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Jeger Michael - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Pest categorisation of Melampsora medusae
European Food Safe Authority (EFSA), 2019Co-Authors: Jeger Michael, Bragard Claude, Jaques Josep A., Caffier David, Candresse Thierry, Chatzivassiliou Elisavet, Gilioli Gianni, Dehnen-schmutz Katharina, Grégoire Jean-claude, Macleod AlanAbstract:Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Plant Health Panel performed a pest categorisation of Melampsora medusae, a well-defined and distinguishable fungal species of the family Melampsoraceae. The pathogen is regulated in Annex IAI of Council Directive 2000/29/EC as a Harmful Organism whose introduction into the EU is banned. M. medusae is a heteroecious rust fungus with Populus spp. as primary telial hosts and various conifers (Larix, Pinus, Pseudotsuga, Abies, Picea and Tsuga spp.) as secondary aecial hosts. M. medusae is native to North America and has spread to South America, Africa, Asia, Oceania, as well as the EU, where M. medusae f. sp. deltoidae has been reported with a restricted distribution and low impacts from Belgium, south-west France and southern Portugal. The pest could spread to other EU countries, via dissemination of spores, movement of host plants for planting and cut branches. Climate is assumed not to be a limiting factor for the establishment of the pathogen in the EU. M. medusae is the most widespread and important Melampsora rust in North America. In western Canada, extensive damage has been reported to conifers and Populus spp. in nurseries and plantations as well as in woodlands. M. medusae is damaging in both Australia and New Zealand. The pest could have economic and environmental impacts in the EU if aggressive isolates of M. medusae were introduced into the EU. Import prohibition of host plants for planting is an available measure to reduce the risk of further introductions. Some resistant Populus cultivars are available. Moreover, increasing the genetic diversity of poplar plantations can prevent disease impacts. The main uncertainty concerns the factors explaining the low pathogenicity of the populations of M. medusae present in the EU. The criteria assessed by the Panel for consideration as a potential quarantine pest are met (the pest is present, but with a restricted distribution, and is officially under control). Given that plants for planting are not the main pathway of spread, not all criteria for consideration as a regulated non-quarantine pest are met
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Pest categorisation of Chrysomyxa arctostaphyli
European Food Safe Authority (EFSA), 2018Co-Authors: Jeger Michael, Bragard Claude, Jaques Josep A., Caffier David, Candresse Thierry, Chatzivassiliou Elisavet, Gilioli Gianni, Dehnen-schmutz Katharina, Grégoire Jean-claude, Macleod AlanAbstract:Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of Chrysomyxa arctostaphyli, a well-defined and distinguishable fungal species of the family Coleosporiaceae. The pathogen is regulated in Council Directive 2000/29/EC (Annex IAI) as a Harmful Organism whose introduction into the EU is banned. C. arctostaphyli is native to North America and is the causal agent of spruce broom rust. C. arctostaphyli is a heteroecious rust with a 2-year life cycle alternating between the aecial host Picea spp. and the telial host Arctostaphylos spp. The main reported aecial host is P. engelmannii, but also P. abies, P. pungens, P. sitchensis, P. glauca, P. mariana and P. rubens (as well as Picea as a genus) are reported as hosts. The fungus is not known to occur in the EU but could enter via host plants for planting and cut branches. It could establish in the EU, as hosts are present and climatic conditions are favourable. The extent of overlap between the ranges of the telial and aecial hosts is greater in the EU than in North America. The pathogen would be able to spread following establishment by dissemination of spores and human movement of infected host plants. Should the pathogen be introduced in the EU, impacts can be expected in spruce woodland, plantations and on ornamental spruce trees, leading to reduced tree growth and associated ecosystem service provision. The main uncertainty concerns the level of susceptibility of P. abies and P. sitchensis under European conditions. The criteria assessed by the Panel for consideration as a potential quarantine pest are met. As the pest is not present in the EU, not all criteria for consideration as a regulated non-quarantine pest are me
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Pest categorisation of Coniferiporia sulphurascens and Coniferiporia weirii
European Food Safe Authority (EFSA), 2018Co-Authors: Jeger Michael, Bragard Claude, Jaques Josep A., Caffier David, Candresse Thierry, Chatzivassiliou Elisavet, Gilioli Gianni, Dehnen-schmutz Katharina, Grégoire Jean-claude, Macleod AlanAbstract:Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of Coniferiporia sulphurascens and Coniferiporia weirii, two well-defined and distinguishable fungal species of the family Hymenochaetaceae. The pathogens are regulated in Council Directive 2000/29/EC (Annex IAI, under the previous name Inonotus weirii for both species) as a Harmful Organism whose introduction into the EU is banned. The two pathogens are native to North America, where C. sulphurascens causes laminated root rot primarily in Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and grand fir (Abies grandis), while C. weirii causes cedar laminated root and butt rot mainly in cedars (Thuja plicata and Cupressus nootkatensis). C. weirii has been reported from Japan and China, and C. sulphurascens from China, Russia and Turkey. Neither species has been reported from the EU. C. sulphurascens may infect all conifers, while C. weirii is reported to mainly cause disease in tree species of Thuja spp. and Cupressus spp. The two pathogens could enter the EU mainly via wood with bark, isolated bark and plants for planting (including artificially dwarfed plants) of Pinaceae and Cupressaceae. Both fungi could establish in the EU, as hosts are present and climatic conditions are favourable. The two pathogens would be able to spread following establishment by the pathways mentioned for entry and also by dissemination of basidiospores and root contact with infected root/wood. Should the pathogen be introduced in the EU, impacts can be expected on coniferous woodlands, plantations and ornamental trees, thus leading to reduced tree growth and ecosystem service provision. The key uncertainties concern (i) the distribution of the two pathogens in Asia, (ii) the level of susceptibility of conifers native to Europe and (iii) the role of plants for planting as a pathway of entry and spread. For both pathogens, the criteria assessed by the Panel for consideration as a potential quarantine pest are met. As the two pests are not present in the EU, not all the criteria for consideration as regulated non-quarantine pests are met
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Pest categorisation of Unaspis citri
2018Co-Authors: Jeger Michael, Bragard Claude, Jaques Josep A., Caffier David, Candresse Thierry, Chatzivassiliou Elisavet, Gilioli Gianni, Dehnen-schmutz Katharina, Grégoire Jean-claude, Navajas Navarro MaríaAbstract:The Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of the citrus snow scale, Unaspis citri (Comstock) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), for the European Union (EU). This is a well-de fi ned and distinguishable species, native to south-eastern Asia, which has spread to many tropical and subtropical regions. U. citri can be a pest of citrus and has been cited on over 28 different species in 16 plant families. In the EU, U. citri occurs in the Azores. There is uncertainty as to whether it occurs in continental Portugal. Reports of it occurring in Greece and Spain are likely to be invalid and based on interception records from these countries. An old Italian record is a misidenti fi cation. U. citri is listed in Annex IIAI of 2000/29/EC as a Harmful Organism. The international trade of hosts, as either plants for planting, fruit or cut fl owers, provide potential pathways into the EU. However, current EU legislation prohibits the import of citrus plants for planting from third countries. U. citri is mostly con fi ned to coastal humid tropical areas and does not occur in semi-arid areas that are irrigated. Nevertheless, given that it occurs in the Azores and that there are regional climatic similarities between places where U. citri occurs and climates within the EU, and taking EU host distribution into account, U. citri has the potential to establish in the EU, especially in citrus-growing regions around the Mediterranean where losses in quality and yield of citrus could occur. Phytosanitary measures are available to inhibit the likelihood of introduction of U. citri . Considering the criteria within the remit of EFSA to assess the status as a potential Union quarantine pest (QP), or as a potential regulated non-quarantine pest (RNQP), U. citri meets the criteria assessed by EFSA for consideration as a potential Union QP
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Pest categorisation of Coniferiporia sulphurascens and Coniferiporia weirii
'Wiley', 2018Co-Authors: Jeger Michael, Bragard Claude, Caffier David, Candresse Thierry, Chatzivassiliou Elisavet, Gilioli Gianni, Jaques Miret, Josep Anton, Dehnen‐schmutz Katharina, Grégoire Jean‐claude, Macleod AlanAbstract:Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panelon Plant Health performed a pestcategorisation of Coniferiporiasulphurascens and Coniferiporiaweirii, two well-defined and distinguishable fungal species of the family Hymenochaetaceae. The pathogens are regulated in Council Directive 2000/29/EC (Annex IAI, under the previous name Inonotusweirii for both species) as a Harmful Organism whose introduction into the EU is banned. The two pathogens are native to North America, where C.sulphurascens causes laminated root rot primarily in Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and grand fir (Abiesgrandis), while C.weirii causes cedar laminated root and butt rot mainly in cedars (Thujaplicata and Cupressusnootkatensis). C.weirii has been reported from Japan and China, and C.sulphurascens from China, Russia and Turkey. Neither species has been reported from the EU. C.sulphurascens may infect all conifers, while C.weirii is reported to mainly cause disease in tree species of Thuja spp. and Cupressus spp. The two pathogens could enter the EU mainly via wood with bark, isolated bark and plants for planting (including artificially dwarfed plants) of Pinaceae and Cupressaceae. Both fungi could establish in the EU, as hosts are present and climatic conditions are favourable. The two pathogens would be able to spread following establishment by the pathways mentioned for entry and also by dissemination of basidiospores and root contact with infected root/wood. Should the pathogen be introduced in the EU, impacts can be expected on coniferous woodlands, plantations and ornamental trees, thus leading to reduced tree growth and ecosystem service provision. The key uncertainties concern (i) the distribution of the two pathogens in Asia, (ii) the level of susceptibility of conifers native to Europe and (iii) the role of plants for planting as a pathway of entry and spread. For both pathogens, the criteria assessed by the Panelfor consideration as a potential quarantine pest are met. As the two pests are not present in the EU, not all the criteria for consideration as regulated non-quarantine pests are met
Macleod Alan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Pest categorisation of Melampsora medusae
European Food Safe Authority (EFSA), 2019Co-Authors: Jeger Michael, Bragard Claude, Jaques Josep A., Caffier David, Candresse Thierry, Chatzivassiliou Elisavet, Gilioli Gianni, Dehnen-schmutz Katharina, Grégoire Jean-claude, Macleod AlanAbstract:Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Plant Health Panel performed a pest categorisation of Melampsora medusae, a well-defined and distinguishable fungal species of the family Melampsoraceae. The pathogen is regulated in Annex IAI of Council Directive 2000/29/EC as a Harmful Organism whose introduction into the EU is banned. M. medusae is a heteroecious rust fungus with Populus spp. as primary telial hosts and various conifers (Larix, Pinus, Pseudotsuga, Abies, Picea and Tsuga spp.) as secondary aecial hosts. M. medusae is native to North America and has spread to South America, Africa, Asia, Oceania, as well as the EU, where M. medusae f. sp. deltoidae has been reported with a restricted distribution and low impacts from Belgium, south-west France and southern Portugal. The pest could spread to other EU countries, via dissemination of spores, movement of host plants for planting and cut branches. Climate is assumed not to be a limiting factor for the establishment of the pathogen in the EU. M. medusae is the most widespread and important Melampsora rust in North America. In western Canada, extensive damage has been reported to conifers and Populus spp. in nurseries and plantations as well as in woodlands. M. medusae is damaging in both Australia and New Zealand. The pest could have economic and environmental impacts in the EU if aggressive isolates of M. medusae were introduced into the EU. Import prohibition of host plants for planting is an available measure to reduce the risk of further introductions. Some resistant Populus cultivars are available. Moreover, increasing the genetic diversity of poplar plantations can prevent disease impacts. The main uncertainty concerns the factors explaining the low pathogenicity of the populations of M. medusae present in the EU. The criteria assessed by the Panel for consideration as a potential quarantine pest are met (the pest is present, but with a restricted distribution, and is officially under control). Given that plants for planting are not the main pathway of spread, not all criteria for consideration as a regulated non-quarantine pest are met
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Pest categorisation of Melampsora farlowii
European Food Safe Authority (EFSA), 2018Co-Authors: Bragard Claude, Di Serio Francesco, Gonthier Paolo, Jacques Marie-agnès, Jaques Josep A., Justesen, Annemarie Fejer, Macleod Alan, Magnusson, Christer Sven, Milonas Panagiotis, Navas-cortés, Juan A.Abstract:Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of Melampsora farlowii, a well-defined and distinguishable fungus of the family Melampsoraceae. M. farlowii is the causal agent of a leaf and twig rust of hemlocks (Tsuga spp.) in eastern North America. The pathogen is regulated in Council Directive 2000/29/EC (Annex IAI) as a Harmful Organism whose introduction into the EU is banned. M. farlowii is not reported to be present in Europe and could enter the EU via host plants for planting and cut branches. Cones and fruits are listed as plant parts that can carry the pest in trade and transport, but are not regulated. The pathogen could establish in the EU, as climatic conditions are favourable and Tsuga spp. have been planted as ornamentals and in plantations in several EU countries. M. farlowii would be able to spread following establishment by human movement of host plants for planting and cut branches, as well as natural spread. Should the pathogen be introduced in the EU, impacts can be expected on Tsuga spp. plantations, ornamental trees and especially nurseries. Hemlock rust is considered a destructive rust attacking Tsuga spp., particularly Tsuga canadensis in nurseries. The main uncertainties concern whether the impact of the pathogen in plantations under European conditions could be different than observed in eastern North America, whether fruit/cones of Tsuga can be a pathway of entry, and the dissemination potential of the pathogen under European conditions. However, M. farlowii is found in North America in most of the natural distribution range of T. canadensis, suggesting little dispersal limitation of the pathogen. The criteria assessed by the Panel for consideration as a potential quarantine pest are met, whilst, for regulated non-quarantine pests, the criterion on the pest presence in the EU is not me
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Pest categorisation of Chrysomyxa arctostaphyli
European Food Safe Authority (EFSA), 2018Co-Authors: Jeger Michael, Bragard Claude, Jaques Josep A., Caffier David, Candresse Thierry, Chatzivassiliou Elisavet, Gilioli Gianni, Dehnen-schmutz Katharina, Grégoire Jean-claude, Macleod AlanAbstract:Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of Chrysomyxa arctostaphyli, a well-defined and distinguishable fungal species of the family Coleosporiaceae. The pathogen is regulated in Council Directive 2000/29/EC (Annex IAI) as a Harmful Organism whose introduction into the EU is banned. C. arctostaphyli is native to North America and is the causal agent of spruce broom rust. C. arctostaphyli is a heteroecious rust with a 2-year life cycle alternating between the aecial host Picea spp. and the telial host Arctostaphylos spp. The main reported aecial host is P. engelmannii, but also P. abies, P. pungens, P. sitchensis, P. glauca, P. mariana and P. rubens (as well as Picea as a genus) are reported as hosts. The fungus is not known to occur in the EU but could enter via host plants for planting and cut branches. It could establish in the EU, as hosts are present and climatic conditions are favourable. The extent of overlap between the ranges of the telial and aecial hosts is greater in the EU than in North America. The pathogen would be able to spread following establishment by dissemination of spores and human movement of infected host plants. Should the pathogen be introduced in the EU, impacts can be expected in spruce woodland, plantations and on ornamental spruce trees, leading to reduced tree growth and associated ecosystem service provision. The main uncertainty concerns the level of susceptibility of P. abies and P. sitchensis under European conditions. The criteria assessed by the Panel for consideration as a potential quarantine pest are met. As the pest is not present in the EU, not all criteria for consideration as a regulated non-quarantine pest are me
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Pest categorisation of Coniferiporia sulphurascens and Coniferiporia weirii
European Food Safe Authority (EFSA), 2018Co-Authors: Jeger Michael, Bragard Claude, Jaques Josep A., Caffier David, Candresse Thierry, Chatzivassiliou Elisavet, Gilioli Gianni, Dehnen-schmutz Katharina, Grégoire Jean-claude, Macleod AlanAbstract:Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of Coniferiporia sulphurascens and Coniferiporia weirii, two well-defined and distinguishable fungal species of the family Hymenochaetaceae. The pathogens are regulated in Council Directive 2000/29/EC (Annex IAI, under the previous name Inonotus weirii for both species) as a Harmful Organism whose introduction into the EU is banned. The two pathogens are native to North America, where C. sulphurascens causes laminated root rot primarily in Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and grand fir (Abies grandis), while C. weirii causes cedar laminated root and butt rot mainly in cedars (Thuja plicata and Cupressus nootkatensis). C. weirii has been reported from Japan and China, and C. sulphurascens from China, Russia and Turkey. Neither species has been reported from the EU. C. sulphurascens may infect all conifers, while C. weirii is reported to mainly cause disease in tree species of Thuja spp. and Cupressus spp. The two pathogens could enter the EU mainly via wood with bark, isolated bark and plants for planting (including artificially dwarfed plants) of Pinaceae and Cupressaceae. Both fungi could establish in the EU, as hosts are present and climatic conditions are favourable. The two pathogens would be able to spread following establishment by the pathways mentioned for entry and also by dissemination of basidiospores and root contact with infected root/wood. Should the pathogen be introduced in the EU, impacts can be expected on coniferous woodlands, plantations and ornamental trees, thus leading to reduced tree growth and ecosystem service provision. The key uncertainties concern (i) the distribution of the two pathogens in Asia, (ii) the level of susceptibility of conifers native to Europe and (iii) the role of plants for planting as a pathway of entry and spread. For both pathogens, the criteria assessed by the Panel for consideration as a potential quarantine pest are met. As the two pests are not present in the EU, not all the criteria for consideration as regulated non-quarantine pests are met
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Pest categorisation of Guignardia laricina
'Wiley', 2018Co-Authors: Jeger Michael, Bragard Claude, Caffier David, Candresse Thierry, Chatzivassiliou Elisavet, Gilioli Gianni, Jaques Miret, Josep Anton, Dehnen‐schmutz Katharina, Grégoire Jean‐claude, Macleod AlanAbstract:Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panelon Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of Guignardialaricina, a well-defined and distinguishable fungal species of the family Phyllostictaceae. The pathogen is regulated in Council Directive 2000/29/EC (Annex IAI) as a Harmful Organism whose introduction into the EU is banned. G.laricina is native to East Asia and causes a shoot blight disease of Larix spp. Major hosts of G.laricina are European larch (Larixdecidua) and two North American larch species (Larixlaricina (tamarack) and Larixoccidentalis (Western larch)). Larixkaempferi (Japanese larch) is reported as susceptible. The only other host in nature is Douglas fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii), which is reported as an incidental host, but various other conifers have been reported as susceptible following artificial inoculation, including Piceaabies. The fungus is not known to occur in the EU but could enter via plants for planting (including artificially dwarfed plants) and cut branches of Larix spp. It could establish in the EU, as hosts are present and climatic conditions are favourable. The pathogen would be able to spread following establishment by natural dissemination of ascospores and pycnospores and by human movement of infected plants for planting. Should the pathogen be introduced in the EU, impacts can be expected in larch forests, plantations and nurseries, leading to reduced tree growth and ecosystem service provision. The key uncertainties concern the current distribution and level of impacts in the native range of the pathogen. The criteria assessed by the Panelfor consideration as a potential quarantine pest are met. As the pest is not present in the EU, not all criteria for consideration as a regulated non-quarantine pest are met
Bragard Claude - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Pest categorisation of Melampsora medusae
European Food Safe Authority (EFSA), 2019Co-Authors: Jeger Michael, Bragard Claude, Jaques Josep A., Caffier David, Candresse Thierry, Chatzivassiliou Elisavet, Gilioli Gianni, Dehnen-schmutz Katharina, Grégoire Jean-claude, Macleod AlanAbstract:Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Plant Health Panel performed a pest categorisation of Melampsora medusae, a well-defined and distinguishable fungal species of the family Melampsoraceae. The pathogen is regulated in Annex IAI of Council Directive 2000/29/EC as a Harmful Organism whose introduction into the EU is banned. M. medusae is a heteroecious rust fungus with Populus spp. as primary telial hosts and various conifers (Larix, Pinus, Pseudotsuga, Abies, Picea and Tsuga spp.) as secondary aecial hosts. M. medusae is native to North America and has spread to South America, Africa, Asia, Oceania, as well as the EU, where M. medusae f. sp. deltoidae has been reported with a restricted distribution and low impacts from Belgium, south-west France and southern Portugal. The pest could spread to other EU countries, via dissemination of spores, movement of host plants for planting and cut branches. Climate is assumed not to be a limiting factor for the establishment of the pathogen in the EU. M. medusae is the most widespread and important Melampsora rust in North America. In western Canada, extensive damage has been reported to conifers and Populus spp. in nurseries and plantations as well as in woodlands. M. medusae is damaging in both Australia and New Zealand. The pest could have economic and environmental impacts in the EU if aggressive isolates of M. medusae were introduced into the EU. Import prohibition of host plants for planting is an available measure to reduce the risk of further introductions. Some resistant Populus cultivars are available. Moreover, increasing the genetic diversity of poplar plantations can prevent disease impacts. The main uncertainty concerns the factors explaining the low pathogenicity of the populations of M. medusae present in the EU. The criteria assessed by the Panel for consideration as a potential quarantine pest are met (the pest is present, but with a restricted distribution, and is officially under control). Given that plants for planting are not the main pathway of spread, not all criteria for consideration as a regulated non-quarantine pest are met
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Pest categorisation of Grapholita inopinata
2018Co-Authors: Bragard Claude, Di Serio Francesco, Gonthier Paolo, Jacques Marie-agnès, Jaques Josep A., Justesen, Annemarie Fejer, Magnusson, Christer Sven, Milonas Panagiotis, Dehnen-schmutz Katharina, Navas-cortés, Juan A.Abstract:The EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH) performed a pest categorisation of Grapholita inopinata, (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), the Manchurian fruit moth, for the territory of the EU. G. inopinata is a welldefined species that is recognised as a major pest of Malus spp. in Far East Russia, Eastern Siberia and northern China. G. inopinata is less common in Japan where it is not a serious pest. G. inopinata is not known to occur in the EU. G. inopinata is listed in Annex IIAI of 2000/29 EC as a Harmful Organism regulated on Cydonia, Malus, Prunus and Pyrus from non-European countries. Adult G. inopinata emerge in the summer, mate and lay eggs on host leaves and fruit. Larvae burrow into the fruit to develop. Larvae exit fruit and overwinter under bark, under leaf litter or in the soil. Import of host fruit provides a potential pathway into the EU. Restrictions on the import of host plants for planting close other potential pathways. G. inopinata occurs in a range of climates in Asia, some of which also occur in the EU. Wild and commercially grown hosts are available within the EU. G. inopinata has the potential to establish within the EU. There could be one or two generations per year as in its native range. Impacts could occur in pome fruit orchards. The level of impacts would be uncertain. Phytosanitary measures are available to reduce the likelihood of introduction of G. inopinata. G. inopinata meets all the criteria assessed by EFSA PLH to satisfy the definition of a Union quarantine pest. G. inopinata does not meet the criteria of occurring within the EU, nor plants for planting being the principal means of spread, so does not satisfy all the criteria for it to be regarded as a Union regulated non-quarantine pest (RNQP)
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Pest categorisation of Melampsora farlowii
European Food Safe Authority (EFSA), 2018Co-Authors: Bragard Claude, Di Serio Francesco, Gonthier Paolo, Jacques Marie-agnès, Jaques Josep A., Justesen, Annemarie Fejer, Macleod Alan, Magnusson, Christer Sven, Milonas Panagiotis, Navas-cortés, Juan A.Abstract:Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of Melampsora farlowii, a well-defined and distinguishable fungus of the family Melampsoraceae. M. farlowii is the causal agent of a leaf and twig rust of hemlocks (Tsuga spp.) in eastern North America. The pathogen is regulated in Council Directive 2000/29/EC (Annex IAI) as a Harmful Organism whose introduction into the EU is banned. M. farlowii is not reported to be present in Europe and could enter the EU via host plants for planting and cut branches. Cones and fruits are listed as plant parts that can carry the pest in trade and transport, but are not regulated. The pathogen could establish in the EU, as climatic conditions are favourable and Tsuga spp. have been planted as ornamentals and in plantations in several EU countries. M. farlowii would be able to spread following establishment by human movement of host plants for planting and cut branches, as well as natural spread. Should the pathogen be introduced in the EU, impacts can be expected on Tsuga spp. plantations, ornamental trees and especially nurseries. Hemlock rust is considered a destructive rust attacking Tsuga spp., particularly Tsuga canadensis in nurseries. The main uncertainties concern whether the impact of the pathogen in plantations under European conditions could be different than observed in eastern North America, whether fruit/cones of Tsuga can be a pathway of entry, and the dissemination potential of the pathogen under European conditions. However, M. farlowii is found in North America in most of the natural distribution range of T. canadensis, suggesting little dispersal limitation of the pathogen. The criteria assessed by the Panel for consideration as a potential quarantine pest are met, whilst, for regulated non-quarantine pests, the criterion on the pest presence in the EU is not me
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Pest categorisation of Chrysomyxa arctostaphyli
European Food Safe Authority (EFSA), 2018Co-Authors: Jeger Michael, Bragard Claude, Jaques Josep A., Caffier David, Candresse Thierry, Chatzivassiliou Elisavet, Gilioli Gianni, Dehnen-schmutz Katharina, Grégoire Jean-claude, Macleod AlanAbstract:Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of Chrysomyxa arctostaphyli, a well-defined and distinguishable fungal species of the family Coleosporiaceae. The pathogen is regulated in Council Directive 2000/29/EC (Annex IAI) as a Harmful Organism whose introduction into the EU is banned. C. arctostaphyli is native to North America and is the causal agent of spruce broom rust. C. arctostaphyli is a heteroecious rust with a 2-year life cycle alternating between the aecial host Picea spp. and the telial host Arctostaphylos spp. The main reported aecial host is P. engelmannii, but also P. abies, P. pungens, P. sitchensis, P. glauca, P. mariana and P. rubens (as well as Picea as a genus) are reported as hosts. The fungus is not known to occur in the EU but could enter via host plants for planting and cut branches. It could establish in the EU, as hosts are present and climatic conditions are favourable. The extent of overlap between the ranges of the telial and aecial hosts is greater in the EU than in North America. The pathogen would be able to spread following establishment by dissemination of spores and human movement of infected host plants. Should the pathogen be introduced in the EU, impacts can be expected in spruce woodland, plantations and on ornamental spruce trees, leading to reduced tree growth and associated ecosystem service provision. The main uncertainty concerns the level of susceptibility of P. abies and P. sitchensis under European conditions. The criteria assessed by the Panel for consideration as a potential quarantine pest are met. As the pest is not present in the EU, not all criteria for consideration as a regulated non-quarantine pest are me
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Pest categorisation of Coniferiporia sulphurascens and Coniferiporia weirii
European Food Safe Authority (EFSA), 2018Co-Authors: Jeger Michael, Bragard Claude, Jaques Josep A., Caffier David, Candresse Thierry, Chatzivassiliou Elisavet, Gilioli Gianni, Dehnen-schmutz Katharina, Grégoire Jean-claude, Macleod AlanAbstract:Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of Coniferiporia sulphurascens and Coniferiporia weirii, two well-defined and distinguishable fungal species of the family Hymenochaetaceae. The pathogens are regulated in Council Directive 2000/29/EC (Annex IAI, under the previous name Inonotus weirii for both species) as a Harmful Organism whose introduction into the EU is banned. The two pathogens are native to North America, where C. sulphurascens causes laminated root rot primarily in Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and grand fir (Abies grandis), while C. weirii causes cedar laminated root and butt rot mainly in cedars (Thuja plicata and Cupressus nootkatensis). C. weirii has been reported from Japan and China, and C. sulphurascens from China, Russia and Turkey. Neither species has been reported from the EU. C. sulphurascens may infect all conifers, while C. weirii is reported to mainly cause disease in tree species of Thuja spp. and Cupressus spp. The two pathogens could enter the EU mainly via wood with bark, isolated bark and plants for planting (including artificially dwarfed plants) of Pinaceae and Cupressaceae. Both fungi could establish in the EU, as hosts are present and climatic conditions are favourable. The two pathogens would be able to spread following establishment by the pathways mentioned for entry and also by dissemination of basidiospores and root contact with infected root/wood. Should the pathogen be introduced in the EU, impacts can be expected on coniferous woodlands, plantations and ornamental trees, thus leading to reduced tree growth and ecosystem service provision. The key uncertainties concern (i) the distribution of the two pathogens in Asia, (ii) the level of susceptibility of conifers native to Europe and (iii) the role of plants for planting as a pathway of entry and spread. For both pathogens, the criteria assessed by the Panel for consideration as a potential quarantine pest are met. As the two pests are not present in the EU, not all the criteria for consideration as regulated non-quarantine pests are met
Candresse Thierry - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Pest categorisation of Melampsora medusae
European Food Safe Authority (EFSA), 2019Co-Authors: Jeger Michael, Bragard Claude, Jaques Josep A., Caffier David, Candresse Thierry, Chatzivassiliou Elisavet, Gilioli Gianni, Dehnen-schmutz Katharina, Grégoire Jean-claude, Macleod AlanAbstract:Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Plant Health Panel performed a pest categorisation of Melampsora medusae, a well-defined and distinguishable fungal species of the family Melampsoraceae. The pathogen is regulated in Annex IAI of Council Directive 2000/29/EC as a Harmful Organism whose introduction into the EU is banned. M. medusae is a heteroecious rust fungus with Populus spp. as primary telial hosts and various conifers (Larix, Pinus, Pseudotsuga, Abies, Picea and Tsuga spp.) as secondary aecial hosts. M. medusae is native to North America and has spread to South America, Africa, Asia, Oceania, as well as the EU, where M. medusae f. sp. deltoidae has been reported with a restricted distribution and low impacts from Belgium, south-west France and southern Portugal. The pest could spread to other EU countries, via dissemination of spores, movement of host plants for planting and cut branches. Climate is assumed not to be a limiting factor for the establishment of the pathogen in the EU. M. medusae is the most widespread and important Melampsora rust in North America. In western Canada, extensive damage has been reported to conifers and Populus spp. in nurseries and plantations as well as in woodlands. M. medusae is damaging in both Australia and New Zealand. The pest could have economic and environmental impacts in the EU if aggressive isolates of M. medusae were introduced into the EU. Import prohibition of host plants for planting is an available measure to reduce the risk of further introductions. Some resistant Populus cultivars are available. Moreover, increasing the genetic diversity of poplar plantations can prevent disease impacts. The main uncertainty concerns the factors explaining the low pathogenicity of the populations of M. medusae present in the EU. The criteria assessed by the Panel for consideration as a potential quarantine pest are met (the pest is present, but with a restricted distribution, and is officially under control). Given that plants for planting are not the main pathway of spread, not all criteria for consideration as a regulated non-quarantine pest are met
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Pest categorisation of Chrysomyxa arctostaphyli
European Food Safe Authority (EFSA), 2018Co-Authors: Jeger Michael, Bragard Claude, Jaques Josep A., Caffier David, Candresse Thierry, Chatzivassiliou Elisavet, Gilioli Gianni, Dehnen-schmutz Katharina, Grégoire Jean-claude, Macleod AlanAbstract:Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of Chrysomyxa arctostaphyli, a well-defined and distinguishable fungal species of the family Coleosporiaceae. The pathogen is regulated in Council Directive 2000/29/EC (Annex IAI) as a Harmful Organism whose introduction into the EU is banned. C. arctostaphyli is native to North America and is the causal agent of spruce broom rust. C. arctostaphyli is a heteroecious rust with a 2-year life cycle alternating between the aecial host Picea spp. and the telial host Arctostaphylos spp. The main reported aecial host is P. engelmannii, but also P. abies, P. pungens, P. sitchensis, P. glauca, P. mariana and P. rubens (as well as Picea as a genus) are reported as hosts. The fungus is not known to occur in the EU but could enter via host plants for planting and cut branches. It could establish in the EU, as hosts are present and climatic conditions are favourable. The extent of overlap between the ranges of the telial and aecial hosts is greater in the EU than in North America. The pathogen would be able to spread following establishment by dissemination of spores and human movement of infected host plants. Should the pathogen be introduced in the EU, impacts can be expected in spruce woodland, plantations and on ornamental spruce trees, leading to reduced tree growth and associated ecosystem service provision. The main uncertainty concerns the level of susceptibility of P. abies and P. sitchensis under European conditions. The criteria assessed by the Panel for consideration as a potential quarantine pest are met. As the pest is not present in the EU, not all criteria for consideration as a regulated non-quarantine pest are me
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Pest categorisation of Coniferiporia sulphurascens and Coniferiporia weirii
European Food Safe Authority (EFSA), 2018Co-Authors: Jeger Michael, Bragard Claude, Jaques Josep A., Caffier David, Candresse Thierry, Chatzivassiliou Elisavet, Gilioli Gianni, Dehnen-schmutz Katharina, Grégoire Jean-claude, Macleod AlanAbstract:Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of Coniferiporia sulphurascens and Coniferiporia weirii, two well-defined and distinguishable fungal species of the family Hymenochaetaceae. The pathogens are regulated in Council Directive 2000/29/EC (Annex IAI, under the previous name Inonotus weirii for both species) as a Harmful Organism whose introduction into the EU is banned. The two pathogens are native to North America, where C. sulphurascens causes laminated root rot primarily in Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and grand fir (Abies grandis), while C. weirii causes cedar laminated root and butt rot mainly in cedars (Thuja plicata and Cupressus nootkatensis). C. weirii has been reported from Japan and China, and C. sulphurascens from China, Russia and Turkey. Neither species has been reported from the EU. C. sulphurascens may infect all conifers, while C. weirii is reported to mainly cause disease in tree species of Thuja spp. and Cupressus spp. The two pathogens could enter the EU mainly via wood with bark, isolated bark and plants for planting (including artificially dwarfed plants) of Pinaceae and Cupressaceae. Both fungi could establish in the EU, as hosts are present and climatic conditions are favourable. The two pathogens would be able to spread following establishment by the pathways mentioned for entry and also by dissemination of basidiospores and root contact with infected root/wood. Should the pathogen be introduced in the EU, impacts can be expected on coniferous woodlands, plantations and ornamental trees, thus leading to reduced tree growth and ecosystem service provision. The key uncertainties concern (i) the distribution of the two pathogens in Asia, (ii) the level of susceptibility of conifers native to Europe and (iii) the role of plants for planting as a pathway of entry and spread. For both pathogens, the criteria assessed by the Panel for consideration as a potential quarantine pest are met. As the two pests are not present in the EU, not all the criteria for consideration as regulated non-quarantine pests are met
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Pest categorisation of Unaspis citri
2018Co-Authors: Jeger Michael, Bragard Claude, Jaques Josep A., Caffier David, Candresse Thierry, Chatzivassiliou Elisavet, Gilioli Gianni, Dehnen-schmutz Katharina, Grégoire Jean-claude, Navajas Navarro MaríaAbstract:The Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of the citrus snow scale, Unaspis citri (Comstock) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), for the European Union (EU). This is a well-de fi ned and distinguishable species, native to south-eastern Asia, which has spread to many tropical and subtropical regions. U. citri can be a pest of citrus and has been cited on over 28 different species in 16 plant families. In the EU, U. citri occurs in the Azores. There is uncertainty as to whether it occurs in continental Portugal. Reports of it occurring in Greece and Spain are likely to be invalid and based on interception records from these countries. An old Italian record is a misidenti fi cation. U. citri is listed in Annex IIAI of 2000/29/EC as a Harmful Organism. The international trade of hosts, as either plants for planting, fruit or cut fl owers, provide potential pathways into the EU. However, current EU legislation prohibits the import of citrus plants for planting from third countries. U. citri is mostly con fi ned to coastal humid tropical areas and does not occur in semi-arid areas that are irrigated. Nevertheless, given that it occurs in the Azores and that there are regional climatic similarities between places where U. citri occurs and climates within the EU, and taking EU host distribution into account, U. citri has the potential to establish in the EU, especially in citrus-growing regions around the Mediterranean where losses in quality and yield of citrus could occur. Phytosanitary measures are available to inhibit the likelihood of introduction of U. citri . Considering the criteria within the remit of EFSA to assess the status as a potential Union quarantine pest (QP), or as a potential regulated non-quarantine pest (RNQP), U. citri meets the criteria assessed by EFSA for consideration as a potential Union QP
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Pest categorisation of Coniferiporia sulphurascens and Coniferiporia weirii
'Wiley', 2018Co-Authors: Jeger Michael, Bragard Claude, Caffier David, Candresse Thierry, Chatzivassiliou Elisavet, Gilioli Gianni, Jaques Miret, Josep Anton, Dehnen‐schmutz Katharina, Grégoire Jean‐claude, Macleod AlanAbstract:Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panelon Plant Health performed a pestcategorisation of Coniferiporiasulphurascens and Coniferiporiaweirii, two well-defined and distinguishable fungal species of the family Hymenochaetaceae. The pathogens are regulated in Council Directive 2000/29/EC (Annex IAI, under the previous name Inonotusweirii for both species) as a Harmful Organism whose introduction into the EU is banned. The two pathogens are native to North America, where C.sulphurascens causes laminated root rot primarily in Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and grand fir (Abiesgrandis), while C.weirii causes cedar laminated root and butt rot mainly in cedars (Thujaplicata and Cupressusnootkatensis). C.weirii has been reported from Japan and China, and C.sulphurascens from China, Russia and Turkey. Neither species has been reported from the EU. C.sulphurascens may infect all conifers, while C.weirii is reported to mainly cause disease in tree species of Thuja spp. and Cupressus spp. The two pathogens could enter the EU mainly via wood with bark, isolated bark and plants for planting (including artificially dwarfed plants) of Pinaceae and Cupressaceae. Both fungi could establish in the EU, as hosts are present and climatic conditions are favourable. The two pathogens would be able to spread following establishment by the pathways mentioned for entry and also by dissemination of basidiospores and root contact with infected root/wood. Should the pathogen be introduced in the EU, impacts can be expected on coniferous woodlands, plantations and ornamental trees, thus leading to reduced tree growth and ecosystem service provision. The key uncertainties concern (i) the distribution of the two pathogens in Asia, (ii) the level of susceptibility of conifers native to Europe and (iii) the role of plants for planting as a pathway of entry and spread. For both pathogens, the criteria assessed by the Panelfor consideration as a potential quarantine pest are met. As the two pests are not present in the EU, not all the criteria for consideration as regulated non-quarantine pests are met
Chatzivassiliou Elisavet - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Pest categorisation of Melampsora medusae
European Food Safe Authority (EFSA), 2019Co-Authors: Jeger Michael, Bragard Claude, Jaques Josep A., Caffier David, Candresse Thierry, Chatzivassiliou Elisavet, Gilioli Gianni, Dehnen-schmutz Katharina, Grégoire Jean-claude, Macleod AlanAbstract:Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Plant Health Panel performed a pest categorisation of Melampsora medusae, a well-defined and distinguishable fungal species of the family Melampsoraceae. The pathogen is regulated in Annex IAI of Council Directive 2000/29/EC as a Harmful Organism whose introduction into the EU is banned. M. medusae is a heteroecious rust fungus with Populus spp. as primary telial hosts and various conifers (Larix, Pinus, Pseudotsuga, Abies, Picea and Tsuga spp.) as secondary aecial hosts. M. medusae is native to North America and has spread to South America, Africa, Asia, Oceania, as well as the EU, where M. medusae f. sp. deltoidae has been reported with a restricted distribution and low impacts from Belgium, south-west France and southern Portugal. The pest could spread to other EU countries, via dissemination of spores, movement of host plants for planting and cut branches. Climate is assumed not to be a limiting factor for the establishment of the pathogen in the EU. M. medusae is the most widespread and important Melampsora rust in North America. In western Canada, extensive damage has been reported to conifers and Populus spp. in nurseries and plantations as well as in woodlands. M. medusae is damaging in both Australia and New Zealand. The pest could have economic and environmental impacts in the EU if aggressive isolates of M. medusae were introduced into the EU. Import prohibition of host plants for planting is an available measure to reduce the risk of further introductions. Some resistant Populus cultivars are available. Moreover, increasing the genetic diversity of poplar plantations can prevent disease impacts. The main uncertainty concerns the factors explaining the low pathogenicity of the populations of M. medusae present in the EU. The criteria assessed by the Panel for consideration as a potential quarantine pest are met (the pest is present, but with a restricted distribution, and is officially under control). Given that plants for planting are not the main pathway of spread, not all criteria for consideration as a regulated non-quarantine pest are met
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Pest categorisation of Chrysomyxa arctostaphyli
European Food Safe Authority (EFSA), 2018Co-Authors: Jeger Michael, Bragard Claude, Jaques Josep A., Caffier David, Candresse Thierry, Chatzivassiliou Elisavet, Gilioli Gianni, Dehnen-schmutz Katharina, Grégoire Jean-claude, Macleod AlanAbstract:Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of Chrysomyxa arctostaphyli, a well-defined and distinguishable fungal species of the family Coleosporiaceae. The pathogen is regulated in Council Directive 2000/29/EC (Annex IAI) as a Harmful Organism whose introduction into the EU is banned. C. arctostaphyli is native to North America and is the causal agent of spruce broom rust. C. arctostaphyli is a heteroecious rust with a 2-year life cycle alternating between the aecial host Picea spp. and the telial host Arctostaphylos spp. The main reported aecial host is P. engelmannii, but also P. abies, P. pungens, P. sitchensis, P. glauca, P. mariana and P. rubens (as well as Picea as a genus) are reported as hosts. The fungus is not known to occur in the EU but could enter via host plants for planting and cut branches. It could establish in the EU, as hosts are present and climatic conditions are favourable. The extent of overlap between the ranges of the telial and aecial hosts is greater in the EU than in North America. The pathogen would be able to spread following establishment by dissemination of spores and human movement of infected host plants. Should the pathogen be introduced in the EU, impacts can be expected in spruce woodland, plantations and on ornamental spruce trees, leading to reduced tree growth and associated ecosystem service provision. The main uncertainty concerns the level of susceptibility of P. abies and P. sitchensis under European conditions. The criteria assessed by the Panel for consideration as a potential quarantine pest are met. As the pest is not present in the EU, not all criteria for consideration as a regulated non-quarantine pest are me
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Pest categorisation of Coniferiporia sulphurascens and Coniferiporia weirii
European Food Safe Authority (EFSA), 2018Co-Authors: Jeger Michael, Bragard Claude, Jaques Josep A., Caffier David, Candresse Thierry, Chatzivassiliou Elisavet, Gilioli Gianni, Dehnen-schmutz Katharina, Grégoire Jean-claude, Macleod AlanAbstract:Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of Coniferiporia sulphurascens and Coniferiporia weirii, two well-defined and distinguishable fungal species of the family Hymenochaetaceae. The pathogens are regulated in Council Directive 2000/29/EC (Annex IAI, under the previous name Inonotus weirii for both species) as a Harmful Organism whose introduction into the EU is banned. The two pathogens are native to North America, where C. sulphurascens causes laminated root rot primarily in Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and grand fir (Abies grandis), while C. weirii causes cedar laminated root and butt rot mainly in cedars (Thuja plicata and Cupressus nootkatensis). C. weirii has been reported from Japan and China, and C. sulphurascens from China, Russia and Turkey. Neither species has been reported from the EU. C. sulphurascens may infect all conifers, while C. weirii is reported to mainly cause disease in tree species of Thuja spp. and Cupressus spp. The two pathogens could enter the EU mainly via wood with bark, isolated bark and plants for planting (including artificially dwarfed plants) of Pinaceae and Cupressaceae. Both fungi could establish in the EU, as hosts are present and climatic conditions are favourable. The two pathogens would be able to spread following establishment by the pathways mentioned for entry and also by dissemination of basidiospores and root contact with infected root/wood. Should the pathogen be introduced in the EU, impacts can be expected on coniferous woodlands, plantations and ornamental trees, thus leading to reduced tree growth and ecosystem service provision. The key uncertainties concern (i) the distribution of the two pathogens in Asia, (ii) the level of susceptibility of conifers native to Europe and (iii) the role of plants for planting as a pathway of entry and spread. For both pathogens, the criteria assessed by the Panel for consideration as a potential quarantine pest are met. As the two pests are not present in the EU, not all the criteria for consideration as regulated non-quarantine pests are met
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Pest categorisation of Unaspis citri
2018Co-Authors: Jeger Michael, Bragard Claude, Jaques Josep A., Caffier David, Candresse Thierry, Chatzivassiliou Elisavet, Gilioli Gianni, Dehnen-schmutz Katharina, Grégoire Jean-claude, Navajas Navarro MaríaAbstract:The Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of the citrus snow scale, Unaspis citri (Comstock) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), for the European Union (EU). This is a well-de fi ned and distinguishable species, native to south-eastern Asia, which has spread to many tropical and subtropical regions. U. citri can be a pest of citrus and has been cited on over 28 different species in 16 plant families. In the EU, U. citri occurs in the Azores. There is uncertainty as to whether it occurs in continental Portugal. Reports of it occurring in Greece and Spain are likely to be invalid and based on interception records from these countries. An old Italian record is a misidenti fi cation. U. citri is listed in Annex IIAI of 2000/29/EC as a Harmful Organism. The international trade of hosts, as either plants for planting, fruit or cut fl owers, provide potential pathways into the EU. However, current EU legislation prohibits the import of citrus plants for planting from third countries. U. citri is mostly con fi ned to coastal humid tropical areas and does not occur in semi-arid areas that are irrigated. Nevertheless, given that it occurs in the Azores and that there are regional climatic similarities between places where U. citri occurs and climates within the EU, and taking EU host distribution into account, U. citri has the potential to establish in the EU, especially in citrus-growing regions around the Mediterranean where losses in quality and yield of citrus could occur. Phytosanitary measures are available to inhibit the likelihood of introduction of U. citri . Considering the criteria within the remit of EFSA to assess the status as a potential Union quarantine pest (QP), or as a potential regulated non-quarantine pest (RNQP), U. citri meets the criteria assessed by EFSA for consideration as a potential Union QP
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Pest categorisation of Coniferiporia sulphurascens and Coniferiporia weirii
'Wiley', 2018Co-Authors: Jeger Michael, Bragard Claude, Caffier David, Candresse Thierry, Chatzivassiliou Elisavet, Gilioli Gianni, Jaques Miret, Josep Anton, Dehnen‐schmutz Katharina, Grégoire Jean‐claude, Macleod AlanAbstract:Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panelon Plant Health performed a pestcategorisation of Coniferiporiasulphurascens and Coniferiporiaweirii, two well-defined and distinguishable fungal species of the family Hymenochaetaceae. The pathogens are regulated in Council Directive 2000/29/EC (Annex IAI, under the previous name Inonotusweirii for both species) as a Harmful Organism whose introduction into the EU is banned. The two pathogens are native to North America, where C.sulphurascens causes laminated root rot primarily in Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and grand fir (Abiesgrandis), while C.weirii causes cedar laminated root and butt rot mainly in cedars (Thujaplicata and Cupressusnootkatensis). C.weirii has been reported from Japan and China, and C.sulphurascens from China, Russia and Turkey. Neither species has been reported from the EU. C.sulphurascens may infect all conifers, while C.weirii is reported to mainly cause disease in tree species of Thuja spp. and Cupressus spp. The two pathogens could enter the EU mainly via wood with bark, isolated bark and plants for planting (including artificially dwarfed plants) of Pinaceae and Cupressaceae. Both fungi could establish in the EU, as hosts are present and climatic conditions are favourable. The two pathogens would be able to spread following establishment by the pathways mentioned for entry and also by dissemination of basidiospores and root contact with infected root/wood. Should the pathogen be introduced in the EU, impacts can be expected on coniferous woodlands, plantations and ornamental trees, thus leading to reduced tree growth and ecosystem service provision. The key uncertainties concern (i) the distribution of the two pathogens in Asia, (ii) the level of susceptibility of conifers native to Europe and (iii) the role of plants for planting as a pathway of entry and spread. For both pathogens, the criteria assessed by the Panelfor consideration as a potential quarantine pest are met. As the two pests are not present in the EU, not all the criteria for consideration as regulated non-quarantine pests are met
