The Experts below are selected from a list of 19206 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
David R. Godschalk - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Estimating the value of foresight: aggregate analysis of natural Hazard Mitigation benefits and costs
Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 2009Co-Authors: David R. Godschalk, Adam Rose, Elliott Mittler, Keith Porter, Carol Taylor WestAbstract:Hazard Mitigation planners claim that foresighted present actions and investments produce significant future benefits. However, they have difficulty in supporting their claims, since previously their evidence typically was derived from individual case studies. Constituents and decision makers are often sceptical, believing that individual cases are either inapplicable to their situation or non-randomly selected to support a particular view. Planners need objective evidence based on a large body of experience to support the case for Mitigation. Such is the unique contribution of a recent U.S. study that found that each dollar spent in three federal natural Hazard Mitigation grant programs (the Hazard Mitigation Grant Program, Project Impact, and the Flood Mitigation Assistance Program) saves society an average of $4 in future avoided losses. Complementing the aggregate benefit-cost analysis with community-based evaluations, the study yielded insights on how planners can improve long-term community resilien...
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Urban Hazard Mitigation: Creating Resilient Cities
Natural Hazards Review, 2003Co-Authors: David R. GodschalkAbstract:Cities are complex and interdependent systems, extremely vulnerable to threats from both natural Hazards and terrorism. This paper proposes a comprehensive strategy of urban Hazard Mitigation aimed at the creation of resilient cities, able to withstand both types of threats. The paper reviews Hazard Mitigation practice, defines a resilient city, considers the relationship between resilience and terrorism, and discusses why resilience is important and how to apply its principles to physical and social elements of cities. Contending that current Hazard Mitigation policy, practice, and knowledge fail to deal with the unique aspects of cities under stress, the paper recommends a major resilient cities initiative, including expanded urban systems research, education and training, and increased collaboration among professional groups involved in city building and Hazard Mitigation.
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Public Participation in Natural Hazard Mitigation Policy Formation: Challenges for Comprehensive Planning
Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 2003Co-Authors: David R. Godschalk, Samuel D. Brody, Raymond J. BurbyAbstract:Democratic theory holds that active participation in governmental planning and decision making is critical to furthering the public interest. As a result, public participation in urban planning in the US is arguably the most extensive and intensive in the world. Required by federal, state and local laws, citizen involvement is a staple of local plan making. However, as this paper shows, citizen interest in participating in the formulation of Hazard Mitigation policies in comprehensive plans is low, despite mounting evidence of perils to life and property from floods, hurricanes and earthquakes. Using evidence from case studies in Florida and Washington, the causes of disinterest are dissected and ways to increase public input to Hazard Mitigation policies in local comprehensive plans are recommended.
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natural Hazard Mitigation recasting disaster policy and planning
1998Co-Authors: David R. GodschalkAbstract:Mitigating natural Hazards - a national challenge evolving Mitigation policy directions Florida after Hurricane Andrew Missouri after the mid-West floods of 1993 California after the Loma Prieta and Northridge earthquakes Massachusetts after Hurricane Bob and other storms Tennessee after a series of floods and storms state Hazard Mitigation plans - falling short of their potential the Hazard Mitigation grant programme - scattered spending state implementation of natural disaster Mitigation policy ethical guidelines for Hazard Mitigation natural Hazard Mitigation - planning for sustainable communities.
Tony Jackson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Natural Hazard Mitigation: Recasting Disaster Policy and Planning
Town Planning Review, 2001Co-Authors: Tony JacksonAbstract:Natural Hazard Mitigation: Recasting Disaster Policy and Planning, D. R. Godschalk, T. Beatley, P. Berke, D. J. Brower, E. J. Kaiser, C. C. Bohl and R. M. Goebel, Washington, DC, Island Press, 1999, xvi + 575 pp., US$45.00Some of the most vociferous critics of proactive measures to tackle global warming are based in the United States of America. Interestingly, the east coast of America is one of the areas most susceptible to the combined impact of post ice age coastal submergence, and the effects of global warming: rising sea levels and greater volatility of weather systems. When this is compounded by moral Hazard from legislation guaranteeing flood damage insurance to purchasers of developments in coastal flood zones, it falls to planners to rescue some form of sensible strategic purpose in addressing such threats.Godschalk et al., planners from the universities of North Carolina and Virginia, demonstrate the important contribution the profession can make to a subject area which has traditionally been driven by pre-event civil engineering and post-event emergency relief considerations. They focus in Natural Hazard Mitigation on the 1988 Stafford Act which sets the basis for providing federal assistance following a presidential declaration of disaster. This Act attempts to tie a greater part of the federal aid disbursed through the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) into state and municipal preevent natural Hazard Mitigation, rewarding the communities which show foresight in anticipating and taking steps to ameliorate such risks.Between the enactment of this legislation and May 1996, when their research was completed, 295 presidential declarations of disaster were made resulting in disaster relief expenditures of more than $12.6 billion. Over 80 per cent of this funding was directed towards natural events: hurricanes, coastal storms, riverine flooding and earthquakes. Federal funding often provides the bulk of assistance following a disaster, so making grants conditional on prior plans for Hazard Mitigation should help enforce congressional desires for anticipatory action in this field to lessen the rising burden of property losses. However, the research reporter here suggests that progress in this respect has been slow.The current expert consensus with regard to natural Hazards has moved a long way from the belief that these are simply acts of God. Human actions are important in determining the vulnerability of social groups to natural Hazards and anticipatory Mitigation strategies can be both costeffective and provide the optimal long-term pathway for sustainable development. Two types of Mitigation are advocated: structural, which involves hardening of facilities; and non-structural, which uses land use planning and regulatory controls to direct new development away from known Hazardous locations. The latter embraces the maintenance of the natural environment by protecting features such as sand dimes, wetlands and forested and vegetated areas along with other ecological elements that absorb and reduce the impact of natural Hazards on a community. …
Philip R. Berke - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Examining of the actor collaboration networks around Hazard Mitigation: a hurricane harvey study
Natural Hazards, 2020Co-Authors: Bryce Hannibal, Ali Mostafavi, Philip R. Berke, Sierra C. Woodruff, Arnold VedlitzAbstract:The objective of this study is to examine the properties of actor collaboration networks and to analyze how they influence the coordination of Hazard Mitigation in resilience planning in Harris County, Texas. Effective resilience planning can only be achieved through the collective actions of various actors and the network structures unfold the collaboration among the actors. Understanding the structural properties of actor collaboration networks for Hazard Mitigation may hold the key to understanding and improving the resilience planning process. To this end, after Hurricane Harvey, we administered a stakeholder survey to actors in various urban sectors involved in Hazard Mitigation (e.g., flood control, transportation, and emergency response). The survey aimed to capture actor collaboration networks for Hazard Mitigation in Harris County, Texas prior to Harvey. The collaboration represents that the survey respondents worked with the actors in the survey roster for Hazard Mitigation. We asked the respondents the frequency of the collaboration in the survey (e.g., yearly, monthly, weekly and daily). We examined three network structural properties to study actor positions in the network: degree centrality, boundary spanners, and core-periphery structure, because degree centrality could indicate what actors had more collaborations; boundary spanners could reveal what actors were in strategic positions to connect otherwise separate actors; and core-periphery structure could identify what actors formed the core of actor collaboration network for Hazard Mitigation and whether the core was composed of actors from diverse sectors. The results showed: (1) governmental actors from different sectors had high degree centrality and betweenness centrality, which indicated that governmental actors had a more influential role in coordination and information dissemination in Hazard Mitigation planning and implementation; and (2) fewer flood control and non-governmental actors were at the core of the actor collaboration networks, which reduced the extent of Hazard Mitigation coordination. The results identify potential influential actors (such as City of Houston, Harris County, and Houston–Galveston Area Council) in coordination of Hazard Mitigation and yield recommendations for increased actor network cohesion for better coordination of Hazard Mitigation across diverse sectors in resilience planning.
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do planners matter examining factors driving incorporation of land use approaches into Hazard Mitigation plans
Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 2014Co-Authors: Lindsey Ward Lyles, Philip R. Berke, Gavin SmithAbstract:Local Hazard Mitigation plans help communities organise a comprehensive set of policies and actions to reduce long-term risks from natural Hazards. Land use policies hold the greatest long-term risk reduction potential, but are under-utilised. Using multivariate regression models, we assessed the influence of involvement of local planners on Hazard Mitigation planning committees on the inclusion of land use policies into three principles of plan quality, controlling for state and local factors. Results indicate a need for greater involvement of local planners and stronger emphasis by federal and state officials on integrating land use planning approaches into Mitigation plans. Findings may be relevant to other areas of public policy with important land use dimensions for which non-planning agencies and professions have lead responsibility or historical dominance, such as transportation and climate change.
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integrating Hazard Mitigation into new urban and conventional developments
Journal of Planning Education and Research, 2009Co-Authors: Philip R. Berke, Yan Song, Mark R. StevensAbstract:The twentieth century model of the sprawling metropolis has fostered a massive build up of highly vulnerable development. New Urbanism has emerged to counter many of the societal ills of sprawl, but there is growing concern about placing this compact urban form in harm's way. Using 33 matched pairs of New Urban and conventional low-density developments we examine how well New Urban developments located in Hazardous areas incorporate Hazard Mitigation techniques. Findings indicate that New Urban developments are compounding the growing risk to Hazards by potentially adding higher density development than in the past. We recommend changes in New Urban model codes, and public policy that places more emphasis on Mitigation through comprehensive planning.
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Protecting people and property: the influence of land-use planners on flood Hazard Mitigation in New Urbanist developments
Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 2008Co-Authors: Mark R. Stevens, Philip R. Berke, Yan SongAbstract:Research suggests that characteristics of local government land-use planners help determine the priority that local communities place on flood Hazard Mitigation. However, research has not examined the significance of land-use planners' values and role orientations for flood Hazard Mitigation. Multiple regression analysis is used to examine the influence that land-use planners' values and role orientations have on flood Hazard Mitigation in a national sample of New Urbanist development projects. Findings indicate that land-use planners' values and role orientations have significant implications for flood Hazard Mitigation in these projects. The paper recommends that local governments adopt a land-use planning approach to flood Hazard Mitigation that relies on land-use planners to help direct development away from Hazardous portions of development sites.
Chunil Kim - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Measuring Resilience to Natural Hazards: Towards Sustainable Hazard Mitigation
Sustainability, 2015Co-Authors: Jae Heon Shim, Chunil KimAbstract:Measuring resilience to natural Hazards is a central issue in the Hazard Mitigation sciences. This paper applied a confirmatory factor methodology to operationalize the biophysical, built-environment, and socioeconomic resilience dimensions for local jurisdictions in large urban metropolitan areas in South Korea. Mapping the factor scores of the dimensions revealed great spatial variations. The factor covariances showed a trade-off relationship between natural infrastructure and human activities. A hierarchical cluster analysis was used to classify the localities into heterogeneous groups with respect to the identified resilience dimensions. Densely developed and affluent urban areas tend to lack biophysical resilience. Some local governments, sorted into the same groups, turn out to be located in different metropolitan areas. The spatial variation and inequality in the resilience dimensions suggest the necessity of integrated and flexible governance for sustainable Hazard Mitigation.
Mark R. Stevens - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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integrating Hazard Mitigation into new urban and conventional developments
Journal of Planning Education and Research, 2009Co-Authors: Philip R. Berke, Yan Song, Mark R. StevensAbstract:The twentieth century model of the sprawling metropolis has fostered a massive build up of highly vulnerable development. New Urbanism has emerged to counter many of the societal ills of sprawl, but there is growing concern about placing this compact urban form in harm's way. Using 33 matched pairs of New Urban and conventional low-density developments we examine how well New Urban developments located in Hazardous areas incorporate Hazard Mitigation techniques. Findings indicate that New Urban developments are compounding the growing risk to Hazards by potentially adding higher density development than in the past. We recommend changes in New Urban model codes, and public policy that places more emphasis on Mitigation through comprehensive planning.
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Protecting people and property: the influence of land-use planners on flood Hazard Mitigation in New Urbanist developments
Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 2008Co-Authors: Mark R. Stevens, Philip R. Berke, Yan SongAbstract:Research suggests that characteristics of local government land-use planners help determine the priority that local communities place on flood Hazard Mitigation. However, research has not examined the significance of land-use planners' values and role orientations for flood Hazard Mitigation. Multiple regression analysis is used to examine the influence that land-use planners' values and role orientations have on flood Hazard Mitigation in a national sample of New Urbanist development projects. Findings indicate that land-use planners' values and role orientations have significant implications for flood Hazard Mitigation in these projects. The paper recommends that local governments adopt a land-use planning approach to flood Hazard Mitigation that relies on land-use planners to help direct development away from Hazardous portions of development sites.
