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Melanie Killen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The role of in-Group Norms and Group status in children's and adolescents' decisions to rectify resource inequalities.
The British journal of developmental psychology, 2018Co-Authors: Luke Mcguire, Laura Elenbaas, Melanie Killen, Adam RutlandAbstract:Children's and adolescents' resource allocation was examined in a context of inequality between schools and a peer Group Norm of either equality or equity. Participants (N = 257; children, 7-11 years old and adolescents, 13-16 years old) were inducted into Groups with either a lot (advantaged) or few (disadvantaged) art resources, in the context of an art competition. Participants were prescribed an equality (equal distribution) or equity (more resources for disadvantaged Groups) Norm, before allocating resources between Groups. Adolescents, but not children, allocated significantly more resources to their disadvantaged in-Group than they did to a disadvantaged out-Group, particularly when prescribed an in-Group Norm of equity. Participants who rectified the inequality referred to the unfair nature of the initial disparity. The findings revealed an important developmental shift between middle childhood and early adolescence regarding the influence of Group status and Norms on interGroup resource allocation in a competitive context. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? Children have the capacity to challenge interGroup resource allocation inequalities. Peer Group Norms can guide resource allocation in situations where inequality is not made salient. What does this study add? A peer Group equity Norm can guide adolescents to rectify an interGroup inequality. Relative peer Group advantage plays an increasingly important role in adolescence. For children, maintaining equality can supersede adherence to a peer Group Norm.
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Young children's inclusion decisions in moral and social-conventional Group Norm contexts.
Journal of experimental child psychology, 2017Co-Authors: Michael T. Rizzo, Shelby Cooley, Laura Elenbaas, Melanie KillenAbstract:Abstract Being a member of a peer Group involves making decisions about whom to include in or exclude from the Group. Sometimes these decisions are related to whether members of the Group support or challenge the Norms of the Group. To examine how young children weigh concerns for Group Norms and Group membership in both moral and social–conventional Norm contexts, children (3- to 6-year-olds; N = 73) were asked to decide between including an inGroup member who challenged the Group’s Norm or an outGroup member who supported the Norm. Groups held either moral (equal or unequal resource allocation) or social–conventional (traditional or nontraditional) Norms. In the moral contexts, children were more likely to include the peer who advocated for the moral concern for equality regardless of the peer’s Group membership or their Group’s specific Norm. In the social–conventional contexts, however, children were more likely to include the peer who advocated for the conventional concern for maintaining traditions but only at the Group-specific level. Furthermore, with age children increasingly based their inclusion decisions on Normative concerns, rather than on Group membership concerns, and differed in their inclusion decisions for inGroups and outGroups. Finally, children reasoned about their decisions by referencing concerns for fairness, Group Norms, and Group membership, suggesting that preschool children weigh multiple concerns when deciding whom to include in their Groups. Overall, the current study revealed differences in how preschool children weigh moral and social–conventional concerns in interGroup contexts.
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Social Group Norms, school Norms, and children's aggressive intentions
Aggressive behavior, 2010Co-Authors: Christian Nipedal, Drew Nesdale, Melanie KillenAbstract:::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::: :::::::::::: This study examined whether the effect of social Group Norms on 7- and 10-year-old children’s aggression can be moderated or extinguished by contrary school Norms. Children (n 5 384) participated in a simulation in which they were assigned membership in a social Group for a drawing competition against an outGroup. Participants learnt that their Group had a Norm of inclusion, exclusion, or exclusion-plus-relational aggression, toward non-Group members, and that the school either had a Norm of inclusion, or no such Norm. Findings indicated that Group Norms influenced the participants’ direct and indirect aggressive intentions, but that the school Norm moderated the Group Norm effect, with the school’s Norm effect tending to be greater for indirect vs. direct aggression, males vs. females, and younger vs. older participants. Discussion focused on how school Norms can be developed, endorsed, and presented so that they have their most lasting effect on children. Aggr. Behav. 36:195–204, 2010. r 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
D J Terry - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Uncertainty and the influence of Group Norms in the attitude-behaviour relationship.
The British journal of social psychology, 2007Co-Authors: Joanne R Smith, Michael A. Hogg, Robin Martin, D J TerryAbstract:Two studies were conducted to examine the impact of subjective uncertainty on conformity to Group Norms in the attitude-behaviour context. In both studies, subjective uncertainty was manipulated using a deliberative mindset manipulation (McGregor, Zanna, Holmes, & Spencer, 2001). In Study 1 (N=106), participants were exposed to either an attitude-congruent or an attitude-incongruent in-Group Norm. In Study 2 (N=83), participants were exposed to either a congruent, incongruent, or an ambiguous in-Group Norm. Ranges of attitude-behaviour outcomes, including attitude-intention consistency and change in attitude-certainty, were assessed. In both studies, levels of Group-Normative behaviour varied as a function of uncertainty condition. In Study 1, conformity to Group Norms, as evidenced by variations in the level of attitude-intention consistency, was observed only in the high uncertainty condition. In Study 2, exposure to an ambiguous Norm had different effects for those in the low and the high uncertainty conditions. In the low uncertainty condition, greatest conformity was observed in the attitude-congruent Norm condition compared with an attitude-congruent or ambiguous Norm. In contrast, individuals in the high uncertainty condition displayed greatest conformity when exposed to either an attitude-congruent or an ambiguous in-Group Norm. The implications of these results for the role of subjective uncertainty in social influence processes are discussed.
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Who Will See Me? The Impact of Type of Audience on Willingness to Display Group‐Mediated Attitude–Intention Consistency
Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 2006Co-Authors: Joanne R Smith, D J Terry, Michael A. HoggAbstract:The present study examined the role that Group Norms, Group identification, and imagined audience (in-Group vs. out-Group) play in attitude-behavior processes. University students (N = 187) participated in a study concerned with the prediction of consumer behavior. Attitudes toward drinking their preferred beer, subjective Norm, perceived behavioral control, Group Norm, and Group identification were assessed. Intentions and perceived audience reactions to consumption were assessed. As expected, Group Norms, identification, and imagined audience interacted to influence likelihood of drinking one's preferred beer and perceived audience reactions. High identifiers were more responsive to Group Norms in the presence of an in-Group audience than an out-Group audience. The present results indicate that audience concerns impact upon the relationship between attitude., and behavior.
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Willingness to speak out about gay laws reform: some cause for optimism.
Journal of Homosexuality, 2004Co-Authors: Matthew J. Hornsey, D J Terry, B M MckimmieAbstract:ABSTRACT We examined the extent to which people's private attitudes to gay law reform are influenced by the attitudes of others. Ninety-six university students were told that they were either in a minority or in a majority relative to their university Group on their attitudes to gay law reform. Contrary to a number of assumptions made in the social psychological literature, participants who supported gay law reform were more prepared to act in line with their attitudes than were those who opposed gay law reform. Furthermore, anti-gay law reform participants appeared to reassess their attitudes when they were told they were in a minority; in contrast, pro-gay law reform participants were unaffected by the Group Norm. This suggests that anti-gay law reform attitudes are softer and more easily influenced than are pro-gay law reform attitudes. The implications of these results for activists are discussed.
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On being loud and proud: non-conformity and counter-conformity to Group Norms.
The British journal of social psychology, 2003Co-Authors: Matthew J. Hornsey, D J Terry, Louise Majkut, B M MckimmieAbstract:Most experiments on conformity have been conducted in relation to judgments of physical reality; surprisingly few papers have experimentally examined the influence of Group Norms on social issues with a moral component. In response to this, participants were told that they were either in a minority or in a majority relative to their university Group in terms of their attitudes toward recognition of gay couples in law (Expt 1: N = 205) and a government apology to Aborigines (Expt 2: N = 110). In both experiments, it was found that participants who had a weak moral basis for their attitude conformed to the Group Norm on private behaviours. In contrast, those who had a strong moral basis for their attitude showed non-conformity on private behaviours and counter-conformity on public behaviours. Incidences of non-conformity and counter-conformity are discussed with reference to theory and research on Normative influence.
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Attitude-behaviour relations: the role of in-Group Norms and mode of behavioural decision-making.
The British journal of social psychology, 2000Co-Authors: D J Terry, M A Hogg, B M MckimmieAbstract:Two experiments provided support for the central hypothesis--derived from social identity/self-categorization theories--that attitudes would be most likely to predict behaviour when they were supported by a congruent in-Group Norm. In the first experiment, Norm congruency and mode of behavioural decision-making (spontaneous or deliberative) were orthogonally manipulated in a between-subjects study of career choice in psychology. Participants exposed to an attitudinally congruent in-Group Norm towards their preferred career choice were more likely to display attitude-behaviour consistency than those exposed to an attitudinally inconsistent Group Norm, an effect that was evident under both spontaneous and deliberative decision-making conditions. Using a mock jury paradigm, Expt 2 replicated and extended the first experiment by including a manipulation of in-Group salience. As predicted, participants exposed to an incongruent Norm displayed greater attitude-behaviour inconsistency than those exposed to a congruent Norm. Contrary to predictions, this effect did not vary as a function of Group salience, nor did the effects of Group Norms for high and low salience participants vary as a function of mode of behavioural decision-making. However, there was evidence that perceived identification with the Group moderated the influence of Norms on attitude-behaviour consistency.
Tao Zhou - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Understanding mobile SNS continuance usage in China from the perspectives of social influence and privacy concern
Computers in Human Behavior, 2014Co-Authors: Tao ZhouAbstract:Social influence has a significant effect on continuance usage of mobile SNS.Social influence includes compliance, identification and internalization.Privacy concern affects privacy risk, which in turn affects continuance usage. Retaining users and facilitating continuance usage are crucial to the success of mobile social network services (SNS). This research examines the continuance usage of mobile SNS in China by integrating both the perspectives of social influence and privacy concern. Social influence includes three processes: compliance, identification and internalization, which are respectively represented by subjective Norm, social identity, and Group Norm. The results indicate that these three factors and privacy concern have significant effects on continuance usage. The results suggest that service providers should address the issues of social influence and privacy concern to encourage mobile SNS continuance usage.
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understanding online community user participation a social influence perspective
Internet Research, 2011Co-Authors: Tao ZhouAbstract:Purpose – The purpose of this study is to examine the determinants of online community user participation from a social influence perspective.Design/methodology/approach – Based on 450 valid responses collected from a survey questionnaire, structural equation modeling (SEM) technology was employed to examine the research model.Findings – The results show that both social identity and Group Norm have significant effects on user participation. In addition, Group Norm affects social identity. It was not possible to find the effect of subjective Norm on participation intention.Research limitations/implications – This research is limited to a particular sample: students. Thus the results need to be generalized to other samples, such as working professionals.Originality/value – Extant research has mainly focused on the effects of user motivations such as perceived usefulness, trust and commitment on online community user behavior, and seldom considered the effects of social processes including compliance, ident...
Roger J Laham - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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inhibition of the cardiac angiogenic response to exogenous vascular endothelial growth factor
Surgery, 2004Co-Authors: Pierre Voisine, Cesario Bianchi, Marc Ruel, Tamer Malik, Audrey Rosinberg, Jun Feng, Tanveer A Khan, Shuhua Xu, Jennifer L Sandmeyer, Roger J LahamAbstract:Background. The angiogenic effects of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are mediated by the stimulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and nitric oxide release. Nitric oxide availability is decreased in patients with coronary disease, a possible explanation for the humble results of VEGF in clinical trials. We sought to examine the effects of exogenous VEGF in a model of endothelial dysfunction. Methods. Miniswine fed either a regular (N = 6, Group Norm) or hypercholesterolemic diet (N = 6, HICHOL) underwent ameroid placement on the circumflex artery. Three weeks later, baseline myocardial perfusion was assessed by microsphere injections, and all pigs were treated with VEGF. Four weeks later, microsphere injections were repeated and the hearts harvested. Endothelial-dependent coronary microvascular reactivity, and VEGF and eNOS expression were assessed. Results. HICHOL pigs showed significant endothelial dysfunction in the ischemic territory. Posttreatment myocardial blood flow in the circumflex territory was significantly higher in the Norm compared to the HICHOL Group. VEGF and eNOS levels were increased in the ischemic territory in the Norm Group but decreased in the HICHOL Group. Conclusions. The cardiac angiogenic response to VEGF was markedly inhibited in a hypercholesterolemiainduced porcine model of endothelial dysfunction. Coronary endothelial dysfunction could be an obstacle to the efficacy of clinical angiogenesis protocols and a putative therapeutic target. (Surgery 2004;136:407-15.)
Masataka Tokumaru - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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investigation of a human s opinion affected by social influence of a Group Norm in a human robot Group after a human robot scenario
IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence, 2020Co-Authors: Yotaro Fuse, Masataka TokumaruAbstract:In this study, we investigate whether a humanrobot scenario continuously influenced participants after an experimental human-robot scenario. Many studies have been conducted on the social behaviors of robots. It is important that these robots try to naturally participate in a human community and behave in a human-like way. As robots get sociable, humans that interact with the robots are likely to be affected by the robots that behave in a human-like manner like they are affected by other humans. In particular, some studies showed that robots had an influence on humans in some human-robot experimental scenarios. Although previous studies on social robots investigated the social influence on a human from robots in the human-robot scenario, long-lasting influence on a human after the scenario is still incompletely understood. This study investigates the longlasting effect on human decision-making in an experimental scenario of human-robot Groups, which included robots learning Group Norms. We assess this influence by analyzing the results of two kinds of questionnaires that the participants answered during the experimental human-robot scenario and more than one week after the scenario. The questionnaire results reveal that some participants’ decision makings was limited by a Group Norm developed in a human-robot Group more than one week after the experimental scenario.
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Social Influence of Group Norms Developed by Human-Robot Groups
IEEE Access, 2020Co-Authors: Yotaro Fuse, Masataka TokumaruAbstract:Several studies on how social robots respond, gesture, and display emotion in human-robot interactions have been conducted. In particular, sociality of robots implies that robots do not only exhibit human-like behaviors, but also display a tendency to adapt to a Group of individuals. For robots to exhibit sociality, they need to adapt to Group Norms without telling them how to behave by the Group members. In this study, we investigated the effect of Group Norms on human decision-making in human-robot Groups, which comprise two robots using our proposed robotic model. Furthermore, we conducted quizzes with the robots and a human participant using unclear and vague answers. We assessed this influence by making the participant and the two robots repeat a set of actions: to answer the same quiz and recognize each answer of the Group members. Additionally, we evaluated the extent to which the Group Norms changed the opinions of humans using a questionnaire. We analyzed the results of the questionnaire and chronological change in their answers for the quiz with the same question. The quiz experimental results showed that the human participants changed their answers after they discovered the answers of the robots for the first time due to social influence from the robots assumed that the human participants were confused about the diversity of the answers in the Group and were aware of the consideration of the robots of the Group Norm. This is to ensure that they can adjust their answers to the Group Norm. Moreover, the questionnaire results revealed that the Group Norms gave the human participants right answers to the quiz that has no correct answers. Therefore, we concluded that robots attempt to comply with a Group Norm affects human’s decision-making.
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SSCI - An Investigation of Social Influence of Group Norms on Human in Human–Robot Groups
2019 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI), 2019Co-Authors: Yotaro Fuse, Masataka TokumaruAbstract:Numerous previously conducted studies presently examine social robots’ ways of responding, gesturing, and displaying emotion in human–robot interactions. Moreover, sociality implies that robots not only exhibit human–like behaviors but also display a tendency to adapt to a Group of individuals. For robots to exhibit sociality, they must adapt to Group Norms without telling them how to behave by the Group members. This study investigates whether Group Norms can affect human member’s decision–making in human–robot Groups. Thus, we conduct quizzes with unclear and vague answers, and we instruct a participant to take the quizzes with two robots. We assess the influence by making the participant and two robots repeat a set of two actions: answering the same quiz and recognizing each answer of the Group members. We investigate chronological change of their answers while answering the quiz showing the same question. The experimental results of the quiz demonstrate that the human participants changed their answers after recognizing the robots’ answers for the first time. They also gradually decrease the fluctuation of their answers while answering the quiz with the robots, whereas the human participant did not fluctuate their answers while answering the quiz alone. It assumed that the human participants are confused about the diversity of the answers in the Group and have to be aware of the robots’ consideration of the Group Norm, so that they can adjust their answers to the Group Norm. Therefore, we conclude that the robots trying to comply with a Group Norm affect human’s decision–making.
