striving stress is associated with chronic kidney disease among participants in the jackson heart study
Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 2019Co-Authors: Loretta Cain, Lashaunta M Glover, Bessie A Young, Mario SimsAbstract:Please note the following correction in the Methods section of this article: The definition for Goal-Striving stress in the Jackson Heart Study included achievement defined as “where one was in life 10 years ago,” using a 10-point scale.
Gabriele Oettingen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Goal Striving strategies and effort mobilization when implementation intentions reduce effort related cardiac activity during task performance
International Journal of Psychophysiology, 2016Co-Authors: Laure Freydefont, Peter M. Gollwitzer, Gabriele OettingenAbstract:Two experiments investigate the influence of Goal and implementation intentions on effort mobilization during task performance. Although numerous studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of setting Goals and making plans on performance, the effects of Goals and plans on effort-related cardiac activity and especially the cardiac preejection period (PEP) during Goal Striving have not yet been addressed. According to the Motivational Intensity Theory, participants should increase effort mobilization proportionally to task difficulty as long as success is possible and justified. Forming Goals and making plans should allow for reduced effort mobilization when participants perform an easy task. However, when the task is difficult, Goals and plans should differ in their effect on effort mobilization. Participants who set Goals should disengage, whereas participants who made if-then plans should stay in the field showing high effort mobilization during task performance. As expected, using an easy task in Experiment 1, we observed a lower cardiac PEP in both the implementation intention and the Goal intention condition than in the control condition. In Experiment 2, we varied task difficulty and demonstrated that while participants with a mere Goal intention disengaged from difficult tasks, participants with an implementation intention increased effort mobilization proportionally with task difficulty. These findings demonstrate the influence of Goal Striving strategies (i.e., mere Goals vs. if-then plans) on effort mobilization during task performance.
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Parks-Stamm et al.Cue Detection and Efficient Response ACTION CONTROL BY IMPLEMENTATION INTENTIONS: EFFECTIVE CUE DETECTION AND EFFICIENT RESPONSE INITIATION
2015Co-Authors: Elizabeth J. Parks–stamm, Peter M. Gollwitzer, Gabriele OettingenAbstract:Past research has demonstrated that implementation intentions (i.e., if–then plans) facilitate Goal Striving by two processes: increasing the acti-vation of the anticipated situational cue (the if–process) and automating the Goal–directed response to that cue (the then–process; Gollwitzer, 1999; Webb & Sheeran, in press). Two studies investigated the implica-tions for the course of Goal Striving guided by implementation intentions. When implementation intentions achieved their effects by facilitating cue identification (the if–process), alternative cues were disregarded (Study 1). On the contrary, when implementation intentions achieved their effects by the automation of the critical response (the then–process), alternative Goal–directed responses were still considered (Study 2). We discuss these results with respect to the functioning of implementation intentions and the use of alternative means in planned Goal pursuit
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planning promotes Goal Striving
Handbook of self-regulation: Research theory and applications 2011 ISBN 9781606239483 págs. 162-186, 2011Co-Authors: Peter M. Gollwitzer, Gabriele OettingenAbstract:d etermining the factors that promote successful Goal Striving is one of the fundamental questions studied by selfregulation and motivation researchers (Bargh, Gollwitzer, & Oettingen, 2010; Gollwitzer & Moskowitz, 1996; Oettingen & Gollwitzer, 2001). A number of theories, and supporting empirical data, suggest that the type of Goal chosen and the commitment to that Goal are important determinants in whether an individual carries out the behaviors necessary for Goal attainment (e.g., Ajzen, 1985; Bandura, 1997; Carver & Scheier, 1998; Elliot, 2008; Locke & Latham, 2006; Molden & Dweck, 2006; Oettingen, Pak, & Schnetter, 2001). Within these models, choosing or accepting a Goal or standard is the central act of will in the pursuit of Goals. We agree with this contention but argue in this chapter that further acts of will should facilitate Goal attainment, in particular, when Goal Striving is confronted with implemental problems (e.g., difficulties getting started because of failure to use opportunities to do so; sticking to ongoing Goal Striving in the face of distractions, temptations, and competing Goals). Such acts of will can take the form of making plans that specify when, where, and how an instrumental Goaldirected response is to be enacted. More specifically, the person may take control over (i.e., selfregulate) Goal Striving by making if–then plans (i.e., form implementation intentions) that specify an anticipated critical situation and link it to an instrumental Goaldirected response.
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making sense of one s actions in an explanatory vacuum the interpretation of nonconscious Goal Striving
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2010Co-Authors: Elizabeth J Parksstamm, Peter M. Gollwitzer, Gabriele OettingenAbstract:Previous research has found that performing norm-violating behaviors based on a nonconsciously-activated Goal elicits negative affect (Oettingen, Grant, Smith, Skinner, & Gollwitzer, 2006). In the present research we explored whether this negative affect is eliminated when an earlier conscious Goal with congruent behavioral effects can be used to explain the norm-violating behavior. Our findings suggest that applicable conscious Goals are indeed used to interpret nonconsciously-activated Goal Striving (Study 1), and that this interpretation occurs reflexively rather than reflectively (Study 2), with implications for interpersonal behavior (Study 3). The role of social norms, applicable conscious Goals, and negative affect in the interpretation of nonconscious Goal pursuit is discussed.
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making Goal pursuit effective expectancy dependent Goal setting and planned Goal Striving
Sydney Symposium of Social Psychology 10 University of New South Wales Sydney Australia; 1.Portions of this research were presented at the aforementio, 2009Co-Authors: Gabriele Oettingen, Peter M. GollwitzerAbstract:Setting Goals 129 Effective Goal Setting: The Strategy of Mental Contrasting 129 Empirical Evidence 130 Mechanisms of Mental Contrasting 132 Summary 135 Implementing Set Goals 135 The Distinction Between Goal Intentions and Implementation Intentions 135 Implementation Intentions and Solving Problems of Goal Striving 136 Summary 139 An Intervention to Facilitate Effective Goal Pursuit: Combining Mental Contrasting and Implementation Intentions (MCII) 139 Effects on Health Behavior in Middle-Aged Professional Women 140 Increasing Self-Discipline and Self-Esteem in College Students 140 Summary 141 Conclusion 142 References 142
Lashaunta M Glover - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a longitudinal evaluation of Goal Striving stress and sleep duration among african americans in the jackson heart study
Psychosomatic Medicine, 2021Co-Authors: Loretta R Cainshields, Lashaunta M Glover, Dayna A Johnson, Mario SimsAbstract:OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to assess the association between changes in Goal-Striving stress (GSS) and changes in sleep duration in African Americans (AAs) and to determine if the association varies by sex, age, and/or educational attainment. METHODS We completed a longitudinal analysis using exam 1 (2000-2004, n = 5306) and exam 3 (2009-2013, n = 3819) data from the Jackson Heart Study (JHS), with a final sample of 3500. Changes in GSS and changes in sleep duration were calculated by subtracting exam 1 GSS from exam 3 GSS. Mean differences [β(beta (standard error-SE)) between changes in GSS and changes in sleep duration were assessed using linear regression models that adjusted for length of follow-up, socio-demographics, health behaviors/risk factors, and stressors. RESULTS In the fully-adjusted models, the increase in GSS from exam 1 to exam 3 was associated with a decrease in sleep duration (minutes) from exam 1 to exam 3 in the overall cohort [β = -7.72 (2.44), p < 0.002], in high school graduates [β = -21.23 (5.63), p < 0.001], and in college graduates [β = -7.57 (3.75), p = 0.044] but not in those with less than a high school education [β = 1.49 (8.35), p = 0.86] or those who attended college but did not graduate [β = 0.44 (4.94), p = 0.93]. CONCLUSION Changes in GSS were inversely associated with changes in sleep duration over a mean period of 8 years in AA subgroups. Interventions that reduce stress related to Goal Striving should be considered to help improve sleep health in AAs.
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association between Goal Striving stress and rapid kidney function decline among african americans the jackson heart study
Journal of Investigative Medicine, 2021Co-Authors: Loretta R Cainshields, Lashaunta M Glover, Bessie A Young, Mario SimsAbstract:African Americans (AAs) are disproportionately affected by kidney disease and also report higher psychosocial stressors than other racial groups. Goal-Striving stress (GSS) is an understudied psychosocial stressor related to attempting to accomplish one's life Goals. Given the numerous social determinants that contribute to health inequities among AAs, stress from Goal Striving may also disproportionately affect the health of AAs and in particular kidney disease outcomes. The objective of this study was to explore the association between GSS and rapid kidney function decline (RKFD) in an AA cohort. Using examination 1 (2000-2004) and examination 3 (2009-2013) data from the Jackson Heart Study (n=2630), we examined associations of baseline levels of GSS with RKFD among AAs using multivariable Poisson regression models, adjusting for sociodemographics, health behaviors, chronic disease and discrimination. We also explored baseline cortisol as a mediator. The incidence of RKFD in this sample was 7.34% (mean years of follow-up: 8.06±0.84 years). The mean GSS score was 3.80 (±4.88) and total GSS score ranged from 0 to 36. Those who reported high (vs low) GSS were 1.60 times more likely to experience RKFD after full adjustment (incidence rate ratio (IRR) 1.60; 95% CI 1.11 to 2.14, p=0.01). After confirming cortisol as a mediator and adding it to the model, those who reported high (vs low) GSS had 1.58 times the rate of RKFD (IRR 1.58; 95% CI 1.09 to 2.30, p=0.0153). Stress related to not achieving Goals was associated with a greater risk of RKFD in this sample of AAs.
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Goal Striving stress and incident cardiovascular disease in blacks the jackson heart study
Journal of the American Heart Association, 2020Co-Authors: Lashaunta M Glover, Loretta R Cainshields, Tanya M Spruill, Emily C Obrien, Sharrelle Barber, Laura R Loehr, Mario SimsAbstract:Background Goal‐Striving stress (GSS), the stress from Striving for Goals, is associated with poor health. Less is known about its association with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Methods and Results...
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the association of Goal Striving stress with sleep duration and sleep quality among african americans in the jackson heart study
Sleep Health, 2020Co-Authors: Loretta R Cainshields, Lashaunta M Glover, Dayna A Johnson, Mario SimsAbstract:Abstract Background African Americans (AAs) report a higher frequency of certain stressors over their lifetime which may impact biological processes that can impair sleep. For this reason, Goal-Striving stress (GSS), the difference between aspiration and achievement, weighted by disappointment, may contribute to poor sleep quality and suboptimal sleep duration among AAs. Methods We completed a cross-sectional analysis using exam 1 data (2000-2004) from the Jackson Heart Study (JHS) (n=4943). GSS was self-reported and categorized in tertiles of low, moderate, and high. Participants self-reported the number of hours they slept each night and rated their sleep quality as (1) very poor to (5) excellent. Sleep duration categories included the following: short sleep (≤6 hours), normal sleep (7-8 hours) and long sleep (≥ 9 hours). Sleep quality was categorized as high (good/very good/excellent) and low (fair/poor). Relative risk ratios (RRRs 95% confidence intervals-CI) were estimated for sleep duration and sleep quality categories by GSS using logistic regression. Results After full adjustment, there were no significant associations between GSS and sleep duration categories. However, participants who reported high (versus low) GSS had a 20% greater risk (1.20 95% CI: 1.01, 1.43) of low (versus high) sleep quality in the fully adjusted model. Conclusion The stress due to the deficit between Goal aspiration and achievement was associated with poor sleep quality. Future investigations should examine the association of changes in GSS with changes in sleep duration and sleep quality.
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correction to Goal Striving stress is associated with chronic kidney disease among participants in the jackson heart study
Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 2019Co-Authors: Loretta Cain, Lashaunta M Glover, Bessie A Young, Mario SimsAbstract:Please note the following correction in the Methods section of this article: The definition for Goal-Striving stress in the Jackson Heart Study included achievement defined as “where one was in life 10 years ago,” using a 10-point scale.
Loretta R Cainshields - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a longitudinal evaluation of Goal Striving stress and sleep duration among african americans in the jackson heart study
Psychosomatic Medicine, 2021Co-Authors: Loretta R Cainshields, Lashaunta M Glover, Dayna A Johnson, Mario SimsAbstract:OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to assess the association between changes in Goal-Striving stress (GSS) and changes in sleep duration in African Americans (AAs) and to determine if the association varies by sex, age, and/or educational attainment. METHODS We completed a longitudinal analysis using exam 1 (2000-2004, n = 5306) and exam 3 (2009-2013, n = 3819) data from the Jackson Heart Study (JHS), with a final sample of 3500. Changes in GSS and changes in sleep duration were calculated by subtracting exam 1 GSS from exam 3 GSS. Mean differences [β(beta (standard error-SE)) between changes in GSS and changes in sleep duration were assessed using linear regression models that adjusted for length of follow-up, socio-demographics, health behaviors/risk factors, and stressors. RESULTS In the fully-adjusted models, the increase in GSS from exam 1 to exam 3 was associated with a decrease in sleep duration (minutes) from exam 1 to exam 3 in the overall cohort [β = -7.72 (2.44), p < 0.002], in high school graduates [β = -21.23 (5.63), p < 0.001], and in college graduates [β = -7.57 (3.75), p = 0.044] but not in those with less than a high school education [β = 1.49 (8.35), p = 0.86] or those who attended college but did not graduate [β = 0.44 (4.94), p = 0.93]. CONCLUSION Changes in GSS were inversely associated with changes in sleep duration over a mean period of 8 years in AA subgroups. Interventions that reduce stress related to Goal Striving should be considered to help improve sleep health in AAs.
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association between Goal Striving stress and rapid kidney function decline among african americans the jackson heart study
Journal of Investigative Medicine, 2021Co-Authors: Loretta R Cainshields, Lashaunta M Glover, Bessie A Young, Mario SimsAbstract:African Americans (AAs) are disproportionately affected by kidney disease and also report higher psychosocial stressors than other racial groups. Goal-Striving stress (GSS) is an understudied psychosocial stressor related to attempting to accomplish one's life Goals. Given the numerous social determinants that contribute to health inequities among AAs, stress from Goal Striving may also disproportionately affect the health of AAs and in particular kidney disease outcomes. The objective of this study was to explore the association between GSS and rapid kidney function decline (RKFD) in an AA cohort. Using examination 1 (2000-2004) and examination 3 (2009-2013) data from the Jackson Heart Study (n=2630), we examined associations of baseline levels of GSS with RKFD among AAs using multivariable Poisson regression models, adjusting for sociodemographics, health behaviors, chronic disease and discrimination. We also explored baseline cortisol as a mediator. The incidence of RKFD in this sample was 7.34% (mean years of follow-up: 8.06±0.84 years). The mean GSS score was 3.80 (±4.88) and total GSS score ranged from 0 to 36. Those who reported high (vs low) GSS were 1.60 times more likely to experience RKFD after full adjustment (incidence rate ratio (IRR) 1.60; 95% CI 1.11 to 2.14, p=0.01). After confirming cortisol as a mediator and adding it to the model, those who reported high (vs low) GSS had 1.58 times the rate of RKFD (IRR 1.58; 95% CI 1.09 to 2.30, p=0.0153). Stress related to not achieving Goals was associated with a greater risk of RKFD in this sample of AAs.
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Goal Striving stress and incident cardiovascular disease in blacks the jackson heart study
Journal of the American Heart Association, 2020Co-Authors: Lashaunta M Glover, Loretta R Cainshields, Tanya M Spruill, Emily C Obrien, Sharrelle Barber, Laura R Loehr, Mario SimsAbstract:Background Goal‐Striving stress (GSS), the stress from Striving for Goals, is associated with poor health. Less is known about its association with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Methods and Results...
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the association of Goal Striving stress with sleep duration and sleep quality among african americans in the jackson heart study
Sleep Health, 2020Co-Authors: Loretta R Cainshields, Lashaunta M Glover, Dayna A Johnson, Mario SimsAbstract:Abstract Background African Americans (AAs) report a higher frequency of certain stressors over their lifetime which may impact biological processes that can impair sleep. For this reason, Goal-Striving stress (GSS), the difference between aspiration and achievement, weighted by disappointment, may contribute to poor sleep quality and suboptimal sleep duration among AAs. Methods We completed a cross-sectional analysis using exam 1 data (2000-2004) from the Jackson Heart Study (JHS) (n=4943). GSS was self-reported and categorized in tertiles of low, moderate, and high. Participants self-reported the number of hours they slept each night and rated their sleep quality as (1) very poor to (5) excellent. Sleep duration categories included the following: short sleep (≤6 hours), normal sleep (7-8 hours) and long sleep (≥ 9 hours). Sleep quality was categorized as high (good/very good/excellent) and low (fair/poor). Relative risk ratios (RRRs 95% confidence intervals-CI) were estimated for sleep duration and sleep quality categories by GSS using logistic regression. Results After full adjustment, there were no significant associations between GSS and sleep duration categories. However, participants who reported high (versus low) GSS had a 20% greater risk (1.20 95% CI: 1.01, 1.43) of low (versus high) sleep quality in the fully adjusted model. Conclusion The stress due to the deficit between Goal aspiration and achievement was associated with poor sleep quality. Future investigations should examine the association of changes in GSS with changes in sleep duration and sleep quality.