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Munguzwe Hichaambwa - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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impacts of land and agricultural commercialisation on local livelihoods in zambia evidence from three models
The Journal of Peasant Studies, 2017Co-Authors: Chrispin Radoka Matenga, Munguzwe HichaambwaAbstract:By examining three different models of commercial agriculture – a plantation, a commercial farming area, and an out-grower scheme – we observe heterogeneous impacts on different segments of rural communities. Each produces gender and generational differentials in employment and other income-earning opportunities. Our study supports the hypothesis that the plantation model typifies the ‘enclave’ economy that is poorly integrated into the surrounding communities and the local economy. While out-grower schemes have often been favourably compared to plantations, our evidence on the Magobbo sugarcane out-grower scheme points to the contrary: its block farming model consolidates smallholdings and creates a peasant-shareholder class. Shareholder ‘out-Growers’ receive dividends from what is essentially an extension of the plantation. This accumulation for a few also produces land scarcity and fragile semi-proletarianised livelihoods for others. By contrast we find that the commercial farming model, while based on...
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impacts of land and agricultural commercialisation on local livelihoods in zambia evidence from three models
The Journal of Peasant Studies, 2017Co-Authors: Chrispin Radoka Matenga, Munguzwe HichaambwaAbstract:By examining three different models of commercial agriculture – a plantation, a commercial farming area, and an out-grower scheme – we observe heterogeneous impacts on different segments of rural communities. Each produces gender and generational differentials in employment and other income-earning opportunities. Our study supports the hypothesis that the plantation model typifies the ‘enclave’ economy that is poorly integrated into the surrounding communities and the local economy. While out-grower schemes have often been favourably compared to plantations, our evidence on the Magobbo sugarcane out-grower scheme points to the contrary: its block farming model consolidates smallholdings and creates a peasant-shareholder class. Shareholder ‘out-Growers’ receive dividends from what is essentially an extension of the plantation. This accumulation for a few also produces land scarcity and fragile semi-proletarianised livelihoods for others. By contrast we find that the commercial farming model, while based on...
Chrispin Radoka Matenga - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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impacts of land and agricultural commercialisation on local livelihoods in zambia evidence from three models
The Journal of Peasant Studies, 2017Co-Authors: Chrispin Radoka Matenga, Munguzwe HichaambwaAbstract:By examining three different models of commercial agriculture – a plantation, a commercial farming area, and an out-grower scheme – we observe heterogeneous impacts on different segments of rural communities. Each produces gender and generational differentials in employment and other income-earning opportunities. Our study supports the hypothesis that the plantation model typifies the ‘enclave’ economy that is poorly integrated into the surrounding communities and the local economy. While out-grower schemes have often been favourably compared to plantations, our evidence on the Magobbo sugarcane out-grower scheme points to the contrary: its block farming model consolidates smallholdings and creates a peasant-shareholder class. Shareholder ‘out-Growers’ receive dividends from what is essentially an extension of the plantation. This accumulation for a few also produces land scarcity and fragile semi-proletarianised livelihoods for others. By contrast we find that the commercial farming model, while based on...
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impacts of land and agricultural commercialisation on local livelihoods in zambia evidence from three models
The Journal of Peasant Studies, 2017Co-Authors: Chrispin Radoka Matenga, Munguzwe HichaambwaAbstract:By examining three different models of commercial agriculture – a plantation, a commercial farming area, and an out-grower scheme – we observe heterogeneous impacts on different segments of rural communities. Each produces gender and generational differentials in employment and other income-earning opportunities. Our study supports the hypothesis that the plantation model typifies the ‘enclave’ economy that is poorly integrated into the surrounding communities and the local economy. While out-grower schemes have often been favourably compared to plantations, our evidence on the Magobbo sugarcane out-grower scheme points to the contrary: its block farming model consolidates smallholdings and creates a peasant-shareholder class. Shareholder ‘out-Growers’ receive dividends from what is essentially an extension of the plantation. This accumulation for a few also produces land scarcity and fragile semi-proletarianised livelihoods for others. By contrast we find that the commercial farming model, while based on...
Jacki Phillips - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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CHILDREN’S HEALTH Article Work Characteristics and Pesticide Exposures among Migrant Agricultural Families: A Community-Based Research Approach
2013Co-Authors: Linda A. Mccauley, Michael R. Lasarev, Gregory Higgins, Joan Rothlein, Juan Muniz, Caren Ebbert, Jacki PhillipsAbstract:There are few data on pesticide exposures of migrant Latino farmworker children, and access to this vulnerable population is often difficult. In this paper we describe a community-based approach to implement culturally appropriate research methods with a migrant Latino farmworker community in Oregon. Assessments were conducted in 96 farmworker homes and 24 grower homes in two agricultural communities in Oregon. Measurements included surveys of pesticide use and work protection practices and analyses of home-dust samples for pesticide residues of major organophosphates used in area crops. Results indicate that migrant farmworker housing is diverse, and the amounts and types of pesticide residues found in homes differ. Azinphos-methyl (AZM) was the pesticide residue found most often in both farmworker and grower homes. The median level of AZM in farmworker homes was 1.45 ppm compared to 1.64 ppm in the entry area of grower homes. The median level of AZM in the play areas of grower homes was 0.71 ppm. The levels of AZM in migrant farmworker homes were most associated with the distance from fields and the number of agricultural workers in the home. Although the levels of AZM in Growers and farmworker homes were comparable in certain areas, potential for disproportionate exposures occur in areas of the homes where children are most likely to play. The relationship between home resident density, levels of pesticide residues, and play behaviors of children merit further attention. Key words: agriculture, azinphos-methyl, children, environmental exposure, environmental justice, migrant farmworkers, pesticides. Environ Health Perspect 109:533–538 (2001). [Online 14 May 2001
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work characteristics and pesticide exposures among migrant agricultural families a community based research approach
Environmental Health Perspectives, 2001Co-Authors: Linda A. Mccauley, Michael R. Lasarev, Joan Rothlein, Juan Muniz, Caren Ebbert, Gregory M Higgins, Jacki PhillipsAbstract:There are few data on pesticide exposures of migrant Latino farmworker children, and access to this vulnerable population is often difficult. In this paper we describe a community-based approach to implement culturally appropriate research methods with a migrant Latino farmworker community in Oregon. Assessments were conducted in 96 farmworker homes and 24 grower homes in two agricultural communities in Oregon. Measurements included surveys of pesticide use and work protection practices and analyses of home-dust samples for pesticide residues of major organophosphates used in area crops. Results indicate that migrant farmworker housing is diverse, and the amounts and types of pesticide residues found in homes differ. Azinphos-methyl (AZM) was the pesticide residue found most often in both farmworker and grower homes. The median level of AZM in farmworker homes was 1.45 ppm compared to 1.64 ppm in the entry area of grower homes. The median level of AZM in the play areas of grower homes was 0.71 ppm. The levels of AZM in migrant farmworker homes were most associated with the distance from fields and the number of agricultural workers in the home. Although the levels of AZM in Growers and farmworker homes were comparable in certain areas, potential for disproportionate exposures occur in areas of the homes where children are most likely to play. The relationship between home resident density, levels of pesticide residues, and play behaviors of children merit further attention.
Kathryne L Everts - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effect of market channel farm scale and years in production on mid atlantic vegetable producers knowledge and implementation of good agricultural practices
Food Control, 2016Co-Authors: Sasha C Marine, David A Martin, Aaron Adalja, Sudeep Mathew, Kathryne L EvertsAbstract:Abstract Foodborne illnesses associated with fresh produce have dramatically increased within the last decade. Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) were developed to address potential sources of pre-harvest microbial contamination, but certification remains low. The majority of mid-Atlantic vegetable farms are fresh market, but limited information is available about what on-farm production practices are being utilized to mitigate food safety risks. Our goal was to assess Maryland and Delaware vegetable producers' understanding and implementation of GAP. An electronic survey on pre-harvest production practices was administered at commercial grower meetings in 2010 and 2013. A total of 313 surveys were analyzed, and Probit regression was used to estimate the average marginal effects of farm scale, years in production and market channel on the probability of using different on-farm food safety practices. Generally, food safety practices did not differ across farm scale or years in production. However, market channel did influence a grower's decision to implement some food safety practices. Growers who marketed their produce primarily through wholesale channels were more likely to: have written policies for how they grew and handled their produce, test their irrigation water at least once a year for microbial contamination, or be GAP-certified. Economic constraints were not reported as the primary obstacle for GAP implementation in either survey. While more research is needed to better understand how market channel influences decision-making activities including on-farm food safety practices, this study highlights the complexity of the issue and the need for GAP educational programs to expand beyond a one-size-fits-all approach.
David R Shaw - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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benchmark study on glyphosate resistant crop systems in the united states economics of herbicide resistance management practices in a 5 year field scale study
Pest Management Science, 2014Co-Authors: Blake C Edwards, Micheal D K Owen, Philip M Dixon, Stephen C Weller, Bryan G Young, Robert G Wilson, David L Jordan, David R ShawAbstract:BACKGROUND: Since the introduction of glyphosate-resistant (GR) crops, Growers have often relied on glyphosate-only weed control programs. As a result, multiple weeds have evolved resistance to glyphosate. A 5 year study including 156 Growers from Illinois, Iowa, Indiana, Nebraska, North Carolina and Mississippi in the United States was conducted to compare crop yields and net returns between grower standard weed management programs (SPs) and programs containing best management practices (BMPs) recommended by university weed scientists. The BMPs were designed to prevent or mitigate/manage evolved herbicide resistance. RESULTS: Weed management costs were greater for the BMP approach in most situations, but crop yields often increased sufficiently for net returns similar to those of the less expensive SPs. This response was similar across all years, geographical regions, states, crops and tillage systems. CONCLUSIONS: Herbicide use strategies that include a diversity of herbicide mechanisms of action will increase the long-term sustainability of glyphosate-based weed management strategies. Growers can adopt herbicide resistance BMPs with confidence that net returns will not be negatively affected in the short term and contribute to resistance management in the long term. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
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benchmark study on glyphosate resistant cropping systems in the united states part 5 effects of glyphosate based weed management programs on farm level profitability
Pest Management Science, 2011Co-Authors: Jason W Weirich, David R Shaw, Micheal D K Owen, Philip M Dixon, Stephen C Weller, Bryan G Young, Robert G Wilson, David L JordanAbstract:BACKGROUND:Glyphosate-resistant(GR)cropshavechangedthewayGrowersmanageweedsandimplementcontrolstrategies. Since the introduction of GR crops, Growers in many instances have relied on glyphosate almost exclusively to control a broad spectrum of weeds. This overreliance on glyphosate has resulted in the evolution of glyphosate resistance in some weed species. Growers and scientists are concerned about the sustainability of GR crops and glyphosate. When a grower is making decisions about weed control strategies, economic costs and benefits of the program are primary criteria for selection and implementation. Studies across six states were initiated in 2006 to compare the economics of using a weed resistance best managementpractice (BMP) system with a grower’s standard production system. RESULTS: Resistance BMP systems recommended by university scientists were more costly but provided similar yields and economic returns. Rotationof GR crops resulted ina highernet return(maize and soybean) compared with continuous GR crop (cotton or soybean) or rotating a GR crop with a non-GR crop (maize). CONCLUSION:GrowerscanimplementweedresistanceBMPsystemswiththeconfidencethattheirnetreturnswillbeequivalent in the short run, and, in the long term, resistance BMP systems will prevent or delay the evolution of GR weeds in their fields, resulting in substantial savings. c � 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
