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Erik Steen Jensen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Grain Legume-cereal intercropping enhances the use of soil-derived and biologically fixed nitrogen in temperate agroecosystems. A meta-analysis
European Journal of Agronomy, 2020Co-Authors: Erik Steen Jensen, Elise Pelzer, Marie-helene Jeuffroy, David Makowski, Carolina Rodriguez, Georg Carlsson, Jan-eric Englund, Adam Flöhr, Erik Steen JensenAbstract:Grain Legumes are known for their benefits to deliver ecosystem services on provisioning of protein-rich food and feed, reducing greenhouse gas emissions through the symbiotic nitrogen fixation function and diversification of cropping systems. Intercropping is an agroecological practice in which two or more crop species are grown simultaneously in the same field, thereby maximizing the use of resources to enhance yields in low input systems and the resilience of cropping systems. We quantified the effect of Grain Legume-cereal intercropping on the use of N resources in temperate agroecosystems, focusing on dinitrogen (N 2) fixation and soil-derived nitrogen acquisition using a meta-analysis of 29 field-scale studies. We estimated and compared effects of different in-tercrop compositions (proportion of each species in the intercrops), fertilization rates, crop species, soil properties , and other management practices on the symbiotic N 2 fixation and the acquisition of soil-derived nitrogen by the cereals and Grain Legumes. The proportion of N derived from N 2 fixation was on average 14 % (95 % CI = [11, 16]) higher in intercropped Grain Legumes (76 %) compared to Legume sole crops (66 %). On the other hand, intercropping reduced the amount of N 2 fixed (kg ha −1) by about 15 %, when N 2 fixation in inter-and sole cropped Legumes was expressed at equivalent density by compensating for the sown Legume proportion in in-tercrops relative to their sole crop sowing rate. The results were mainly influenced by the intercrop composition, Legumes species and the method used to quantify N 2 fixation. Soil-derived nitrogen acquisition in intercropped Grain Legumes was significantly reduced (−47 %, 95 % CI = [−56, −36]) compared to sole crop Legumes, expressed at equivalent density, while the soil N acquired by intercropped cereals was much higher (+61 %, 95 % CI = [24, 108]) than in sole crop cereals. Total soil N acquisition (Legume + cereal) was significantly higher in intercrops than in Legume sole crops (+25 %, 95 % CI = [1, 54]), while there was no significant difference between intercrops and cereal sole crops. The meta-analysis confirms and highlights that intercropping consistently stimulates complementary N use between Legumes and cereals by increasing N 2 fixation by Grain le-gumes and increasing soil N acquisition in cereals. Based on the results of this analysis it would be suggested that cropping systems diversification via intercropping can be used for simultaneous production of both cereals and Grain Legumes, while increasing the use of N-sources and reducing external inputs of N fertilizers, thereby enhancing the sustainability of agriculture.
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does intercropping enhance yield stability in arable crop production a meta analysis
European Journal of Agronomy, 2017Co-Authors: Md Raseduzzaman, Erik Steen JensenAbstract:Abstract The adverse effects of climate change are significantly decreasing yield levels and yield stability over time in current monocropping systems. Intercropping (IC), i.e . growing more than one species simultaneously in the same field, often increases resource use efficiency and agricultural productivity compared with growing the component crops solely and can enhance yield stability. This meta-analysis of published IC literature quantified and analysed yield stability in IC compared with the respective sole crops, focusing on the effect of intercrop components ( e.g. cereal-Grain Legume, non-cereal-Grain Legume), experimental patterns ( e.g. experiment over years, experiment over locations), IC design ( e.g. additive and replacement) and climatic zone ( e.g. tropical, subtropical, and temperate). In total, 33 articles were analysed. The coefficient of variation (%CV) of yields was used for assessing yield stability, with lower CV value indicating higher yield stability. The analysis showed that cereal-Grain Legume IC (CV = 22.1) significantly increased yield stability compared with the respective Grain Legume sole crops (CV = 31.7). Moreover, compared with the respective cereal and Legume sole crops, IC in the cereal-Grain Legume systems gave higher yield stability than IC in the non-cereal-Grain Legume systems. Compared with the respective cereal (CV = 25.3) and Legume (CV = 30.3) sole crops, IC (CV = 19.1) in a replacement design had significantly (P
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Ecological principles underlying the increase of productivity achieved by cereal-Grain Legume intercrops in organic farming. A review
Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 2015Co-Authors: Laurent Bedoussac, Guénaëlle Corre-hellou, Erik Steen Jensen, Christophe Naudin, Etienne-pascal Journet, Henrik Hauggaard-nielsen, Loïc Prieur, Eric JustesAbstract:Abstract World population is projected to reach over nine billion by the year 2050, and ensuring food security while mitigating environmental impacts represents a major agricultural challenge. Thus, higher productivity must be reached through sustainable production by taking into account climate change, resources rarefaction like phosphorus and water, and losses of fertile lands. Enhancing crop diversity is increasingly recognized as a crucial lever for sustainable agro-ecological development. Growing Legumes, a major biological nitrogen source, is also a powerful option to reduce synthetic nitrogen fertilizers use and associated fossil energy consumption. Organic farming, which does not allow the use of chemical, is also regarded as one prototype to enhance the sustainability of modern agriculture while decreasing environmental impacts. Here, we review the potential advantages of eco-functional intensification in organic farming by intercropping cereal and Grain Legume species sown and harvested together. Our review is based on a literature analysis reinforced with integration of an original dataset of 58 field experiments conducted since 2001 in contrasted pedo-climatic European conditions in order to generalize the findings and draw up common guidelines. The major points are that intercropping lead to: (i) higher and more stable Grain yield than the mean sole crops (0.33 versus 0.27 kg m−2), (ii) higher cereal protein concentration than in sole crop (11.1 versus 9.8 %), (iii) higher and more stable gross margin than the mean sole crops (702 versus 577 € ha−1) and (iv) improved use of abiotic resources according to species complementarities for light interception and use of both soil mineral nitrogen and atmospheric N2. Intercropping is particularly suited for low-nitrogen availability systems but further mechanistic understanding is required to propose generic crop management procedures. Also, development of this practice must be achieved with the collaboration of value chain actors such as breeders to select cultivars suited to intercropping.
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grass clover undersowing affects nitrogen dynamics in a Grain Legume cereal arable cropping system
Field Crops Research, 2012Co-Authors: Henrik Hauggaardnielsen, Simon Mundus, Erik Steen JensenAbstract:A field experiment was carried out in an arable organic cropping system and included a sequence with sole cropped fababean (Vicia faba L.), lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.), pea (Pisum sativum L.), oat (Avena sativa L.) and pea–oat intercropping with or without an undersown perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) – white clover (Trifolium repens L.) catch crop followed by a first crop of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and second crop of winter triticale (Triticale hexaploide L.). The rotation sequence was repeated twice. Natural 15N abundance techniques were used to determine Grain Legume N2 fixation and 15N labeling technique to determine the fate of pea and oat residue N recovery in the subsequent crop. The subsequent spring wheat and winter triticale crop yields were not significantly affected by the previous main crop, but a significant effect of catch crop undersowing was observed. A higher soil mineral N content in the soil profile without undersown grass-clover increased the spring wheat yield. This effect was circumvented in the subsequent winter triticale, where yields in the treatments with catch crops undersown were significantly greater. The grass-clover catch crop after Grain Legumes had a higher grass proportion before incorporation as compared to grass-clover after oat, which had the greatest clover proportion. The dynamic response of interspecific interactions in the catch crop to the soil mineral N levels is moderating the preceding effect of main crops in the subsequent cereal – and sometimes to a higher degree than the main crop effect. For research involving rotation principles it is recommended to evaluate cumulative effects over several years and not only single seasons.
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Grain Legume cereal intercropping the practical application of diversity competition and facilitation in arable and organic cropping systems
Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 2008Co-Authors: Henrik Hauggaardnielsen, Bjarne Jornsgaard, Julia Kinane, Erik Steen JensenAbstract:Intercropping is the simultaneous cultivation of more than one crop species on the same piece of land and is regarded as the practical application of basic ecological principles such as diversity, competition and facilitation. Field experiments were carried out on a sandy loam soil and a sandy soil in Denmark over three consecutive cropping seasons including dual Grain Legume (pea, faba bean and lupin)–barley intercropping as compared to the respective sole crops (SC). Yield stability of intercrops (IC) was not greater than that of Grain Legume SC, with the exception of the IC containing faba bean. Faba bean and lupin had lower yield stability than pea and fertilized barley. However, the different IC used environmental resources for plant growth up to 50% (LER = 0.91–1.51) more effectively as compared to the respective SC, but with considerable variation over location, years and crops. The SC performance supported the interspecific interactions within the IC stand. On the sandy loam 13% greater Grain yield of pea cv. Agadir (520 g m - 2 ) was observed as compared to cv. Bohatyr. Faba bean and lupin yielded similarly (340 g m - 2 ) in the sandy loam soil, with decreasing yields on the sandy soil (320–270 g m - 2 ). Nitrogen fixation was very constant in Grain Legume SC over species and location, varying from 13.2 to 15.8 g N m - 2 , being lowest in peas and highest in faba bean and lupin. The intercropped Grain Legumes increased the proportion of plant N derived from N2-fixation by on average 10–15% compared to the corresponding SC. However, especially lupin was suppressed when intercropping, with a reduced N2-fixation from 15 to 5–6 g N m - 2 . The IC were particularly effective at suppressing weeds, capturing a greater share of available resources than SC. Weed infestation in the different crops was comparable; however, it tended to be the highest in sole cropped faba bean, lupin and unfertilized barley, where the application of urea to barley reduced the weed infestation by around 50%. Reduction in disease was observed in all IC systems compared to the corresponding SC, with a general disease reduction in the range of 20–40%. For one disease in particular (brown spot on lupin) disease reduction was almost 80% in the IC. Intercropping practices offer many advantages but improved understanding of the ecological mechanisms associated with planned spatial diversity, including additional benefits with associated diversity, is needed to enhance the benefits achieved.
Moritz Reckling - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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re designing organic Grain Legume cropping systems using systems agronomy
European Journal of Agronomy, 2020Co-Authors: Johann Bachinger, Moritz Reckling, Göran Bergkvist, C A Watson, F L StoddardAbstract:Abstract Crop production in Europe is intensive, highly specialized and responsible for some negative environmental impacts, raising questions about the sustainability of agricultural systems. The (re)integration of Grain Legumes into European agricultural systems could contribute to the transition to more sustainable food production. While the general benefits from Legume cultivation are widely known, there is little evidence on how to re-design specific cropping systems with Legumes to make this option more attractive to farmers. The objectives of this study were to describe the constraints and opportunities of Grain Legume production perceived by farmers, explain the agronomic impacts of current Grain Legume cropping, explore technical options to improve Grain Legume agronomy, and to re-design current Grain Legume cropping systems in a participatory process with farmers. A co-design approach was implemented with farmers, advisors and scientists on 25 farms in northern Germany, that were part of two large demonstration networks of about 170 farms supporting Grain Legumes across Germany. We used the DEED research cycle (Describe, Explain, Explore and Design) as a conceptual framework combining on-farm research, crop rotation modelling, and on-station experiments. From it, we identified nine agronomic practices that either were novel or confirmed known strategies under new conditions, to re-design Grain Legume cropping systems at the field and farm level. The practices included (i) inter-row hoeing, (ii) direct seeding into a cover-crop, (iii) species-specific inoculation, (iv) cover crops to reduce leaching, (v) reduced tillage, (vi) soybean for increased gross margins, (vii) cultivars for food and feed use, (viii) flexible irrigation, (ix) Grain Legumes with cover crop to enhance subsequent crop yields. We also demonstrate how to complement knowledge of farmers’ perceptions (Describe step) and formal knowledge from classical on-station experiments and modelling (Explain step) with on-farm research including the local views of farmers (Explore step) to identify tailored options for specific farm contexts rather than prescriptive solutions (Design step) to intensify Legume production. This approach therefore contrasts with traditional methods that are often solely participatory and qualitative or model/experimental-based and quantitative. Hence, our results provide new insights in how to re-design cropping systems using a combination of participatory and quantitative approaches. While participatory approaches are common in developing countries, this study shows their potential in an industrialized context with large-scale farmers in Europe. These novel findings can be used as a starting point for further adaptations of cropping systems and contribute to making Grain Legume production economically and environmentally more sustainable.
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Grain Legume yields are as stable as other spring crops in long-term experiments across northern Europe
Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 2018Co-Authors: Moritz Reckling, Thomas F. Döring, Göran Bergkvist, Frederick L. Stoddard, Christine A. Watson, Sylvia Seddig, Frank-m. Chmielewski, Johann BachingerAbstract:AbstractGrain Legumes produce high-quality protein for food and feed, and potentially contribute to sustainable cropping systems, but they are grown on only 1.5% of European arable land. Low temporal yield stability is one of the reasons held responsible for the low proportion of Grain Legumes, without sufficient quantitative evidence. The objective of this study was to compare the yield stability of Grain Legumes with other crop species in a northern European context and accounting for the effects of scale in the analysis and the data. To avoid aggregation biases in the yield data, we used data from long-term field experiments. The experiments included Grain Legumes (lupin, field pea, and faba bean), other broad-leaved crops, spring, and winter cereals. Experiments were conducted in the UK, Sweden, and Germany. To compare yield stability between Grain Legumes and other crops, we used a scale-adjusted yield stability indicator that accounts for the yield differences between crops following Taylor’s Power Law. Here, we show that temporal yield instability of Grain Legumes (30%) was higher than that of autumn-sown cereals (19%), but lower than that of other spring-sown broad-leaved crops (35%), and only slightly greater than spring-sown cereals (27%). With the scale-adjusted yield stability indicator, we estimated 21% higher yield stability for Grain Legumes compared to a standard stability measure. These novel findings demonstrate that Grain Legume yields are as reliable as those of other spring-sown crops in major production systems of northern Europe, which could influence the current negative perception on Grain Legume cultivation. Initiatives are still needed to improve the crops agronomy to provide higher and more stable yields in future.
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Grain Legume decline and potential recovery in European agriculture: a review
Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 2016Co-Authors: Peter Zander, Sara Preissel, Andrea Bues, Nicole Schläfke, Tom Kuhlman, Johann Bachinger, Sandra Uthes, Moritz Reckling, T.s. Amjath-babu, Fred StoddardAbstract:Sustainable development of agriculture is at the core of agricultural policy debates in Europe. There is a consensus that diversification of cropping would support sustainable development. However, a reduction in Legume cultivation has been observed in the EU during the last decades. This decline has induced, in turn, a deficit of proteins and a reduction of ecosystem services provided by Legumes. Therefore, we analysed the mechanisms that shape agricultural systems to identify leverage points for reviving European Legume production. Specifically, we reviewed the factors that affect the market and non-market value of Legumes and the relevant agricultural policies. We characterized the decline in Legume cropping as an outcome of the dominance of economic forces that favour specialization of production systems over diversification. We found that the value of market outputs of Legumes per unit area is relatively low and volatile, with a 25–78 % variation in pea gross margins, which reduces market competitiveness. We observed that the value of system-internal outputs of Legumes such as the nitrogen fixed, of 130 to 153 kg N ha−1; crop protection services that reduce agrochemical costs, by 20–25 % in cereals; and yield enhancements of subsequent crops, of 0.2 to 1.6 t ha−1 in cereals, are often underestimated. In addition, markets fail to translate external effects of Legumes such as biodiversity enhancement, reduction in emissions, of up to 50 % in N2O, and soil improvements into economic benefits. Current policies support Legumes through selected mechanisms such as ecological focus areas, agri-environmental programmes and sparse coupled support measures. Domestic cultivation of Legumes could be supported through trade policies such as import restrictions on genetically modified soybean or new mechanisms to appreciate non-market outputs including payments for ecosystem services and carbon markets. In addition, development of new value chains, niche markets, scaling-up of plant breeding efforts and dissemination of information is required.
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magnitude and farm economic value of Grain Legume pre crop benefits in europe a review
Field Crops Research, 2015Co-Authors: Sara Preissel, Nicole Schläfke, Moritz Reckling, Peter ZanderAbstract:a b s t r a c t Grain Legume production offers multiple environmental benefits and can enhance sustainability of European farming, but their production area is declining constantly. Grain Legume competitiveness is fre- quently constrained by lower gross margins compared to agronomically suitable cropping alternatives, but it can be improved by appreciating their ability to increase yield of subsequent crop(s) and, poten- tially, to reduce input requirements (fertiliser, biocide, tillage). Information on the magnitude of Grain Legume pre-crop effects is diverse and has not been synthesised for European agriculture. This paper reviews research on pre-crop benefits to yield and input requirements of subsequent crops, and the farm-economic profitability of Grain Legumes in European cropping systems. This includes an analysis of the magnitude of pre-crop benefits to cereal yields measured in 29 experiments in Europe; and 19 studies on Grain Legume gross margins ranging from crop to cropping system level are assessed. In the available studies, yield benefits of Legumes to subsequent crops are highest under low nitrogen fertilisa- tion to subsequent crops and fertilisation can be reduced by 60 kg N ha −1 on average under maintenance of acceptable yields. With the aim at maximising yield potential, nitrogen fertilisation following Grain Legumes can be reduced by 23-31 kg ha −1 , and cereal yields are mostly 0.5-1.6 Mg ha −1 higher than after cereal pre-crops. With adequate estimates of pre-crop benefits, gross margins of full crop rotations can better assess Grain Legume competitiveness. In the studies reviewed, 35 of 53 modelled crop rotations with Grain Legumes were competitive with comparable non-Legume rotations. Grain Legume rotations were more competitive under conservation tillage systems if gross margin calculations accounted for cost sav- ings arising from adjusted machinery requirements. In conclusion, Grain Legume pre-crop value is a crucial component of their farm-economic profitability in European cropping systems, but further experimental research is required to ascertain its magnitude. Expanding profitability measures to consider pre-crop effects substantially increases the number of situations where Grain Legumes can compete with cereals, and has a small positive effect on their competitiveness with alternative break crops. Besides a better consideration of the pre-crop value, further genetic and agronomic improvement in Legume cropping, supportive market development, and policy support are required if Europe is to utilise environmental benefits of Legumes and increase the sustainability of its farming.
Johann Bachinger - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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re designing organic Grain Legume cropping systems using systems agronomy
European Journal of Agronomy, 2020Co-Authors: Johann Bachinger, Moritz Reckling, Göran Bergkvist, C A Watson, F L StoddardAbstract:Abstract Crop production in Europe is intensive, highly specialized and responsible for some negative environmental impacts, raising questions about the sustainability of agricultural systems. The (re)integration of Grain Legumes into European agricultural systems could contribute to the transition to more sustainable food production. While the general benefits from Legume cultivation are widely known, there is little evidence on how to re-design specific cropping systems with Legumes to make this option more attractive to farmers. The objectives of this study were to describe the constraints and opportunities of Grain Legume production perceived by farmers, explain the agronomic impacts of current Grain Legume cropping, explore technical options to improve Grain Legume agronomy, and to re-design current Grain Legume cropping systems in a participatory process with farmers. A co-design approach was implemented with farmers, advisors and scientists on 25 farms in northern Germany, that were part of two large demonstration networks of about 170 farms supporting Grain Legumes across Germany. We used the DEED research cycle (Describe, Explain, Explore and Design) as a conceptual framework combining on-farm research, crop rotation modelling, and on-station experiments. From it, we identified nine agronomic practices that either were novel or confirmed known strategies under new conditions, to re-design Grain Legume cropping systems at the field and farm level. The practices included (i) inter-row hoeing, (ii) direct seeding into a cover-crop, (iii) species-specific inoculation, (iv) cover crops to reduce leaching, (v) reduced tillage, (vi) soybean for increased gross margins, (vii) cultivars for food and feed use, (viii) flexible irrigation, (ix) Grain Legumes with cover crop to enhance subsequent crop yields. We also demonstrate how to complement knowledge of farmers’ perceptions (Describe step) and formal knowledge from classical on-station experiments and modelling (Explain step) with on-farm research including the local views of farmers (Explore step) to identify tailored options for specific farm contexts rather than prescriptive solutions (Design step) to intensify Legume production. This approach therefore contrasts with traditional methods that are often solely participatory and qualitative or model/experimental-based and quantitative. Hence, our results provide new insights in how to re-design cropping systems using a combination of participatory and quantitative approaches. While participatory approaches are common in developing countries, this study shows their potential in an industrialized context with large-scale farmers in Europe. These novel findings can be used as a starting point for further adaptations of cropping systems and contribute to making Grain Legume production economically and environmentally more sustainable.
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Grain Legume yields are as stable as other spring crops in long-term experiments across northern Europe
Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 2018Co-Authors: Moritz Reckling, Thomas F. Döring, Göran Bergkvist, Frederick L. Stoddard, Christine A. Watson, Sylvia Seddig, Frank-m. Chmielewski, Johann BachingerAbstract:AbstractGrain Legumes produce high-quality protein for food and feed, and potentially contribute to sustainable cropping systems, but they are grown on only 1.5% of European arable land. Low temporal yield stability is one of the reasons held responsible for the low proportion of Grain Legumes, without sufficient quantitative evidence. The objective of this study was to compare the yield stability of Grain Legumes with other crop species in a northern European context and accounting for the effects of scale in the analysis and the data. To avoid aggregation biases in the yield data, we used data from long-term field experiments. The experiments included Grain Legumes (lupin, field pea, and faba bean), other broad-leaved crops, spring, and winter cereals. Experiments were conducted in the UK, Sweden, and Germany. To compare yield stability between Grain Legumes and other crops, we used a scale-adjusted yield stability indicator that accounts for the yield differences between crops following Taylor’s Power Law. Here, we show that temporal yield instability of Grain Legumes (30%) was higher than that of autumn-sown cereals (19%), but lower than that of other spring-sown broad-leaved crops (35%), and only slightly greater than spring-sown cereals (27%). With the scale-adjusted yield stability indicator, we estimated 21% higher yield stability for Grain Legumes compared to a standard stability measure. These novel findings demonstrate that Grain Legume yields are as reliable as those of other spring-sown crops in major production systems of northern Europe, which could influence the current negative perception on Grain Legume cultivation. Initiatives are still needed to improve the crops agronomy to provide higher and more stable yields in future.
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Grain Legume decline and potential recovery in European agriculture: a review
Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 2016Co-Authors: Peter Zander, Sara Preissel, Andrea Bues, Nicole Schläfke, Tom Kuhlman, Johann Bachinger, Sandra Uthes, Moritz Reckling, T.s. Amjath-babu, Fred StoddardAbstract:Sustainable development of agriculture is at the core of agricultural policy debates in Europe. There is a consensus that diversification of cropping would support sustainable development. However, a reduction in Legume cultivation has been observed in the EU during the last decades. This decline has induced, in turn, a deficit of proteins and a reduction of ecosystem services provided by Legumes. Therefore, we analysed the mechanisms that shape agricultural systems to identify leverage points for reviving European Legume production. Specifically, we reviewed the factors that affect the market and non-market value of Legumes and the relevant agricultural policies. We characterized the decline in Legume cropping as an outcome of the dominance of economic forces that favour specialization of production systems over diversification. We found that the value of market outputs of Legumes per unit area is relatively low and volatile, with a 25–78 % variation in pea gross margins, which reduces market competitiveness. We observed that the value of system-internal outputs of Legumes such as the nitrogen fixed, of 130 to 153 kg N ha−1; crop protection services that reduce agrochemical costs, by 20–25 % in cereals; and yield enhancements of subsequent crops, of 0.2 to 1.6 t ha−1 in cereals, are often underestimated. In addition, markets fail to translate external effects of Legumes such as biodiversity enhancement, reduction in emissions, of up to 50 % in N2O, and soil improvements into economic benefits. Current policies support Legumes through selected mechanisms such as ecological focus areas, agri-environmental programmes and sparse coupled support measures. Domestic cultivation of Legumes could be supported through trade policies such as import restrictions on genetically modified soybean or new mechanisms to appreciate non-market outputs including payments for ecosystem services and carbon markets. In addition, development of new value chains, niche markets, scaling-up of plant breeding efforts and dissemination of information is required.
Kadambot H M Siddique - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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response of Grain Legume species to terminal drought in timor leste
2020Co-Authors: Marcal Gusmao, Kadambot H M Siddique, Delfim Da Costa, Angelo Da Costa Freitas, Robert WilliamsAbstract:Growth, development and yield of three-Grain Legumes (mung bean [F1], soybean [F2] and grass pea [F3]) following rice crop to enhance Grain production was studied in a paddy field in the northern Timor-Leste. A split plot design was used with three water treatments (well-watered [W0], water withheld at flowering [W1] and after germination [W2]). Interaction between water treatments and species on dry matter production (p < 0.001) and seed yield (p = 0.005) was observed. In control, the highest seed yield was F1 (1.2 t/ha) followed by F2 (1.1 t/ha) and F3 (0.4 t/ha) respectively. There was a steady reduction in seed yield in F1 from W0 to W2, but almost fifty percent reduction in F2 under W1 and W2 compared to W0. F3 had little difference between water treatments. The W1 and W2 reduced number of filled pods per plant in all species compared to control (W0). Between the species, F3 had the highest filled pods per plant followed by F2 and F3. The W1 and W2 reduced seeds per pod of F1; however, it did not effect F2 and F3. There were interactions between water treatment and species on 100 seeds weight. The heaviest seeds were in F2 in the control plants, but in the F2 drought treatments (W1 and W2) seed weight were less than F3. The lowest seed weight was in F1, but there was no impact of the terminal droughts on its seed weight.
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root trait diversity molecular marker diversity and trait marker associations in a core collection of lupinus angustifolius
Journal of Experimental Botany, 2016Co-Authors: Kadambot H M Siddique, Matthew N Nelson, Yinglong Chen, Fucheng Shan, Zed RengelAbstract:Narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) is the predominant Grain Legume crop in southern Australia, contributing half of the total Grain Legume production of Australia. Its yield in Australia is hampered by a range of subsoil constraints. The adaptation of lupin genotypes to subsoil constraints may be improved by selecting for optimal root traits from new and exotic germplasm sources. We assessed root trait diversity and genetic diversity of a core collection of narrow-leafed lupin (111 accessions) using 191 Diversity Arrays Technology (DArT) markers. The genetic relationship among accessions was determined using the admixture model in STRUCTURE. Thirty-eight root-associated traits were characterized, with 21 having coefficient of variation values >0.5. Principal coordinate analysis and cluster analysis of the DArT markers revealed broad diversity among the accessions. An ad hoc statistics calculation resulted in 10 distinct populations with significant differences among and within them (P 10% of phenotypic variation. The genetic variation values ranged from 0 to 7994, with 23 associations having values >240. Root traits such as deeper roots and lateral root proliferation at depth would be useful for this species for improved adaptation to drier soil conditions. This study offers opportunities for discovering useful root traits that can be used to increase the yield of Australian cultivars across variable environmental conditions.
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cool season Grain Legume improvement in australia use of genetic resources
Crop & Pasture Science, 2013Co-Authors: Kadambot H M Siddique, William Erskine, K Hobson, E J Knights, A Leonforte, Tanveer Khan, J G Paull, Robert Redden, Michael MaterneAbstract:The cool-season Grain Legume industry in Australia, comprising field pea (Pisum sativum L.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), faba bean (Vicia faba L.), lentil (Lens culinaris ssp. culinaris Medik.), and narrow-leaf lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.), has emerged in the last 40 years to occupy a significant place in cropping systems. The development of all major Grain Legume crops—including field pea, which has been grown for over 100 years—has been possible through large amounts of genetic resources acquired and utilised in breeding. Initially, several varieties were released directly from these imports, but the past 25 years of Grain Legume breeding has recombined traits for adaptation and yield for various growing regions. Many fungal disease threats have been addressed through resistant germplasm, with varying successes. Some threats, e.g. black spot in field pea caused by Mycosphaerella pinodes (Berk. and Blox.) Vestergr., require continued exploration of germplasm and new technology. The arrival of ascochyta blight in chickpea in Australia threatened to destroy the chickpea industry of southern Australia, but thanks to resistant germplasm, it is now on its way to recovery. Many abiotic stresses including drought, heat, salinity, and soil nutritional toxicities continue to challenge the expansion of the Grain Legume area, but recent research shows that genetic variation in the germplasm may offer new solutions. Just as the availability of genetic resources has been key to successfully addressing many challenges in the past two decades, so it will assist in the future, including adapting to climate change. The acquisition of Grain Legume germplasm from overseas is a direct result of several Australians who fostered collaborations leading to new collection missions enriching the germplasm base for posterity.
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Grain Legume species in low rainfall mediterranean type environments i phenology and seed yield
Field Crops Research, 1997Co-Authors: B D Thomson, Kadambot H M Siddique, M D Barr, J M WilsonAbstract:Abstract The phenology and seed yields of a range of commercially-grown Grain Legume species ( Lupinus albus L. cv. Kiev mutant, L. angustifolius L. cv. Yorrel, Cicer arietinum L. acc. T1587, Lens culinaris Med. acc. ILL6002/cv. Digger, Vicia faba L. cv. Fiord, and P. sativum L. cv. Dundale) were compared with potential new Grain Legume species ( L. atlanticus L. accs P22924/P22927, L. pilosus Murr. acc. P23030, V. narbonensis L. acc. ACT60104, Lathyrus cicera L. acc. 495, L. ochrus (L.) DC acc. 537, L. sativus L. acc. 453, V. benghalensis L. cv. Early purple, and V. sativa L. cv. Languedoc) in low rainfall Mediterranean-type environments of southwestern Australia. Species were compared on fine-textured, neutral to alkaline soils, at two fields sites (Merredin and Mullewa), and in two consecutive growing seasons (1993 and 1994). At Merredin, a section of each trial was irrigated at regular intervals commencing at flowering and ending just before maturity. V. faba and P. sativum were generally the highest yielding Grain Legume species at both field sites, and in the two years that the species were compared (> 200 g/m 2 at Merredin in 1993 and at Mullewa in both years, and > 100 g/m 2 at Merredin in 1994 which had below-average rainfall). Seed yields of V. faba and P. sativum were comparable with or greater than those of wheat. Both Grain Legume species yielded well in the water-limited environments because of their early flowering and podding, which allowed pod filling to occur in winter when temperatures were low and soil moisture conditions were most favourable. This early flowering and podding was matched with vigorous early growth, which laid the potential for a large total biomass. Seed yields of the other commercially-grown Grain Legume species were smaller than those of V. faba and P. sativum . Yields of C. arietinum at Merredin were severely reduced by frost damage in both years, implying that with current cultivars/accessions frosts represent a significant risk to this crop in susceptible areas. None of the potential new Lupinus, Lathyrus , and Vicia species that were tested consistently produced the seed yields of current commercial cultivars of V. faba or P. sativum . Nevertheless, most species produced substantial biomass at maturity at each site, particularly in years of higher rainfall and in irrigated plots (> 425 g/m 2 at Merredin in 1993 and in irrigated plots), confirming their adaptation to fine-textured, neutral to alkaline soils. Low seed yields of species were attributed to later flowering and podding relative to V. faba and P. sativum . Selecting for more rapid crop development in the new Grain Legume species is likely to increase seed yields of these species in the short-season environments of southwestern Australia.
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Grain Legume species in low rainfall mediterranean type environments ii canopy development radiation interception and dry matter production
Field Crops Research, 1997Co-Authors: B D Thomson, Kadambot H M SiddiqueAbstract:Abstract The adaptation of a wide range of Grain Legume species (Lupinus albus L. cv. Kiev mutant, L. angustifolius L. cv. Yorrel, L. atlanticus L. accs. P22924 and P22927, L. pilosus Murr. acc. P23030, Cicer arietinum L. acc. T1587, Lens culinaris Med. acc. ILL6002 and cv. Digger, Vicia faba L. cv. Fiord,V. narbonensis L. acc. ACT60104, Lathyrus cicera L. acc. 495, L. ochrus (L.) DC acc. 537, L. sativus L. acc. 453, P. sativum L. cv. Dundale, V. benghalensis L. cv. Early purple, and V. sativa L. cv. Languedoc) to low-rainfall Mediterranean-type environments of southwestern Australia was examined in relation to canopy development, radiation interception, and dry-matter production. Species were grown at one location, and in two consecutive growing seasons (1993 and 1994). Dry-matter production was large for most species, particularly in 1993 (maximum biomass > 580 g/m2 for all species except L. pilosus) which had above-average rainfall. V. faba and P. sativum developed greater maximum biomass than other species, and this was associated with high crop growth rates (CGR) during the early part of the growing season and large maximum CGR. Other species which produced large maximum biomass (V. narbonensis and L. ochrus in 1993) developed dry matter more slowly during the early stages of plant growth, but achieved maximum CGR similar to those obtained for V. faba and P. sativum. CGR of these species increased rapidly close to flowering as air temperatures began to rise. Species which produced large maximum biomass intercepted a greater amount of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) (r = 0.73* and 0.70** in 1993 and 1994, respectively). There were differences among species in the efficiency with which intercepted PAR was converted into biomass (radiation-use efficiency), but these differences did not closely reflect differences in dry-matter production. Cumulative intercepted PAR was positively correlated with the fraction of incident PAR intercepted by species (r = 0.87** and 0.96** in 1993 and 1994, respectively), but was poorly correlated with cumulative incident PAR. Differences among species in intercepted PAR were therefore not related to differences in the length of time species were intercepting incident PAR (a function of crop phenology). Greater fraction of incident PAR intercepted by species was closely related to green (photosynthetic) area duration (GAD) (r = 0.60* and 0.78* in 1993 and 1994, respectively), but was poorly correlated with the efficiency with which green area intercepted PAR (described by the extinction coefficient). Maximum biomass of species was also closely related to GAD (r = 0.78** and 0.84** in 1993 an 1994, respectively). These results indicate that in low-rainfall Mediterranean-type environments, Grain Legume species should be selected for the development of large green area index (GAI), which should maximise the interception of PAR, production of dry matter, and consequently seed yield of the crop.
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de novo assembly and characterisation of the field pea transcriptome using rna seq
BMC Genomics, 2015Co-Authors: Shimna Sudheesh, Tim Sawbridge, John W Forster, Noel O I Cogan, Peter Kennedy, Sukhjiwan KaurAbstract:Background Field pea (Pisum sativum L.) is a cool-season Grain Legume that is cultivated world-wide for both human consumption and stock-feed purposes. Enhancement of genetic and genomic resources for field pea will permit improved understanding of the control of traits relevant to crop productivity and quality. Advances in second-generation sequencing and associated bioinformatics analysis now provide unprecedented opportunities for the development of such resources. The objective of this study was to perform transcriptome sequencing and characterisation from two genotypes of field pea that differ in terms of seed and plant morphological characteristics.
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transcriptome sequencing of field pea and faba bean for discovery and validation of ssr genetic markers
BMC Genomics, 2012Co-Authors: Sukhjiwan Kaur, Noel O I Cogan, J G Paull, Michael Materne, Luke W Pembleton, Keith Savin, Tony Leonforte, John W ForsterAbstract:Background Field pea (Pisum sativum L.) and faba bean (Vicia faba L.) are cool-season Grain Legume species that provide rich sources of food for humans and fodder for livestock. To date, both species have been relative 'genomic orphans' due to limited availability of genetic and genomic information. A significant enrichment of genomic resources is consequently required in order to understand the genetic architecture of important agronomic traits, and to support germplasm enhancement, genetic diversity, population structure and demographic studies.
