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Joseph L. Smilanick - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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integrated management of postharvest Gray Mold on fruit crops
Postharvest Biology and Technology, 2016Co-Authors: Giuseppe Romanazzi, Joseph L. Smilanick, Erica Feliziani, Samir DrobyAbstract:Abstract Gray Mold, incited by Botrytis cinerea , causes major postharvest losses in a wide range of crops. Some infections that occur in the field remain quiescent during the growing season and develop after harvest. The pathogen is also capable of infecting plant tissues through surface injuries inflicted during harvesting and subsequent handling; these develop during storage, even at 0 °C, and spread among products by aerial mycelial growth and conidia. The postharvest decay by this pathogen is controlled by a combination of preharvest and postharvest practices. To minimize postharvest Gray Mold, control programs rely mainly on applications of fungicides. However, mounting concerns of consumers and regulatory authorities about risks associated with chemical residues in food have led to imposition of strict regulations, the banning of use of certain chemical groups, and preferences by wholesaler, retailers and consumers to avoid chemically treated produce. These developments have driven the search for alternative management strategies that are effective and not reliant on conventional fungicide applications. In this review, conventional and alternative control strategies are discussed including their advantages and disadvantages. They include the use of conventional fungicides, biocontrol agents, physical treatments, natural antimicrobials, and disinfecting agents. Based on examples to control Gray Mold on specific crops, it is concluded that an integrated management program where adoption of a holistic approach is the key for meeting the challenge of minimizing postharvest losses caused by B. cinerea . To optimize the efficacy of treatments, it is essential to understand their mechanism of action as much as possible. Information about direct and indirect effects of each approach on the pathogen is also presented.
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recent advances on the use of natural and safe alternatives to conventional methods to control postharvest Gray Mold of table grapes
Postharvest Biology and Technology, 2012Co-Authors: Giuseppe Romanazzi, Franka Mlikota Gabler, Amnon Lichter, Joseph L. SmilanickAbstract:a b s t r a c t Gray Mold, caused by Botrytis cinerea, is the main postharvest decay of table grapes. It can develop in the vineyard and spread rapidly among berries after harvest, during long distant transport, cold storage and shelf-life. In conventional agriculture, bunches are sprayed with fungicides after flowering, at pre-bunch closure, at veraison, and later, depending on the time of harvest. Harvested bunches are usually stored in the presence of sulfur dioxide. However, the use of synthetic fungicides and of sulfur dioxide is not allowed on organic grapes and the study of alternative methods to control postharvest decay has developed over several decades, along with the demand for safer storage methods. This review summarizes the
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integration of continuous biofumigation with muscodor albus with pre cooling fumigation with ozone or sulfur dioxide to control postharvest Gray Mold of table grapes
Postharvest Biology and Technology, 2010Co-Authors: Franka Mlikota Gabler, Julien Mercier, Jorge Jimenez, Joseph L. SmilanickAbstract:An integrated approach was evaluated that combined biological and chemical fumigation of table grapes to control postharvest Gray Mold caused by Botrytis cinerea. After fumigation of the grapes with ozone or sulfur dioxide during pre-cooling, the fruit were then exposed to continuous biofumigation by the volatile-producing fungus Muscodor albus during storage. Biofumigation was provided by in-package generators containing a live grain culture of the fungus. This grain formulation of M. albus survived the initial ozone or sulfur dioxide fumigation, but sulfur dioxide reduced its production of isobutyric acid, an indicator of the production of antifungal volatiles. Gray Mold incidence was reduced among inoculated ‘Autumn Seedless’ grapes from 91.7 to 19.3% by 1 h fumigation with 5000 LL −1 ozone, and further reduced to 10.0% when ozone fumigation and M. albus biofumigation were combined. The natural incidence of Gray Mold among organically grown ‘Thompson Seedless’ grapes after 1 month of storage at 0.5 ◦ C was 31.0%. Ozone fumigation and M. albus biofumigation reduced the incidence of Gray Mold to 9.7 and 4.4, respectively, while the combined treatment reduced Gray Mold incidence to 3.4%. The use of commercial sulfur dioxide pads reduced the incidence to 1.1%. The combination of ozone and M. albus controlled decay significantly, but was less effective than the standard sulfur dioxide treatments. Although less effective than sulfur dioxide treatment, ozone and M. albus controlled decay significantly, and could be alternatives to sulfur dioxide, particularly for growers complying with organic production requirements.
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influence of fumigation with high concentrations of ozone gas on postharvest Gray Mold and fungicide residues on table grapes
Postharvest Biology and Technology, 2010Co-Authors: Franka Mlikota Gabler, Joseph L. Smilanick, Monir Mansour, Hakan KaracaAbstract:To control postharvest decay, table grapes are commercially fumigated with sulfur dioxide. We evaluated ozone (O3) fumigation with up to 10,000 LL −1 of ozone for up to 2 h to control postharvest Gray Mold of table grapes caused by Botrytis cinerea. Fumigation for 1 h with 2500 or 5000 LL −1 of ozone were equal in effectiveness. Both treatments reduced postharvest Gray Mold among inoculated ‘Thompson Seedless’ grapes by approximately 50% when the grapes were examined after storage fo r7da t 15◦C following fumigation. In a similar experiment, ‘Redglobe’ grapes were stored for 28 d at 0.5 ◦ C following fumigation for 1 h with 2500 or 5000 LL −1 of ozone. Both treatments were equal in effectiveness, but inferior to fumigation with 10,000 LL −1 . Ozone was effective when grapes were inoculated and incubated at 15 ◦ C up to 24 h before fumigation. The cluster rachis sustained minor injuries in some tests, but berries were never harmed. Ozone was applied in three combinations of time and ozone concentration (10,000 LL −1 for 30 min, 5000 LL −1 for 1 h, and 2500 LL −1 for 2 h) where each had a constant concentration × time product (c × t) of 5000 LL −1 × h. The effectiveness of each combination was similar. The incidence of Gray Mold was reduced by approximately 50% among naturally inoculated, organically grown ‘Autumn Seedless’ and ‘Black Seedless’ table grapes, and by 65% among ‘Redglobe’ table grapes, when they were fumigated with 5000 LL −1 ozone for 60 min in a commercial ozone chamber and stored for 6 weeks at
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control of postharvest Gray Mold of table grapes in the san joaquin valley of california by fungicides applied during the growing season
Plant Disease, 2010Co-Authors: Joseph L. Smilanick, Dennis A Margosan, Mlikota F Gabler, Monir Mansour, J HashimbuckeyAbstract:Fungicides applied before harvest were evaluated to control postharvest Gray Mold of table grapes, caused by Botrytis cinerea. The concentrations of thiophanate methyl (THM), iprodione (IPR), cyprodinil (CYP), pyraclostrobin + boscalid (PS+BO), pyrimethanil (PYR), or fenhexamid (FEN) that inhibited the growth of four isolates sensitive to these fungicides by 50% (EC50) were 12.4, 2.5, 0.61, 0.29/0.57, 0.26, or 0.17 mg liter-1, respectively. THM, IPR, CYP, PS+BO, PYR, or FEN were applied to detached 'Thompson Seedless' berries at the equivalent of the maximum approved rates of 600, 500, 270, 59/116, 370, or 290 mg liter-1, respectively, except PS+BO, which were used at 54.2% of their current registered maximum rates. The berries were inoculated with B. cinerea 48 or 24 h before treatment or 24 or 48 h after treatment. Gray Mold 2 weeks after treatment and storage at 15°C was lowest after FEN application, followed by PYR, CYP, IPR, PS+BO, and THM. In commercial vineyards, one application of FEN, PYR, CYP, or PS+BO, all at their current maximum approved rates, 2 weeks before harvest reduced postharvest Gray Mold by approximately 50%. When fungicides were applied repeatedly after berry set either in mixtures or alternated with fungicides of different mode of action classes, postharvest Gray Mold was reduced by about 50% using a commercial air-blast sprayer and by 70 to 87% using a hand-held sprayer that was directed into the clusters. The fungicide sensitivity of isolates collected in numerous vineyards indicated those with reduced sensitivity to all of the tested fungicides, except FEN, were common. The efficacy of preharvest fungicide regimes was not sufficient to replace postharvest sulfur dioxide fumigation.
Giuseppe Romanazzi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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exposure to volatiles of essential oils alone or under hypobaric treatment to control postharvest Gray Mold of table grapes
Postharvest Biology and Technology, 2017Co-Authors: Andrea Servili, Erica Feliziani, Giuseppe RomanazziAbstract:Abstract After harvest, table grapes can easily undergo fungal spoilage, which is mainly caused by Botrytis cinerea , the causal agent of Gray Mold. To reduce such losses, table grapes are usually treated with conventional fungicides during the season, and cold stored in the presence of sulfur dioxide. However, these applications are not permitted in organic agriculture, and at the same time, there is a growing demand from consumers for fresh fruit free from pesticide residues. The application of essential oils and hypobaric treatments are promising alternatives to sulfur dioxide with minimal environmental impacts and limited concerns about human health risks. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness for control of postharvest Gray Mold of table grapes of 24-h exposure to volatiles of essential oils of Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary), Mentha piperita (peppermint), and Thymus vulgaris (thyme) individually and in combinations with hypobaric treatment at 50 kPa (0.5 atm). Exposure to volatiles of rosemary essential oils under atmospheric pressure and hypobaric conditions reduced by around 65% the incidence and McKinney’s Index of Gray Mold for table grapes that were then stored at room temperature for 9 d and 5 d, respectively, or that were stored at 4 °C for 7 d and followed by 3 d shelf life at 20 °C. Peppermint essential oils similarly controlled Gray Mold for grapes stored at room temperature and under hypobaric conditions for 24 h. Panel tasting revealed perception of the essential oils soon after the treatments and 24 h later for grape berries exposed to vapors of rosemary, peppermint, and Lavandula × ibrida (lavender). Then 48 h after treatment, the rosemary and peppermint essential oils were no longer perceived on grapes stored at 4 °C and at 20 °C. Exposure to volatiles of the rosemary and peppermint essential oils alone or in combination with hypobaric treatment might represent an innovative method to control postharvest Gray Mold of table grapes, although at least 48 h were needed between exposure to volatiles of essential oils and presentation to consumers.
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integrated management of postharvest Gray Mold on fruit crops
Postharvest Biology and Technology, 2016Co-Authors: Giuseppe Romanazzi, Joseph L. Smilanick, Erica Feliziani, Samir DrobyAbstract:Abstract Gray Mold, incited by Botrytis cinerea , causes major postharvest losses in a wide range of crops. Some infections that occur in the field remain quiescent during the growing season and develop after harvest. The pathogen is also capable of infecting plant tissues through surface injuries inflicted during harvesting and subsequent handling; these develop during storage, even at 0 °C, and spread among products by aerial mycelial growth and conidia. The postharvest decay by this pathogen is controlled by a combination of preharvest and postharvest practices. To minimize postharvest Gray Mold, control programs rely mainly on applications of fungicides. However, mounting concerns of consumers and regulatory authorities about risks associated with chemical residues in food have led to imposition of strict regulations, the banning of use of certain chemical groups, and preferences by wholesaler, retailers and consumers to avoid chemically treated produce. These developments have driven the search for alternative management strategies that are effective and not reliant on conventional fungicide applications. In this review, conventional and alternative control strategies are discussed including their advantages and disadvantages. They include the use of conventional fungicides, biocontrol agents, physical treatments, natural antimicrobials, and disinfecting agents. Based on examples to control Gray Mold on specific crops, it is concluded that an integrated management program where adoption of a holistic approach is the key for meeting the challenge of minimizing postharvest losses caused by B. cinerea . To optimize the efficacy of treatments, it is essential to understand their mechanism of action as much as possible. Information about direct and indirect effects of each approach on the pathogen is also presented.
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botrytis cinerea Gray Mold
Postharvest Decay#R##N#Control Strategies, 2014Co-Authors: Giuseppe Romanazzi, Erica FelizianiAbstract:Abstract Botrytis cinerea is the causal agent of Gray Mold, and is considered the most important pathogen responsible for postharvest decay of fresh fruit and vegetables, having a wide range of hosts. Infections by B. cinerea that cause postharvest decay usually occur at the field stage, and they can remain latent until storage when B. cinerea can develop from rotted fruit next to healthy fruit, causing extensive breakdown of the commodity, and sometimes spoiling entire lots. The traditional control of Gray Mold infections consists of field applications of synthetic fungicides during the crop growing cycle. However, the high risk of fungal resistance development has led to integrated use of synthetic fungicides with natural compounds or several other non-chemical means. Further studies on plant and pathogen genomes and their interactions will be helpful to obtain new knowledge and then optimize application of management strategies.
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recent advances on the use of natural and safe alternatives to conventional methods to control postharvest Gray Mold of table grapes
Postharvest Biology and Technology, 2012Co-Authors: Giuseppe Romanazzi, Franka Mlikota Gabler, Amnon Lichter, Joseph L. SmilanickAbstract:a b s t r a c t Gray Mold, caused by Botrytis cinerea, is the main postharvest decay of table grapes. It can develop in the vineyard and spread rapidly among berries after harvest, during long distant transport, cold storage and shelf-life. In conventional agriculture, bunches are sprayed with fungicides after flowering, at pre-bunch closure, at veraison, and later, depending on the time of harvest. Harvested bunches are usually stored in the presence of sulfur dioxide. However, the use of synthetic fungicides and of sulfur dioxide is not allowed on organic grapes and the study of alternative methods to control postharvest decay has developed over several decades, along with the demand for safer storage methods. This review summarizes the
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effect of chitosan dissolved in different acids on its ability to control postharvest Gray Mold of table grape
Phytopathology, 2009Co-Authors: Giuseppe Romanazzi, Bruce E. Mackey, Franka Mlikota Gabler, Dennis A Margosan, Joeseph L SmilanickAbstract:ABSTRACT Chitosan is a natural biopolymer that must be dissolved in an acid solution to activate its antimicrobial and eliciting properties. Among 15 acids tested, chitosan dissolved in 1% solutions of acetic, L-ascorbic, formic, L-glutamic, hydrochloric, lactic, maleic, malic, phosphorous, and succinic acid. To control Gray Mold, table grape berries were immersed for 10 s in these chitosan solutions that had been adjusted to pH 5.6. The reduction in decay among single berries of several cultivars (Thompson Seedless, Autumn Seedless, and grape selection B36-55) inoculated with Botrytis cinerea at 1 × 105 conidia/ml before or after immersion in chitosan acetate or formate, followed by storage at 15°C for 10 days, was ≈70%. The acids alone at pH 5.6 did not control Gray Mold. Decay among clusters of two cultivars (Thompson Seedless and Crimson Seedless) inoculated before treatment was reduced ≈60% after immersion in chitosan lactate or chitosan acetate followed by storage for 60 days at 0.5°C. The viscosity...
Tatiana Giraud - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The 'Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde fungus': noble rot versus Gray Mold symptoms of Botrytis cinerea on grapes.
Evolutionary applications, 2013Co-Authors: Elisabeth Fournier, Pierre Gladieux, Tatiana GiraudAbstract:Many cryptic species have recently been discovered in fungi, especially in fungal plant pathogens. Cryptic fungal species co-occurring in sympatry may occupy slightly different ecological niches, for example infecting the same crop plant but specialized on different organs or having different phenologies. Identifying cryptic species in fungal pathogens of crops and determining their ecological specialization are therefore crucial for disease management. Here, we addressed this question in the ascomycete Botrytis cinerea, the agent of Gray Mold on a wide range of plants. On grape, B. cinerea causes severe damage but is also responsible for noble rot used for processing sweet wines. We used microsatellite genotyping and clustering methods to elucidate whether isolates sampled on Gray Mold versus noble rot symptoms in three French regions belong to genetically differentiated populations. The inferred population structure matched geography rather than the type of symptom. Noble rot symptoms therefore do not seem to be caused by a specific B. cinerea population but instead seem to depend essentially on microclimatic conditions, which has applied consequences for the production of sweet wines.
Elisabeth Fournier - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The 'Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde fungus': noble rot versus Gray Mold symptoms of Botrytis cinerea on grapes.
Evolutionary applications, 2013Co-Authors: Elisabeth Fournier, Pierre Gladieux, Tatiana GiraudAbstract:Many cryptic species have recently been discovered in fungi, especially in fungal plant pathogens. Cryptic fungal species co-occurring in sympatry may occupy slightly different ecological niches, for example infecting the same crop plant but specialized on different organs or having different phenologies. Identifying cryptic species in fungal pathogens of crops and determining their ecological specialization are therefore crucial for disease management. Here, we addressed this question in the ascomycete Botrytis cinerea, the agent of Gray Mold on a wide range of plants. On grape, B. cinerea causes severe damage but is also responsible for noble rot used for processing sweet wines. We used microsatellite genotyping and clustering methods to elucidate whether isolates sampled on Gray Mold versus noble rot symptoms in three French regions belong to genetically differentiated populations. The inferred population structure matched geography rather than the type of symptom. Noble rot symptoms therefore do not seem to be caused by a specific B. cinerea population but instead seem to depend essentially on microclimatic conditions, which has applied consequences for the production of sweet wines.
Franka Mlikota Gabler - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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recent advances on the use of natural and safe alternatives to conventional methods to control postharvest Gray Mold of table grapes
Postharvest Biology and Technology, 2012Co-Authors: Giuseppe Romanazzi, Franka Mlikota Gabler, Amnon Lichter, Joseph L. SmilanickAbstract:a b s t r a c t Gray Mold, caused by Botrytis cinerea, is the main postharvest decay of table grapes. It can develop in the vineyard and spread rapidly among berries after harvest, during long distant transport, cold storage and shelf-life. In conventional agriculture, bunches are sprayed with fungicides after flowering, at pre-bunch closure, at veraison, and later, depending on the time of harvest. Harvested bunches are usually stored in the presence of sulfur dioxide. However, the use of synthetic fungicides and of sulfur dioxide is not allowed on organic grapes and the study of alternative methods to control postharvest decay has developed over several decades, along with the demand for safer storage methods. This review summarizes the
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influence of fumigation with high concentrations of ozone gas on postharvest Gray Mold and fungicide residues on table grapes
Postharvest Biology and Technology, 2010Co-Authors: Franka Mlikota Gabler, Joseph L. Smilanick, Monir Mansour, Hakan KaracaAbstract:To control postharvest decay, table grapes are commercially fumigated with sulfur dioxide. We evaluated ozone (O3) fumigation with up to 10,000 LL −1 of ozone for up to 2 h to control postharvest Gray Mold of table grapes caused by Botrytis cinerea. Fumigation for 1 h with 2500 or 5000 LL −1 of ozone were equal in effectiveness. Both treatments reduced postharvest Gray Mold among inoculated ‘Thompson Seedless’ grapes by approximately 50% when the grapes were examined after storage fo r7da t 15◦C following fumigation. In a similar experiment, ‘Redglobe’ grapes were stored for 28 d at 0.5 ◦ C following fumigation for 1 h with 2500 or 5000 LL −1 of ozone. Both treatments were equal in effectiveness, but inferior to fumigation with 10,000 LL −1 . Ozone was effective when grapes were inoculated and incubated at 15 ◦ C up to 24 h before fumigation. The cluster rachis sustained minor injuries in some tests, but berries were never harmed. Ozone was applied in three combinations of time and ozone concentration (10,000 LL −1 for 30 min, 5000 LL −1 for 1 h, and 2500 LL −1 for 2 h) where each had a constant concentration × time product (c × t) of 5000 LL −1 × h. The effectiveness of each combination was similar. The incidence of Gray Mold was reduced by approximately 50% among naturally inoculated, organically grown ‘Autumn Seedless’ and ‘Black Seedless’ table grapes, and by 65% among ‘Redglobe’ table grapes, when they were fumigated with 5000 LL −1 ozone for 60 min in a commercial ozone chamber and stored for 6 weeks at
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integration of continuous biofumigation with muscodor albus with pre cooling fumigation with ozone or sulfur dioxide to control postharvest Gray Mold of table grapes
Postharvest Biology and Technology, 2010Co-Authors: Franka Mlikota Gabler, Julien Mercier, Jorge Jimenez, Joseph L. SmilanickAbstract:An integrated approach was evaluated that combined biological and chemical fumigation of table grapes to control postharvest Gray Mold caused by Botrytis cinerea. After fumigation of the grapes with ozone or sulfur dioxide during pre-cooling, the fruit were then exposed to continuous biofumigation by the volatile-producing fungus Muscodor albus during storage. Biofumigation was provided by in-package generators containing a live grain culture of the fungus. This grain formulation of M. albus survived the initial ozone or sulfur dioxide fumigation, but sulfur dioxide reduced its production of isobutyric acid, an indicator of the production of antifungal volatiles. Gray Mold incidence was reduced among inoculated ‘Autumn Seedless’ grapes from 91.7 to 19.3% by 1 h fumigation with 5000 LL −1 ozone, and further reduced to 10.0% when ozone fumigation and M. albus biofumigation were combined. The natural incidence of Gray Mold among organically grown ‘Thompson Seedless’ grapes after 1 month of storage at 0.5 ◦ C was 31.0%. Ozone fumigation and M. albus biofumigation reduced the incidence of Gray Mold to 9.7 and 4.4, respectively, while the combined treatment reduced Gray Mold incidence to 3.4%. The use of commercial sulfur dioxide pads reduced the incidence to 1.1%. The combination of ozone and M. albus controlled decay significantly, but was less effective than the standard sulfur dioxide treatments. Although less effective than sulfur dioxide treatment, ozone and M. albus controlled decay significantly, and could be alternatives to sulfur dioxide, particularly for growers complying with organic production requirements.
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effect of chitosan dissolved in different acids on its ability to control postharvest Gray Mold of table grape
Phytopathology, 2009Co-Authors: Giuseppe Romanazzi, Bruce E. Mackey, Franka Mlikota Gabler, Dennis A Margosan, Joeseph L SmilanickAbstract:ABSTRACT Chitosan is a natural biopolymer that must be dissolved in an acid solution to activate its antimicrobial and eliciting properties. Among 15 acids tested, chitosan dissolved in 1% solutions of acetic, L-ascorbic, formic, L-glutamic, hydrochloric, lactic, maleic, malic, phosphorous, and succinic acid. To control Gray Mold, table grape berries were immersed for 10 s in these chitosan solutions that had been adjusted to pH 5.6. The reduction in decay among single berries of several cultivars (Thompson Seedless, Autumn Seedless, and grape selection B36-55) inoculated with Botrytis cinerea at 1 × 105 conidia/ml before or after immersion in chitosan acetate or formate, followed by storage at 15°C for 10 days, was ≈70%. The acids alone at pH 5.6 did not control Gray Mold. Decay among clusters of two cultivars (Thompson Seedless and Crimson Seedless) inoculated before treatment was reduced ≈60% after immersion in chitosan lactate or chitosan acetate followed by storage for 60 days at 0.5°C. The viscosity...
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effect of chitosan dissolved in different acids on its ability to control postharvest Gray Mold of table grape
Phytopathology, 2009Co-Authors: Giuseppe Romanazzi, Bruce E. Mackey, Franka Mlikota Gabler, D A Margosan, Joseph L. SmilanickAbstract:Chitosan is a natural biopolymer that must be dissolved in an acid solution to activate its antimicrobial and eliciting properties. Among 15 acids tested, chitosan dissolved in 1% solutions of acetic, L-ascorbic, formic, L-glutamic, hydrochloric, lactic, maleic, malic, phosphorous, and succinic acid. To control Gray Mold, table grape berries were immersed for 10 s in these chitosan solutions that had been adjusted to pH 5.6. The reduction in decay among single berries of several cultivars (Thompson Seedless, Autumn Seedless, and grape selection B36-55) inoculated with Botrytis cinerea at 1 x 10(5) conidia/ml before or after immersion in chitosan acetate or formate, followed by storage at 15 degrees C for 10 days, was approximately 70%. The acids alone at pH 5.6 did not control Gray Mold. Decay among clusters of two cultivars (Thompson Seedless and Crimson Seedless) inoculated before treatment was reduced approximately 60% after immersion in chitosan lactate or chitosan acetate followed by storage for 60 days at 0.5 degrees C. The viscosity of solutions was 1.9 centipoises (cp) (ascorbate) to 306.4 cp (maleicate) and the thickness of chitosan coating on berries was 4.4 microm (acetate) to 15.4 microm (ascorbate), neither of which was correlated with solution effectiveness. Chitosan acetate was the most effective treatment which effectively reduced Gray Mold at cold and ambient storage temperatures, decreased CO2 and O2 exchange, and did not injure the grape berries.
