Gryllotalpidae

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Eileen A. Buss - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Types and Functions of Mole Cricket (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) Antennal and Palpal Sensilla
    Florida Entomologist, 2015
    Co-Authors: Olga S. Kostromytska, Michael E. Scharf, Eileen A. Buss
    Abstract:

    Invasive mole crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae: Scapteriscus spp.) are destructive subterranean pests that cause significant economic losses for the turfgrass, sod and pasture industries. Their behavior suggests that they may sense insecticides applied to the soil, so we sought to examine and describe the antennal and palpal structures of S. vicinis Scudder, S. borellii Giglio-Tos, S. abbreviatus Scudder, and the native mole cricket, Neocurtilla hexadactyla Perty, by scanning and transmission electron micrography. The most abundant sensilla were antennal sensilla chaetica with mechanoreceptory and contact chemoreceptory functions. Each segment had olfactory sensilla basioconica and sensilla trichodea, sensilla coeloconica (with olfactory and thermo-hydroreceptory functions), and sensilla campaniformia (proprioreceptor). Sensilla on the mole cricket palps were non-pore or tip-pore, which suggests mechanoreceptory and contact chemoreceptory functions. Similar to other hemimetaboulous insects, mole cricket nymphs and adults have the same sensilla types. However, the number and size of antennomeres increased with each molt, allowing the antennae to accommodate more sensory sensilla as insects matured.

  • Integration of Insect Parasitic Nematodes (Rhabditida Steinernematidae) with Insecticides for Control of Pest Mole Crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae: Scapteriscus spp.)
    Journal of economic entomology, 2005
    Co-Authors: Kathryn A. Barbara, Eileen A. Buss
    Abstract:

    To develop a successful integrated pest management program for pest mole crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae: Scapteriscus spp.), it is important to ascertain the compatibility of infective juveniles of insect parasitic nematodes and chemical insecticides. Aqueous solutions of five pesticides (acephate, bifenthrin, deltamethrin, fipronil, and imidacloprid) used in turfgrass to control mole crickets were tested for compatibility with Steinernema scapterisci Nguyen & Smart (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) in the laboratory. Survival of S. scapterisci was >95% in solutions of acephate, bifenthrin, and imidacloprid. Infectivity of S. scapterisci in adult Scapteriscus vicinus Scudder was >60% in acephate and bifenthrin; however, infectivity was

  • integration of insect parasitic nematodes rhabditida steinernematidae with insecticides for control of pest mole crickets orthoptera Gryllotalpidae scapteriscus spp
    Journal of Economic Entomology, 2005
    Co-Authors: Kathryn A. Barbara, Eileen A. Buss
    Abstract:

    To develop a successful integrated pest management program for pest mole crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae: Scapteriscus spp.), it is important to ascertain the compatibility of infective juveniles of insect parasitic nematodes and chemical insecticides. Aqueous solutions of five pesticides (acephate, bifenthrin, deltamethrin, fipronil, and imidacloprid) used in turfgrass to control mole crickets were tested for compatibility with Steinernema scapterisci Nguyen & Smart (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) in the laboratory. Survival of S. scapterisci was >95% in solutions of acephate, bifenthrin, and imidacloprid. Infectivity of S. scapterisci in adult Scapteriscus vicinus Scudder was >60% in acephate and bifenthrin; however, infectivity was <40% in imidacloprid. The entomopathogenic nematode was compatible with most insecticides tested without significantly reduced survival or infectivity.

  • SURVIVAL AND INFECTIVITY OF STEINERNEMA SCAPTERISCI (NEMATODA: STEINERNEMATIDAE) AFTER CONTACT WITH SOIL DRENCH SOLUTIONS
    Florida Entomologist, 2004
    Co-Authors: Kathryn A. Barbara, Eileen A. Buss
    Abstract:

    After a nematode application, mole crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae: Scapteriscus spp.) are frequently assayed to confirm nematode establishment and infectivity. However, the standard soap flush was suspected of providing false negatives under field conditions. Thus, we examined the effect of several potential flushing solutions on the survival and infectivity of Steinernema scapterisci Nguyen and Smart (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) as well as flushing ability under field conditions. Seventy percent of S. scapterisci died in lemon dish detergent solution, confirming that assays for nematode infection of soap-flushed mole crickets are likely to be inaccurate. When sampling for mole crickets in areas where S. scapterisci has been applied, a potential alternative to the standard soap drench is a dilute permethrin drench.

Rick L. Brandenburg - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Quantifying Efficacy and Avoidance Behavior by Tawny Mole Crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae: Scapteriscus vicinus) to Three Synthetic Insecticides
    Florida Entomologist, 2012
    Co-Authors: D. E. Silcox, Clyde E. Sorenson, Rick L. Brandenburg
    Abstract:

    ABSTRACT Mole crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) are among the most economically important turf-grass insect pests in the southeastern United States. The tawny mole cricket Scapteriscus vicinus (Scudder) causes damage by feeding on the roots and shoots of turfgrass and by creating surface tunnels. Previous research on mole cricket control showed behavior modification, including reduced surface tunneling and avoidance of the treated soil, when a control agent was applied. The objectives of these studies were: a) to determine the mortality of 3 synthetic insecticides and their residues against small and large mole cricket nymphs in 2 bioassays and b) to monitor mole cricket behavioral responses to these insecticides. We used 3 synthetic insecticides (bifenthrin, chlorantraniliprole, and fipronil) to conduct 2 mortality bioassays and 2 behavioral studies, where we quantified surface tunneling, to determine the scope of this modified behavior. We found that, in general, the greater the efficacy of the prod...

  • Entomopathogenic Fungi Detection and Avoidance by Mole Crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae)
    Environmental entomology, 2007
    Co-Authors: Sarah R. Thompson, Rick L. Brandenburg, Gary T. Roberson
    Abstract:

    A chamber to monitor mole cricket behavior was designed using two different soil-filled containers and photosensors constructed from infrared emitters and detectors. Mole crickets (Scapteriscus spp.) were introduced into a center tube that allowed them to choose whether to enter and tunnel in untreated soil or soil treated with Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin. Each time the cricket passed through the photosensor located near the entrance of soil-filled containers, the infrared light was blocked and the exact moment that this occurred was logged onto a computer using custom-written software. Data examined included the first photosensor trigger, total number of sensor triggers, presence of tunneling, and final location of the cricket after 18 h. These behaviors were analyzed to discern differences in mole cricket behavior in the presence of different treatments and to elucidate the mechanism that mole crickets use to detect fungal pathogens. The first study examined substrate selection and tunneling behavior of the southern mole cricket, Scapteriscus borellii Giglio-Tos, to the presence of five strains of B. bassiana relative to a control. There were no differences between the first sensor trigger and total number of triggers, indicating the mole crickets are not capable of detecting B. bassiana at a distance of 8 cm. Changes in mole cricket tunneling and residence time in treated soil occurred for some strains of B. bassiana but not others. One of the strains associated with behavioral changes in the southern mole cricket was used in a second experiment testing behavioral responses of the tawny mole cricket, S. vicinus Scudder. In addition to the formulated product of this strain, the two separate components of that product (conidia and carrier) and bifenthrin, an insecticide commonly used to control mole crickets, were tested. There were no differences in mole cricket behavior between treatments in this study. The differences in behavioral responses between the two species could suggest a more sensitive chemosensory recognition system for southern mole crickets.

  • Effect of Combining Imidacloprid and Diatomaceous Earth with Beauveria bassiana on Mole Cricket (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) Mortality
    Journal of economic entomology, 2006
    Co-Authors: Sarah R. Thompson, Rick L. Brandenburg
    Abstract:

    Abstract Sublethal doses of three orthopteran-derived strains of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin were topically applied to adult southern mole crickets, Scapteriscus borellii Giglio-Tos (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae), and tested in combination with substrate treatments of diatomaceous earth (DE) and imidacloprid. Crickets treated only with the high doses (108 conidia per cricket) of each of the three B. bassiana strains exhibited the shortest survival times as well as the highest percentage mortality at 28 d after treatment. However, these treatments did not differ significantly from any of the diatomaceous earth combination treatments. Two of the strains tested, 5977 and 3622, exhibited synergistic interactions with DE, whereas the third strain, GHA, was not significant for synergy. Mortality caused by the combination treatment was still greater than the expected additive effect. DE abrades the insect cuticle and absorbs cuticular lipids, aiding the entry of germinating conidia into the mole cricket...

  • Flight Patterns of Gryllotalpa africana (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) in South Africa
    Environmental Entomology, 2004
    Co-Authors: Johan De Graaf, A. S. Schoeman, Rick L. Brandenburg
    Abstract:

    Flights of univoltine mole crickets are usually female biased and peak during spring and autumn. A male Gryllotalpa africana Palisot de Beauvois song recording was broadcast weekly at 93.7 dB (200 mm from speakers, 20 μPa) just after sunset for 1.5 h over an annual period. Attracted individuals (conspecifics) were sexed and females were dissected. Temperatures were measured at each sampling date, and moon phase was recorded. Adult G. africana flew to the song broadcast from spring to autumn, with activity peaking mid-spring and again in late summer to early autumn. Spring flights were characterized by a significant female bias, whereas sexes were present in equal proportions during summer and autumn. The monthly sex ratio of flying individuals was not significantly different from that of mole crickets sampled in the field. Flying females were only reproductively mature in spring to early summer and contained eggs beginning in late spring. Eggs per flying female declined into summer. Flight activity and gender of G. africana were significantly positively related to temperature, with air temperature showing the highest degree of correlation. Moon phase showed no significant relationship with the total number of flying individuals or that of genders.

  • TUNNEL ARCHITECTURES OF THREE SPECIES OF MOLE CRICKETS (ORTHOPTERA: Gryllotalpidae)
    Florida Entomologist, 2002
    Co-Authors: Rick L. Brandenburg, Yulu Xia, A. S. Schoeman
    Abstract:

    The southern mole cricket, Scapteriscus vicinus Giglio-Tos, and the tawny mole cricket, S. borellii Scudder, damage turfgrass in southeastern United States. The two species are univoltine in most of their range. They also have similar life cycles and morphology. However, southern mole cricket is primarily carnivorous, whereas tawny mole cricket is herbivorous (Taylor 1979, Ulagaraj 1975, Matheny 1981). The African mole cricket, Gryllotalpa africana Palisot de Beauvois, is a world-wide pest (Sithole 1986). It damages plants including wheat, maize, rice, sorghum, millet, barley, oats, potatoes, cassava, groundnuts, strawberries, turnips, tobacco, and vegetables in Africa, Asia, and Europe. It also causes severe damage to turfgrass on golf courses in South Africa and Asia (Brandenburg, unpubl. data). Tsedeke (1979) reported that surface tunneling behavior, which is partly determined by feeding preference, is different between the two species in the U.S. We therefore speculate that tunnel architectures of three species are also different judging from the differences in their feeding behavior and damage. This study used fiberglass resins to compare tunnel architecture of three species of mole crickets in two locations Tawny and southern mole cricket tunnel castings were made on the driving range of Oyster Bay Golf Course, Brunswick County, NC, during 1998 to 2000. The turfgrass on the driving range was hybrid bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. in sandy loam soil. African mole cricket tunnel castings were made in typical heavy clay soil at Silver Lakes Golf and Country Club, Pretoria, South Africa. The turfgrass on the fairway was Kikuyu grass, Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. ex Chiov. We located mole cricket tunnel entrances by hand, and cleaned foreign matter, debris, and soil from the area around the entrance. We then used a soapy water flush (Short & Koehler 1979) as an irritant to flush the mole cricket from the tunnel for species identification. The soapy water flushing also helped to find other entrances to the tunnel and make the soil around the entrance firm. Areas without turf were avoided because the tunnels are often blocked by loose soil during the flushing. We have previously reported that fiberglass resin is the best material for mole cricket tunnel casting (Brandenburg et al. 2001). Bondo? fiberglass resin and hardener (Dynatron/Bondo Corp., Atlanta, GA), was used in the U.S. study and a similar product used in South Africa. This and other similar products are widely available at local hardware and automobile repair stores. Approximately 2/3 of the recommended amount of hardener was added to the fiberglass resin (about 1 ml hardener/100 ml resin). The fiberglass resin hardens quickly after adding hardener, therefore, the whole procedure must be done quickly. The fiberglass resin container was covered and shaken after adding hardener. The contents were then poured immediately into the tunnel entrance in a steady stream. The excavation of the castings started 1-2 h after pouring. The fiberglass resin in one can (1 1) usually filled two to three mole cricket tunnels. We used a large screwdriver to clear away the grass roots surrounding the tunnel entrance and to determine the direction of the casting before starting to dig the cast. Finding other entrance(s) of the tunnel helps to judge direction the tunnel casting. There are at least two entrances for tawny and African mole cricket tunnels. The soil on tunnel casts was washed away with water following excavation. We made over 100 castings and excavations during 3 years. Tunnels of tawny mole crickets were almost always (90%) in the shape of 'Y' with two entrances for each tunnel (Fig. IA, B, C). Variations were occasionally observed in the tunnel architecture. There might be two parallel 'Y's linking together to form a tunnel, or, two entrances observed at each end of a tunnel. The length of most tawny mole cricket tunnels ranged from 50 to 70 cm. Tunnels of African mole crickets also typically showed "Y" shape (Fig. 1G, H, I). The length of African mole cricket tunnels ranged from 10 cm to 23 cm. This was much shorter than that observed in tawny mole crickets. The tunnels of southern mole crickets were more likely in a reversed 'Y" shape with only one surface entrance (Fig. 1D, E, F). The tunnels often branched within 10 cm deep of the soil surface. The tunnels were usually much shorter than those of tawny mole cricket. The difference in tunnel architecture probably relates to the behavioral difference of the three species. Southern mole crickets are carnivorous. They seek prey throughout the soil. Our observations and research by Tsedeke (1979) suggested that southern mole crickets were much more active in tunneling than tawny and African mole crickets. This may be why southern mole cricket tunnels were almost always branched down into the soil rather than near the soil surface. In con-

Ming Kai Tan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Peggy S. M. Hill - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Investigating Genetic Relationships within Gryllotalpidae: A Molecular Hypothesis
    Journal of Orthoptera Research, 2010
    Co-Authors: Abinash Padhi, Richard E. Young, Cara Hoffart, Trevor Sarratt, Jennifer Fancher, Michael A. Steffen, Peggy S. M. Hill
    Abstract:

    We present a first preliminary molecular analysis of relationships among a sample of living members of the Gryllotalpidae, based on partial nucleotide sequence data of the 16S mitochondrial gene. Our analysis defines five groups that diverged from each other approximately 196 to 284 Mya in the Mesozoic era. This study supports the monophyly of the genus Scapteriscus and its placement in the subfamily Scapteriscinae, as well as the inclusion of the genus Triamescaptor in the subfamily Gryllotalpinae. The monophyly of the large genus Gryllotalpa is not supported, suggesting a revision of the genus is needed.

  • Hearing and spatial behavior in Gryllotalpa major Saussure (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae).
    Journal of Experimental Biology, 2008
    Co-Authors: Daniel R. Howard, Andrew C. Mason, Peggy S. M. Hill
    Abstract:

    The prairie mole cricket ( Gryllotalpa major Saussure) is a rare orthopteran insect of the tallgrass prairie ecosystem of the south central USA. Populations are known to currently occupy fragmented prairie sites in Oklahoma, Arkansas, Kansas and Missouri, including The Nature Conservancy's Tallgrass Prairie Preserve in north central Oklahoma. Prairie mole cricket populations were surveyed at this site and at another site in Craig County, OK during the spring of 2005 and 2006, using the male cricket's acoustic call to locate advertising aggregations of males. Five males from one large aggregation were removed in a study to describe (1) the hearing thresholds across the call's range of frequencies, (2) the distances over which the higher harmonic components of the male's calls are potentially detectable, (3) the species' sensitivity to ultrasound and (4) the spatio-auditory dynamics of the prairie mole cricket lek. Results indicate that G. major has a bimodal pattern of frequency tuning, with hearing sensitivities greatest at the 2 kHz carrier frequency (41 dB SPL) and declining through the call's frequency range (84 dB at 10 kHz). A second sensitivity peak is evident in the ultrasound range at 25 kHz (62 dB SPL). Spatial analysis of G. major lek sites indicates that approximately 73% of males within the lek are spaced in such a way as to allow acoustic interaction at the species' carrier frequency, while any information in higher harmonic overtones in the call appears to be available only to nearest neighbors.

  • Tracing phylogenetic relationships in the family Gryllotalpidae
    Journal of Orthoptera Research, 2002
    Co-Authors: Peggy S. M. Hill, Cara Hoffart, Mark A. Buchheim
    Abstract:

    Abstract We propose a hypothesis of relationships in a subset of the mole cricket family (Gryllotalpidae), based on morphology and call type. Living and preserved specimens of six species were examined and a literature analysis conducted, as preliminary steps in a comparative study of this family, known world-wide in tropical and temperate regions. In the literature, 76 species in 5 extant genera are described; we included in our analysis 34 species from four genera for which the most complete morphological data were available. All analyses were rooted by the outgroup method, with Gryllus texensis Cade & Otte as the outgroup and the presence of mole-like digging forelimbs as the synapomorphic character diagnosing the ingroup. Seven other characters in the analysis were restricted to discrete traits for a total of 8 characters in the analysis. Phylogenetic analyses of the complete data set yielded > 15,000 trees to which we applied various consensus analyses by PAUP without high levels of resolution. The A...

  • Lekking in Gryllotalpa major, the Prairie Mole Cricket (Insecta: Gryllotalpidae)
    Ethology, 1999
    Co-Authors: Peggy S. M. Hill
    Abstract:

    Gryllotalpa major is a rare, burrowing insect native to the tallgrass prairie of the south-central United States and is known to exhibit ‘lek-like’ behavior during mating. Here I report on a study carried out in the field that demonstrates that the prairie mole cricket meets all criteria defining a classical lekking species. Males construct specialized acoustic burrows from which they call to attract females for mating. I show that these burrows, which seem to serve no purpose other than for sexual advertisement and mating, are aggregated spatially on at least three scalar levels. Females fly through the aggregation of burrows and drop to the ground in the vicinity of calling males, and are, thus, not constrained in choosing a mate. Females enter the males’ acoustic burrows, but I argue that the burrows are not used as oviposition sites, and that the males do not otherwise sequester resources important to females. Although the term ‘lek’ is useful for the discussion of mating systems, its definition remains ambiguous. I discuss the current usage of the term and suggest extensions.

J. H. Frank - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Zoogeography of mole crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae)in the West Indies
    2014
    Co-Authors: J. H. Frank, Earl D. Mccoy
    Abstract:

    Four species of mole crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) are known from the West Indies: Neocurtilla hexadactyla (Perty), Scapteriscus abbreviatus Scudder, S. didactylus (Latreille), and S. imitatus Nickle and Castner. All are adventive (not native). We document their distributions in West Indian islands/countries by use of records from the literature and examination of specimens. Scapteriscus abbreviatus has been suggested to have arrived in, and been transported about the West Indies in ship ballast (immigration). Based on records of arrival in various parts of the West Indies and the species’ inability to fly, this suggestion seems reasonable. Scapteriscus imitatus apparently was released in Puerto Rico as a result of mistaken identification (introduction – arriving with assistance from humans – although inadvertent), and has not expanded its range in the West Indies. Although the principal mode of dispersal for the other two species also has been suggested to be ship ballast, we present an alternative based on flight which would seem at least equally as plausible. We suggest that S. didactylus could have dispersed by flight from South America through the Lesser Antilles; likewise N. hexadactyla probably from the Yucatan Peninsula to Cuba, and from South America northward through the Lesser Antilles, in at least some localities assisted by wind. Our zoogeographical alternative, if correct, means that the natural range expansions of these latter two species began very long ago and without human assistance – they were not introduced recently to the West Indies.

  • Nectar-Seeking and Host-Seeking by Larra bicolor (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae), a Parasitoid of Scapteriscus Mole Crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae)
    Environmental entomology, 2010
    Co-Authors: Scott L. Portman, J. H. Frank, Robert Mcsorley, Norman C. Leppla
    Abstract:

    ABSTRACT Larra bicolor F. (Hymenoptera; Crabronidae) is a specialist parasitoid of Scapteriscus (Orthoptera; Gryllotalpidae) mole crickets, attacking adults and medium to large nymphs of the hosts. Adult wasps derive energy from plant nectars. In replicated trials in pastures in northern Florida, many more wasps fed on nectar of Spermacoce verticillata F. (Rubiaceae), a non-native plant, than on nectar of the native plants Spermacoce prostrata Aubl. or Spermacoce remota Lamarck. Few of them fed on the native plant Solidago fistulosa Michx. (Asteraceae). About as many fed on the native plant Chamaecrista fasciculata (Michx) Greene as on S. verticillata in the autumn months until the native plant ceased flowering by October. In contrast, S. verticillata continues flowering until the first hard freeze, which typically occurs in December, so overall, it is a more reliable nectar source in northern Florida and may be still more reliable in frost-free areas of southern Florida where it may flower year-round. Th...

  • MANAGEMENT OF PEST MOLE CRICKETS IN FLORIDA AND PUERTO RICO WITH A NEMATODE AND PARASITIC WASP
    Florida Entomologist, 2007
    Co-Authors: Norman C. Leppla, J. H. Frank, M. B. Adjei, N. E. Vicente
    Abstract:

    Abstract Non-indigenous invasive mole crickets, Scapteriscus vicinus Scudder (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) in Florida and S. didactylus (Latreille) (the “changa”) in Puerto Rico, are being managed with an entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema scapterisci (Nguyen and Smart) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), and a parasitic wasp, Larra bicolor L. (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Pest mole cricket populations have declined by 95% in north central Florida since these specialist natural enemies were released and established in the 1980s. Commercial production of the nematode was initiated, nearly 70 billion were applied in 34 Florida counties, and their establishment, spread, and impact on mole crickets were monitored. The infected mole crickets dispersed the nematode rapidly, so that within 6 months these parasites were present in most of the insects trapped in experimental pastures. Three years later, mole cricket populations were reduced to acceptable levels and the bahiagrass had recovered. The nematode was release...

  • SURVEY OF PEST MOLE CRICKETS (ORTHOPTERA: Gryllotalpidae) ACTIVITY ON PASTURE IN SOUTH-CENTRAL FLORIDA
    Florida Entomologist, 2003
    Co-Authors: M. B. Adjei, J. H. Frank, C. S. Gardner
    Abstract:

    Abstract Histories of pest mole cricket activity (Scapteriscus spp. Scudder) (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) on bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Fluegge) pastures were needed to provide baseline data for evaluating on-going biological control with Steinernema scapterisci (Nguyen and Smart) nematodes. Seven ∼4-ha pastures were selected from five county sites for the survey. These consisted of one mole cricket-infested bahiagrass pasture each from two ranches in Polk county and from one ranch each in Manatee and Pasco counties. The rest were two renovated and uninfested pastures located at the Range Cattle Research and Education Center, Ona, in Hardee county and a third in Desoto county. Six linear pitfall traps (each 12.2 m total) were installed on equal subdivisions (0.67 ha) of each of the seven pastures in July 1997 and labeled 1 to 6 at each site according to a visually-determined decreasing slope of terrain. Traps were cleaned weekly from the time of installation through December 1999, and the total weekly-c...

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