The Experts below are selected from a list of 6435 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
C. E. Müller - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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influence of harvest date of primary growth on microbial flora of grass herbages and haylage and on fermentation and aerobic stability of haylage conserved in laboratory silos
Grass and Forage Science, 2009Co-Authors: C. E. MüllerAbstract:The influence of harvest date of the primary growth of grass herbages on the microbial flora of herbage pre-conservation and haylage post-conservation was studied along with fermentation variables and aerobic stability of haylage. The primary growths of two grass swards, one intensely (Int) and one extensively (Ext) managed, were cut at three different harvest dates (May, June, August) and ensiled in laboratory silos for 120 d. Later harvest dates resulted in increased counts of yeast, mould and enterobacteria in the pre-conserved herbage (P < 0·001). Counts of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) (P < 0·001) and number of mould species (P < 0·001) were highest in the pre-conserved herbage harvested in August. Later harvest dates resulted in higher yeast (P < 0·001) and LAB (P < 0·001) counts in the haylage while counts of enterobacteria decreased (P < 0·001). Clostridial spore counts were unaffected by harvest date both in herbage and haylage. The haylage harvested in August had the lowest pH and the lowest concentration of ethanol but the concentration of lactic acid was in general low. Aerobic stability was longer (P < 0·01) for haylage from herbage harvested in August compared with haylage from herbage harvested in May and June. Sward type had less influence than harvest date on microbial variables in herbage and haylage and on fermentation variables of haylage, and did not influence the aerobic stability of haylage.
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long stemmed vs cut haylage in bales effects on fermentation aerobic storage stability equine eating behaviour and characteristics of equine faeces
Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2009Co-Authors: C. E. MüllerAbstract:Abstract Wrapped forages used in equine nutrition are often conserved long-stemmed, although cutting or chopping the herbage prior to ensiling has been shown to produce a larger and/or faster production of lactic acid and a prolonged aerobic storage stability in other ensiling systems. An experiment comparing conservation and feeding of cut and long-stemmed grass haylage in bales was therefore completed. Bale characteristics, chemical and microbial composition of the conserved haylage and aerobic storage stability of opened bales were compared between cut and long-stemmed haylage, as well as effects of the two forage treatments on equine eating behaviour and faecal characteristics. The experimental design of the feeding experiment was a cross-over with 10 horses divided into two groups in two periods, with each period being four weeks. Bale weight, dry matter loss during fermentation, chemical composition and aerobic storage stability was similar between cut and long-stemmed haylage. Dry matter losses during fermentation were less than 10 g/kg in both forage treatments. Microbial composition differed only in counts of enterobacteria, which were slightly higher ( P =0.004) in the cut haylage compared to the long-stemmed haylage. The aerobic storage stability test lasted for five days during which both forage treatments were stable. Ethanol content decreased in both cut and long-stemmed haylage with increasing number of days of aerobic storage. When horses were fed cut haylage, faecal pH was slightly higher and faecal content of acetic acid were slightly lower than when horses were fed long-stemmed haylage, but differences were small and not considered to be biologically important. Faecal particle size distribution was similar when horses were fed cut or long-stemmed haylage. Eating time (min/kg DM) was similar, chewing rate (chews/min) was slightly higher ( P =0.01) and number of chews/kg DM was lower ( P vs . 82 chews/min for cut and long-stemmed haylage respectively), but the implications of this difference over 24 h or longer periods is not known. Individual variation among horses was larger than differences due to cut or long-stemmed forage in both eating behaviour and faecal characteristics.
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effect of forage conservation method on microbial flora and fermentation pattern in forage and in equine colon and faeces
Livestock Science, 2008Co-Authors: C. E. Müller, D Von Rosen, P UdenAbstract:Abstract The influence of forage conservation method on microbial and chemical composition in forage and on colon content and faeces in horses fed with the forages was investigated. Hay (815 g DM/kg), haylage (548 g DM/kg) and silage (343 g DM/kg) was produced from the same grass crop and fed to four fistulated horses in a crossover study. Horses were sampled in right ventral colon and of faeces after a feeding period of 21 days (for each forage). Fermentation kinetics of right ventral colon was also studied on two subsequent days in each period, with sampling times immediately before and 2, 4, 8 and 12 h after the morning meal. Forage conservation method influenced microbial and chemical composition of the forages. Silage differed from haylage and hay in more variables than haylage differed from hay. However, the different forage types had similar influence on microbial and chemical composition of right ventral colon content and faeces in horses at Day 21, with the exception of counts of Streptococci which were highest when horses were fed with hay. However, interaction among forage types and sampling locations (right ventral colon and faeces) was also present for Streptococci as well as for pH. In general, pH was lower and counts of lactate utilizing and lactate producing bacteria were higher in faeces compared to right ventral colon. Fermentation kinetics in colon varied little among forage types and sampling times, and no interaction between forage types and sampling times were found, indicating that silage, haylage and hay had very similar fermentation kinetics in right ventral colon of horses. In conclusion, silage, haylage and hay produced from the same grass crop tended to produce similar responses in microbial and chemical composition in right ventral colon and faeces in horses fed with the forages.
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storage of small bale silage and haylage influence of storage period on fermentation variables and microbial composition
Grass and Forage Science, 2007Co-Authors: C. E. Müller, Thomas Pauly, Peter UdénAbstract:An experiment investigating changes in fermentation variables and microbial composition during storage of small-bale silage and haylage was performed. Haylage was defined as silage with a dry-matter (DM) content exceeding 500 g kg−1. Grass was wilted to three different DM contents, and baled into silage (350 g DM kg−1), haylage with a low DM content (550 g kg−1) and haylage with high DM content (700 g kg−1) in small rectangular-shaped bales (0·80 m × 0·48 m × 0·36 m) that were individually wrapped. Bales were stored for short (2 months) or long (14 months) periods before opening and sampling. Silage had higher concentrations of fermentation products and a lower pH than either of the two haylage types. In general, long-term storage influenced all fermentation variables except concentrations of butyric acid and succinic acid, and yeast counts were higher after 14 months than 2 months of storage. However, silage changed in more fermentation variables during storage than the two haylage types. Although differences between short- and long-term stored silage were found, linear correlations between short- and long-term stored bales were present for all chemical variables. Pearson's correlation coefficients were highest for lactic acid, followed by pH.
Hansu Park - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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optimization of truck loader Haulage systems in an underground mine using simulation methods
Geosystem Engineering, 2016Co-Authors: Sebeom Park, Yosoon Choi, Hansu ParkAbstract:AbstractThis study developed a program to simulate a Haulage system with trucks and loaders for an underground mine using the GPSS/H simulation language. The Daesung MDI limestone mine located in Korea was selected as the study area. Using the developed program and parameter values determined by a field survey, simulations of the truck-loader Haulage system were performed to optimize the number of trucks dispatched at three loading points in the study area. The simulation results showed that maximum production can be expected by dispatching four, seven, and three trucks to each loading point, respectively. Because the developed program was found to properly simulate the Haulage system, it could be used for practical purposes in the study area.
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simulation of truck loader Haulage systems in an underground mine using gpss h
Journal of Korean Society for Rock Mechanics, 2014Co-Authors: Sebeom Park, Yosoon Choi, Hansu ParkAbstract:Abstract This study developed a simulation program for truck-loader Haulage systems in an underground mine. A limestone underground mine in Korea was selected as a study area and investigated to design the simulation algorithm for truck-loader Haulage systems. GPSS/H simulation language was utilized to develop the simulation program. Simulations were conducted to analyze the optimal number of Haulage trucks dispatched in the 540 ML loading point by using the developed program. The simulation results showed that 8 trucks can maximize the daily production (2,076 ton). The real production (1,850 ton/day) of limestone ores was very similar to the simulated one (1,850.35 ton/day) when considers 7 trucks dispatched in the 540 ML loading point. In addition, average waiting time at loader were similar (waiting time by time study : 1.39 min, simulated waiting time : 1.35 min). Key words Underground Mine, Truck, Loader, Simulation, GPSS/H초 록 본 연구에서는 지하광산의 트럭-로더 운반시스템의 시뮬레이션을 수행할 수 있는 프로그램을 개발하였다 . 국내 석회석 지하광산 현장을 연구지역으로 설정하여 생산현장의 트럭 -로더 운반 시스템에 대해 조사하고 , 이를 바탕으로 시뮬레이션 알고리즘을 설계하였다. 트럭-로더 운반 시스템의 시뮬레이션 프로그램은 GPSS/H 시뮬레이션 언어를 이용하여 개발하였다. 개발된 프로그램에 현장조사를 통해 측정한 시뮬레이션 인자 값들을 입력하여 시뮬레이션을 수행한 결과 연구지역의 540 ML(540갱) 적재지점에는 8대의 트럭을 투입하는 것이 하루 생산량을 2,076 ton으로 최대화할 수 있는 것으로 분석되었다 . 시뮬레이션 프로그램의 검증을 위해 실제 현장의 작업상황과 동일하게 540 ML 작업장에 7대의 트럭을 투입하는 것으로 가정하여 시뮬레이션을 수행하였다 . 그 결과 실제 광석 생산량(1,850 ton/day)과 시뮬레이션을 통해 예측된 광석 생산량 (1,850.35 ton/day)이 매우 유사하게 나타났으며, 적재지점의 로더에서 평균 대기시간도 유사하게 나타나는 것을 확인할 수 있었다 (실제 측정한 대기시간 : 1.39 분, 시뮬레이션 결과 : 1.35 분).핵심어 지하광산, 트럭, 로더, 시뮬레이션, GPSS/H
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development of a windows based simulation program for selecting equipments in open pit shovel truck Haulage systems
Journal of Korean Society for Rock Mechanics, 2014Co-Authors: Sebeom Park, Yosoon Choi, Sungjae Lee, Hansu ParkAbstract:Abstract This study developed a Windows-based simulation program for selecting equipments in open-pit shovel-truck Haulage systems. Visual Basic.NET 2012 was used to develop the graphic user interface (GUI) and the GPSS/H simulation language was utilized to implement the simulation engine of program. When users establish simulation parameters through the GUI, the program calls the simulation engine to perform the simulations repeatedly. Then, it finds the optimal fleet of equipments required for operating the open-pit shovel-truck Haulage systems efficiently. Application of the program to the Ssangyong open-pit limestone mine, Gangwon-do, Korea, showed that the daily average profit of shovel-truck Haulage operation can be maximized (i.e. 88,552 USD) under following conditions: (a) 4 trucks are dispatched into each loading point and (b) a crusher with capacity of 1,500 tph is utilized. Key words Open-pit mine, Shovel-truck Haulage system, Equipment selection, GPSS/H초 록 본 연구에서는 노천광산 쇼밸 -트럭 운반 시스템의 장비선택을 위해 활용할 수 있는 Windows용 시뮬레이션 프로그램을 개발하였다 . Visual Basic.NET 2012를 이용하여 프로그램의 그래픽 사용자 인터페이스를 개발하였고, GPSS/H 시뮬레이션 언어를 이용하여 시뮬레이션 엔진을 구현하였다 . 사용자가 그래픽 사용자 인터페이스를 통해 시뮬레이션 조건을 설정하면 , 프로그램은 시뮬레이션을 반복적으로 수행하기 위해 시뮬레이션 엔진을 호출하며 운반 시스템을 가장 효율적으로 운영할 수 있는 장비의 조합을 분석하여 사용자에게 알려준다 . 개발된 프로그램을 강원도에 위치한 (주) 쌍용자원개발 동해 석회석 노천광산에 적용한 결과 각각의 적재지점에 대하여 트럭을 4대씩 배차하고 1,500 tph 처리용량을 가진 파쇄기를 사용할 때 쇼밸 -트럭 운반 작업의 하루 평균 수익을 88,552 USD로 최대화할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다 .핵심어 노천광산, 쇼밸-트럭 운반 시스템 , 장비선택, GPSS/H
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simulation of shovel truck Haulage systems in open pit mines by considering breakdown of trucks and crusher capacity
Journal of Korean Society for Rock Mechanics, 2014Co-Authors: Sebeom Park, Yosoon Choi, Hansu ParkAbstract:This paper presents a case study that performed simulations on shovel-truck Haulage systems in an open-pit mine by considering truck's breakdown and crusher's capacity. The SSangyoung limestone open-pit mine in Korea was selected as a study area and investigated to design the simulation algorithms. The GPSS/H simulation language is used to implement the simulation algorithms as a console application(simulator). The values of input parameters for simulator were measured by field investigation in the study area. The simulation results showed that 7 trucks can maximize the daily profit of Haulage operations(i.e., 73,775 USD) when considers the frequency of trucks' breakdown as 1/40 hour -1 . In addition, the crusher capacity of 1300 tph is required to improve the efficiency of
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creation of vector network data with considering terrain gradient for analyzing optimal Haulage routes of dump trucks in open pit mines
Journal of Korean Society for Rock Mechanics, 2013Co-Authors: Boyoung Park, Yosoon Choi, Hansu ParkAbstract:Previous studies for analyzing optimal Haulage routes of dump trucks in open pit mines mostly used raster data. However, the raster data has several problems in performing optimal route analyses: (1) the jagged appearance of Haulage roads according the cell resolution often causes overestimation of the travel cost; (2) it difficult to trace the topological relationships among Haulage roads. These problems can be eliminated by using vector network data, however a new method is required to reflect the performance characteristics of a dump truck according to terrain gradient changes. This study presents a new method to create vector network data with the consideration of terrain gradient for analyzing optimal Haulage routes of dump trucks in open pit mines. It consists of four procedures: (a) creating digital elevation models, (b) digitizing Haulage road networks, (c) calculating the terrain gradient of Haulage roads, and (d) calculating the average speed and travel time of a dump truck along Haulage roads. A simple case study at the Roto South pit in the Pasir open pit coal mine, Indonesia is also presented to provide proof that the proposed method is easily compatible to ArcGIS Network Analyst software and is effective in finding optimal Haulage routes of dump trucks with considering terrain gradient in open pit mines.
Yosoon Choi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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simulation of truck Haulage operations in an underground mine using big data from an ict based mine safety management system
Applied Sciences, 2019Co-Authors: Jieun Baek, Yosoon ChoiAbstract:Information communication technology (ICT)-based mine safety management systems are being introduced at numerous mining sites to track the location of equipment and workers in real time and monitor environmental changes. This paper presents the results of a case study in which the big data created by an ICT-based mine safety management system are used for simulating truck Haulage operations. An underground limestone mine located in Danyang, South Korea was studied, and the data generated over three months, from October 1 to December 31, 2018, were analyzed. Truck tag packet data recognized by relays were extracted and analyzed to calculate the averages and standard deviations of the truck travel times of each mine segment. A discrete event simulation program that simulates truck Haulage operations in the study area was developed. Haulage times, the number of Haulage operations, production output, and truck delay times were predicted, and results were compared with the actual operation results that were obtained on January 2 and 9, 2019. The difference between the predicted and actual results for the total amount of loaded ore was 30 tons for January 2 and 0 tons for January 9. The mean absolute error between the predicted and observed truck travel times was 0.13 min for January 2 and 0.14 min for January 9. The truck travel times that were measured differently according to the data aggregation period were set as temporal factors, and truck Haulage simulations were performed. The results showed that more reliable simulation results were obtained as data accumulation time increased.
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optimization of truck loader Haulage systems in an underground mine using simulation methods
Geosystem Engineering, 2016Co-Authors: Sebeom Park, Yosoon Choi, Hansu ParkAbstract:AbstractThis study developed a program to simulate a Haulage system with trucks and loaders for an underground mine using the GPSS/H simulation language. The Daesung MDI limestone mine located in Korea was selected as the study area. Using the developed program and parameter values determined by a field survey, simulations of the truck-loader Haulage system were performed to optimize the number of trucks dispatched at three loading points in the study area. The simulation results showed that maximum production can be expected by dispatching four, seven, and three trucks to each loading point, respectively. Because the developed program was found to properly simulate the Haulage system, it could be used for practical purposes in the study area.
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simulation of truck loader Haulage systems in an underground mine using gpss h
Journal of Korean Society for Rock Mechanics, 2014Co-Authors: Sebeom Park, Yosoon Choi, Hansu ParkAbstract:Abstract This study developed a simulation program for truck-loader Haulage systems in an underground mine. A limestone underground mine in Korea was selected as a study area and investigated to design the simulation algorithm for truck-loader Haulage systems. GPSS/H simulation language was utilized to develop the simulation program. Simulations were conducted to analyze the optimal number of Haulage trucks dispatched in the 540 ML loading point by using the developed program. The simulation results showed that 8 trucks can maximize the daily production (2,076 ton). The real production (1,850 ton/day) of limestone ores was very similar to the simulated one (1,850.35 ton/day) when considers 7 trucks dispatched in the 540 ML loading point. In addition, average waiting time at loader were similar (waiting time by time study : 1.39 min, simulated waiting time : 1.35 min). Key words Underground Mine, Truck, Loader, Simulation, GPSS/H초 록 본 연구에서는 지하광산의 트럭-로더 운반시스템의 시뮬레이션을 수행할 수 있는 프로그램을 개발하였다 . 국내 석회석 지하광산 현장을 연구지역으로 설정하여 생산현장의 트럭 -로더 운반 시스템에 대해 조사하고 , 이를 바탕으로 시뮬레이션 알고리즘을 설계하였다. 트럭-로더 운반 시스템의 시뮬레이션 프로그램은 GPSS/H 시뮬레이션 언어를 이용하여 개발하였다. 개발된 프로그램에 현장조사를 통해 측정한 시뮬레이션 인자 값들을 입력하여 시뮬레이션을 수행한 결과 연구지역의 540 ML(540갱) 적재지점에는 8대의 트럭을 투입하는 것이 하루 생산량을 2,076 ton으로 최대화할 수 있는 것으로 분석되었다 . 시뮬레이션 프로그램의 검증을 위해 실제 현장의 작업상황과 동일하게 540 ML 작업장에 7대의 트럭을 투입하는 것으로 가정하여 시뮬레이션을 수행하였다 . 그 결과 실제 광석 생산량(1,850 ton/day)과 시뮬레이션을 통해 예측된 광석 생산량 (1,850.35 ton/day)이 매우 유사하게 나타났으며, 적재지점의 로더에서 평균 대기시간도 유사하게 나타나는 것을 확인할 수 있었다 (실제 측정한 대기시간 : 1.39 분, 시뮬레이션 결과 : 1.35 분).핵심어 지하광산, 트럭, 로더, 시뮬레이션, GPSS/H
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development of a windows based simulation program for selecting equipments in open pit shovel truck Haulage systems
Journal of Korean Society for Rock Mechanics, 2014Co-Authors: Sebeom Park, Yosoon Choi, Sungjae Lee, Hansu ParkAbstract:Abstract This study developed a Windows-based simulation program for selecting equipments in open-pit shovel-truck Haulage systems. Visual Basic.NET 2012 was used to develop the graphic user interface (GUI) and the GPSS/H simulation language was utilized to implement the simulation engine of program. When users establish simulation parameters through the GUI, the program calls the simulation engine to perform the simulations repeatedly. Then, it finds the optimal fleet of equipments required for operating the open-pit shovel-truck Haulage systems efficiently. Application of the program to the Ssangyong open-pit limestone mine, Gangwon-do, Korea, showed that the daily average profit of shovel-truck Haulage operation can be maximized (i.e. 88,552 USD) under following conditions: (a) 4 trucks are dispatched into each loading point and (b) a crusher with capacity of 1,500 tph is utilized. Key words Open-pit mine, Shovel-truck Haulage system, Equipment selection, GPSS/H초 록 본 연구에서는 노천광산 쇼밸 -트럭 운반 시스템의 장비선택을 위해 활용할 수 있는 Windows용 시뮬레이션 프로그램을 개발하였다 . Visual Basic.NET 2012를 이용하여 프로그램의 그래픽 사용자 인터페이스를 개발하였고, GPSS/H 시뮬레이션 언어를 이용하여 시뮬레이션 엔진을 구현하였다 . 사용자가 그래픽 사용자 인터페이스를 통해 시뮬레이션 조건을 설정하면 , 프로그램은 시뮬레이션을 반복적으로 수행하기 위해 시뮬레이션 엔진을 호출하며 운반 시스템을 가장 효율적으로 운영할 수 있는 장비의 조합을 분석하여 사용자에게 알려준다 . 개발된 프로그램을 강원도에 위치한 (주) 쌍용자원개발 동해 석회석 노천광산에 적용한 결과 각각의 적재지점에 대하여 트럭을 4대씩 배차하고 1,500 tph 처리용량을 가진 파쇄기를 사용할 때 쇼밸 -트럭 운반 작업의 하루 평균 수익을 88,552 USD로 최대화할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다 .핵심어 노천광산, 쇼밸-트럭 운반 시스템 , 장비선택, GPSS/H
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simulation of shovel truck Haulage systems in open pit mines by considering breakdown of trucks and crusher capacity
Journal of Korean Society for Rock Mechanics, 2014Co-Authors: Sebeom Park, Yosoon Choi, Hansu ParkAbstract:This paper presents a case study that performed simulations on shovel-truck Haulage systems in an open-pit mine by considering truck's breakdown and crusher's capacity. The SSangyoung limestone open-pit mine in Korea was selected as a study area and investigated to design the simulation algorithms. The GPSS/H simulation language is used to implement the simulation algorithms as a console application(simulator). The values of input parameters for simulator were measured by field investigation in the study area. The simulation results showed that 7 trucks can maximize the daily profit of Haulage operations(i.e., 73,775 USD) when considers the frequency of trucks' breakdown as 1/40 hour -1 . In addition, the crusher capacity of 1300 tph is required to improve the efficiency of
Bart Wiegmans - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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modal shift from road Haulage to short sea shipping a systematic literature review and research directions
Transport Reviews, 2020Co-Authors: Zeeshan Raza, Martin Svanberg, Bart WiegmansAbstract:Modal shift from road Haulage to short sea shipping (SSS) has been advocated by authorities and researchers for more than two decades. This paper provides a review of literature on modal shift and ...
Edmo Da Cunha Rodovalho - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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sequential glory hole approach as a new mining method for sustainable operations
Journal of materials research and technology, 2019Co-Authors: Edmo Da Cunha Rodovalho, Alexandre Orlandi Passos, Giorgio De Tomi, Jorge Alberto Soares TenorioAbstract:Abstract Some mines use shafts to outflow the material mined by surface methods aiming to reduce the average distance of Haulage. However, this application is restricted due to the unavailability of a methodology devoted to integrating the underground structures with surface mining plans. This mismatch implies an intensive use of trucks for Haulage operations. How can open pit mining operations with mobile equipment be developed without using trucks? The present study aims to develop a mining method that integrates underground structures, for material outflow, with the surface mining development reducing the truck fleet. Considering this innovative mining geometry, Haulage can employ alternative equipment or even adopt the truckless concept. After the geometric simulations using mine planning software tools, the proposed method has reached a strip ratio reduction of 8.3%. In addition, the method allowed the stacking of waste rocks and dewatered tailings in mined areas during the mining of subsequent pushbacks. These results make mining more sustainable, since it reduces area affected by waste piles and tailings dams.
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new approach for reduction of diesel consumption by comparing different mining Haulage configurations
Journal of Environmental Management, 2016Co-Authors: Edmo Da Cunha Rodovalho, Hernani Mota De Lima, Giorgio De TomiAbstract:The mining operations of loading and Haulage have an energy source that is highly dependent on fossil fuels. In mining companies that select trucks for Haulage, this input is the main component of mining costs. How can the impact of the operational aspects on the diesel consumption of Haulage operations in surface mines be assessed? There are many studies relating the consumption of fuel trucks to several variables, but a methodology that prioritizes higher-impact variables under each specific condition is not available. Generic models may not apply to all operational settings presented in the mining industry. This study aims to create a method of analysis, identification, and prioritization of variables related to fuel consumption of haul trucks in open pit mines. For this purpose, statistical analysis techniques and mathematical modelling tools using multiple linear regressions will be applied. The model is shown to be suitable because the results generate a good description of the fuel consumption behaviour. In the practical application of the method, the reduction of diesel consumption reached 10%. The implementation requires no large-scale investments or very long deadlines and can be applied to mining Haulage operations in other settings.
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simulation of the impact of mine face geometry on the energy efficiency of short distance Haulage mining operations
Mining Technology, 2016Co-Authors: Edmo Da Cunha Rodovalho, Giorgio De TomiAbstract:In most surface mining, overburden removal operations require Haulage over short distances. This is a key operation for companies using the strip mining method, because of the large amounts of waste to be removed. Other methods and operations also adopt this type of transport, using dozers, excavators, front-end loaders and haul trucks. A comparison of different Haulage options for short distances with respect to energy efficiency in open-pit mining is needed, but only a limited number of recent studies have considered energy efficiency as a key variable in mining projects. This study therefore seeks to develop a mine design that is able to achieve greater energy efficiency without affecting the performance of mining operations. For this purpose, simulation tools and comparative analysis among several equipment options are used. After implementation, a 14% reduction in specific fuel consumption and a 16% increase in productivity are found.
