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Raymond A. Cloyd - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Effects of Predators on the Belowground Life Stages (Prepupae and Pupae) of the Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thripidae: Thysanoptera): A Review
2019Co-Authors: Raymond A. CloydAbstract:Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, is a major cosmopolitan insect pest causing direct and indirect damage to Greenhouse-grown horticultural crops. The primary way of managing western flower thrips populations is by routinely applying insecticides, which target the aboveground life stages: larvae and adult. However, insecticides are minimally effective against the pupal stages (prepupae and pupae) that reside in the growing medium or soil. Therefore, soil-dwelling biological control agents including: predatory mites [Stratiolaelaps scimitus and Hypoaspis = (Geolaelaps) aculeifer], and a rove beetle, Dalotia coriaria may be a viable option to induce mortality on the pupal stages. These predators will feed on the pupal stages of the western flower thrips and can provide mortality on a life stage that is tolerant of insecticide applications. However, these biological control agents need to be used in conjunction with other plant protection strategies, such as insecticides and/or biological control agents that target the aboveground life stages (larvae and adult) to effectively manage western flower thrips populations in Greenhouse Production systems.
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Effect of Integrating the Entomopathogenic Fungus (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) and the Rove Beetle (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) in Suppressing Western Flower Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Populations Under Greenhouse Conditions.
Journal of economic entomology, 2019Co-Authors: Raymond A. Cloyd, Nora M. BelloAbstract:Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), is a destructive insect pest in Greenhouse Production systems. Therefore, integrating the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin, with the soil-dwelling rove beetle, Dalotia coriaria (Kraatz), targeting different aboveground and belowground life stages may help effectively manage western flower thrips populations. Two Greenhouse experiments were conducted evaluating five treatments: 1) insecticides (spinosad, pyridalyl, chlorfenapyr, and abamectin), 2) B. bassiana, 3) D. coriaria, 4) B. bassiana and D. coriaria combination, and 5) water control. The estimated mean number of western flower thrips adults captured on yellow sticky cards was significantly lower for the insecticide treatment (mean range: 0-46 western flower thrips adults per yellow sticky card) than the B. bassiana and D. coriaria combination (0.3-105.1 western flower thrips per yellow card) over 8 wk. There were no significant differences in the final foliar damage ratings of chrysanthemum, Dendranthema × grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitam., plants among the five treatments in experiment 1, but there were significant differences in experiment 2. In experiment 2, chrysanthemum plants across all treatments were not marketable due to western flower thrips feeding damage. Therefore, using B. bassiana and D. coriaria early in Production should suppress population growth by targeting both foliar-feeding and soil-dwelling life stages of western flower thrips simultaneously.
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Ecology of Fungus Gnats (Bradysia spp.) in Greenhouse Production Systems Associated with Disease-Interactions and Alternative Management Strategies
Insects, 2015Co-Authors: Raymond A. CloydAbstract:Fungus gnats (Bradysia spp.) are major insect pests of Greenhouse-grown horticultural crops mainly due to the direct feeding damage caused by the larvae, and the ability of larvae to transmit certain soil-borne plant pathogens. Currently, insecticides and biological control agents are being used successively to deal with fungus gnat populations in Greenhouse Production systems. However, these strategies may only be effective as long as Greenhouse producers also implement alternative management strategies such as cultural, physical, and sanitation. This includes elimination of algae, and plant and growing medium debris; placing physical barriers onto the growing medium surface; and using materials that repel fungus gnat adults. This article describes the disease-interactions associated with fungus gnats and foliar and soil-borne diseases, and the alternative management strategies that should be considered by Greenhouse producers in order to alleviate problems with fungus gnats in Greenhouse Production systems.
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western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis management on ornamental crops grown in Greenhouses have we reached an impasse
2009Co-Authors: Raymond A. CloydAbstract:Western flower thrips, Franklinella occidentalis (Pergande) is considered the most destructive insect pest of Greenhouse-grown crops due to direct feeding damage to plant parts such as foliage and flowers, and indirect damage by vectoring the tospoviruses; impatiens necrotic spot and tomato spotted wilt virus. Furthermore, western flower thrips (WFT) is difficult to manage in Greenhouse Production systems due to a number of factors including broad range of ornamental plants fed upon, high female reproductive capacity, rapid life cycle (egg to adult), residence in cryptic habitats such as unopened terminal buds that protect them from exposure to contact insecticides, and resistance to various insecticide chemical classes. As such, the management of WFT involves a holistic or complex approach including the concurrent implementation of scouting, cultural, physical, insecticidal, and biological strategies. Due to the lack of new insecticides being introduced for control of WFT, it is important that Greenhouse producers preserve the longevity of currently existing products by establishing rotation schemes based on different modes of action. In addition, Greenhouse producers must utilize sanitation and biological control practices to avoid solely relying on insecticides. The advent of resistance among WFT populations worldwide has led to a general interest among Greenhouse producers in adopting the use of biological control as a long-term strategy to deal with WFT, and still produce and sell a quality crop.
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compatibility of three miticides with the predatory mites neoseiulus californicus mcgregor and phytoseiulus persimilis athias henriot acari phytoseiidae
Hortscience, 2006Co-Authors: Raymond A. Cloyd, Cindy L Galle, Stephen R KeithAbstract:In this study, we report on the compatibility of two commercially available predatory mites, Neoseiulus californicus and Phytoseiulus persimilis, with three miticides used in Greenhouse Production systems to control the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae. We determined the lethal effects of the miticides chlorfenapyr, spiromesifen, and bifenazate to both predatory mite species 24 hours after exposure to spray applications in petri dishes. Two rates of chlorfenapyr (0.40 and 0.81 mL/2-L) and spiromesifen (0.15 and 0.31 mL·L -1 ), and one rate of bifenazate (0.62 mL·L -1 ) were used. All rates were based on the manufacturer label recommendations for twospotted spider mite. Both rates of chlorfenapyr and spiromesifen, and the single rate of bifenazate were not harmful to N. californicus with percent live mite values i 85% for chlorfenapyr and i 95% for spirome- sifen, and 93% for bifenazate. However, these same miticides were substantially toxic to P. persimilis with percent live mite values of i 63% for all the miticides tested. Based on the results of this study, the miticides chlorfenapyr, spiromesifen, and bifenazate are compatible with N. californicus whereas these miticides are toxic to P. persimilis indicating a difference in susceptibility based on predatory mite species. Twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus ur- ticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) is a major arthropod pest in Greenhouses, particularly during the warm season when populations can reach excessive levels within a short pe- riod of time (Helle and Sabelis, 1985; Zhang, 2003). Commercially available miticides are typically used to control twospotted spider mite outbreaks. However, continued reliance on miticides increases the probability of T. urticae populations developing resistance (Dittrich, 1975; Carbonaro et al., 1986). As a result, Greenhouse producers are evaluating the use of alternative management strategies for twospotted spider mite that may avoid relying strictly on miticides (Sabelis, 1981). An alternative management strategy, as opposed to relying solely on miticides, is to incorporate the use of predatory mites into Greenhouse Production systems. Two preda- tory mites that are available to Greenhouse producers are Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias- Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and Neoseiulus
Ronald D Oetting - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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evaluation of medium treatments for management of frankliniella occidentalis thripidae thysanoptera and bradysia coprophila diptera sciaridae
Pest Management Science, 2001Co-Authors: Scott W. Ludwig, Ronald D OettingAbstract:Two Greenhouse experiments, each comprising two trials, were conducted to evaluate medium drenches of insect growth regulators and conventional insecticides to reduce emergence of adult western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), and fungus gnats, Bradysia coprophila (Lintner) from the medium. In the insect growth regulator trials, diflubenzuron and pyriproxyfen provided the greatest reduction in thrips emergence, and fenoxycarb, pyriproxyfen and azadirachtin resulted in the most significant reduction of fungus gnat emergence. Treatments with the contact insecticides, methiocarb and chlorpyrifos, resulted in the greatest reduction of thrips and fungus gnat populations. These data suggest that fungus gnats are susceptible to many compounds used in commercial Greenhouse Production. Even though medium drenches are not currently used for thrips management, drenches with diflubenzuron, pyriproxyfen, methiocarb and chlorpyrifos could aid in reducing thrips populations in Greenhouse management programs.
Peng Wu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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phthalate esters contamination in vegetable soil system of facility Greenhouses in jingmen central china and the assessment of health risk
Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 2020Co-Authors: Wei Zhou, Like Chen, Yongming Luo, Yuqi Li, Peng WuAbstract:Residual levels of six priority phthalate esters (PAEs) compounds in top soils and vegetables of 40 selected Greenhouses in two typical facility vegetable Greenhouse Production areas of Jingmen (Hubei, central China) were determined. Total concentrations of six target PAEs (Σ6PAEs) in 72 vegetable and 40 soil samples ranged from 862 ± 209 to 4260 ± 385 µg kg−1 (dry weight, DW), and from 1122 ± 156 to 4134 ± 272 µg kg−1 (DW), respectively. Di-n-butyl phthalate and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) are the two most frequently and massively detected in all samples. The highest Σ6PAEs appeared in leaf samples of Tuanlin, vegetable fruits of Zhongxiang and soils of Tuanlin. No carcinogenic risk was posed based on the results of health risk assessment, but non-carcinogenic risk of DEHP to children less than 6 years old in Tuanlin (all 24 sampling sites) and Zhongxiang (4/16 sampling sites) and people older than 6 years old in Tuanlin (19/24 sampling sites) were achieved from hazard quotient values. The contamination risk problem of PAEs in Tuanlin deserves greatest concern in Jingmen. Combined with the results of our former study, the health risks of target pollutants were clarified and the lack of survey data on PAE concentrations in facility vegetable Greenhouses of central China was filled in. Due to high residuals and significant non-carcinogenic risk values, DEHP should be nominated as priority PAEs in China. Our study suggested better regulation for PAEs control in intensively managed Greenhouses and references for revision of Chinese environmental standards.
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Phthalate Ester Contamination in Intensively Managed Greenhouse Facilities and the Assessment of Carcinogenic and Non-Carcinogenic Risk: A Regional Study
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2019Co-Authors: Tingting Ma, Like Chen, Peter Christie, Yongming Luo, Wei Zhou, Peng WuAbstract:The contamination status and the potential carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks from six phthalate esters (PAEs), nominated as priority pollutants by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), were investigated in 40 typical Greenhouses in three large-scale intensive Greenhouse Production areas in Jingmen city, Hubei province, central China. The total concentrations of PAEs in 40 soil samples and 80 vegetable samples ranged from 919 ± 134 to 7015 ± 475 µg kg−1 (dry weight, DW), and from 387 ± 63, to 11,683 ± 1313 µg kg−1 (DW), respectively. No carcinogenic risk was detected. The heat-map of the hazard quotient (HQ) values indicates the non-carcinogenic risks to children from di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), at two sampling sites out of the 40, and from diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) (20 to young children and three to older children and adults) at 23 of the sites. The contamination risk from PAEs at Pengdun is of concern because only two of the 14 sampling sites selected there showed the non-carcinogenic risk to humans was unclear. The results of this study help to close a long-term knowledge gap resulting from a shortage of experimental data on PAE contamination in intensive Greenhouse vegetable Production in central China. The inclusion of DEHP in the Chinese list of priority pollutants is recommended, due to its increasing contamination and risk. This study provides valuable information for protected agricultural soil management and risk avoidance. It is a timely reminder to take PAE contamination and associated health risks into consideration, during the planning and introduction of intensively-managed Greenhouse Production systems.
Scott W. Ludwig - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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evaluation of medium treatments for management of frankliniella occidentalis thripidae thysanoptera and bradysia coprophila diptera sciaridae
Pest Management Science, 2001Co-Authors: Scott W. Ludwig, Ronald D OettingAbstract:Two Greenhouse experiments, each comprising two trials, were conducted to evaluate medium drenches of insect growth regulators and conventional insecticides to reduce emergence of adult western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), and fungus gnats, Bradysia coprophila (Lintner) from the medium. In the insect growth regulator trials, diflubenzuron and pyriproxyfen provided the greatest reduction in thrips emergence, and fenoxycarb, pyriproxyfen and azadirachtin resulted in the most significant reduction of fungus gnat emergence. Treatments with the contact insecticides, methiocarb and chlorpyrifos, resulted in the greatest reduction of thrips and fungus gnat populations. These data suggest that fungus gnats are susceptible to many compounds used in commercial Greenhouse Production. Even though medium drenches are not currently used for thrips management, drenches with diflubenzuron, pyriproxyfen, methiocarb and chlorpyrifos could aid in reducing thrips populations in Greenhouse management programs.
Gérard Gaillard - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Environmental impact of Greenhouse tomato Production in France
Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 2011Co-Authors: Thierry Boulard, Caroline Raeppel, Richard Brun, François Lecompte, Frank Hayer, G. Carmassi, Gérard GaillardAbstract:The environmental impact of Greenhouse Production in France is poorly documented. Environmental benefits versus drawbacks of Greenhouse Production are not well known. Assessments that intregrate pesticide toxicology and transfer of mass and energy are scarce. Here, we compared the main types of tomato Production, heated, year-round Production in plastic houses or glasshouses, and seasonal Production under polytunnel. Environmental impacts where assessed by life cycle analysis. Analyses were performed after the construction of a database relating the integrality of matter and energy fluxes, regarding the structure of the system, the inputs for Production, and the waste products. Results show that Greenhouse heating had the highest environmental impacts, including toxicological impact. For instance, the mean environmental impact of heated crops under plastic or in glasshouses was 4.5 times higher than in tunnels. Furthermore, pesticides in tunnels had a 3- to 6-fold higher impact in terms of terrestrial or aquatic ecotoxicology or human toxicology. Our results were compared with data from other temperate Production regions.
