The Experts below are selected from a list of 63057 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
William G Johnson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
a Hierarchical Theory of occupational segregation and wage discrimination
2001Co-Authors: Marjorie L Baldwin, Richard J Butler, William G JohnsonAbstract:WILLIAM G. JOHNSON [*] Becker's model of discrimination is extended to the case where men exhibit distastes for working under female managers. The distribution of women in the resulting occupational hierarchy depends on the number of women in lower occupations, the wages of male workers in lower occupations, and male distastes for female management. Thus, there exists an occupational sorting function, related to wages, that determines the occupational distribution of women. We integrate this sorting function into a standard wage equation to derive a new decomposition of male-female wage differentials and apply it to a sample of insurance industry workers from the 1988 CPS. (JEL J71) I. INTRODUCTION This article describes and tests a model that relates wage discrimination to occupational segregation. The model is based on the hypothesis that labor market discrimination against women depends more on the positions of men and women in job hierarchies than on a reluctance of men to work with women. Stated simply, we assume that men are reluctant to work for women even if they do not object to working with women. We believe the Hierarchical model more directly represents the social history of attitudes toward female workers than the usual models of tastes for discrimination based on physical or social distance. The Hierarchical model also permits us to derive an empirical measure of the effect of occupational segregation on wage differentials that is directly linked to Theory. In particular, the model predicts that the proportion of women declines exponentially as one moves up the job hierarchy. Therefore, there exists an occupational sorting function related to wages that determines the occupational distribution of women. We integrate this occupational sorting function into a standard wage equation to derive a new wage decomposition that accounts for occupational segregation. The model extends the analysis of discrimination against women beyond predictions of occupational segregation by recognizing that abilities to acquire managerial skills vary among individuals of both sexes. Thus, even in the presence of discrimination, the comparative advantage of some women as managers more than offsets the costs incurred to compensate for the tastes of the men whom the women supervise. We apply the new decomposition formula to a sample of insurance workers from the 1988 Current Population Survey (CPS). The results imply that, for this sample, approximately one-third of the male-female wage differential can be attributed to the occupational segregation of women. The article is organized as follows. Section II summarizes the literature on female work roles that is the basis for our hypothesis of male discrimination against female supervisors. The Hierarchical Theory of discrimination is developed in section III. Section IV presents simulations, based on the Hierarchical model, to derive the prediction that the relative proportion of females declines exponentially as one moves up the job ladder. Section V derives the new wage decomposition, and section VI presents results from the CPS data. Section VII concludes. II. THE SOURCE OF Hierarchical DISCRIMINATION There is a considerable literature that supports the assumption of Hierarchical, gender-based discrimination. [1] Although the evolution, nature, and sources of men's attitudes toward working women are topics beyond the scope of this article, the principal findings of the research can be briefly summarized as follows. Women's traditional role in society was to manage the home and nurture children, leaving their spouses free to work for wages. Men were expected to be dominant in the world of work, whereas women were expected to support but not direct men's work activities as indicated in Bergmann (1986) and Fuchs (1988). Thus, female managers violate traditional work roles when they supervise men. [2] Goldin (1990) indicates that before 1950 it was typical for women to work for wages only until they married. …
-
a Hierarchical Theory of occupational segregation and wage discrimination
2001Co-Authors: Marjorie L Baldwin, Richard J Butler, William G JohnsonAbstract:Becker's model of discrimination is extended to the case where men exhibit distastes for working under female managers. The distribution of women in the resulting occupational hierarchy depends on the number of women in lower occupations, the wages of male workers in lower occupations, and male distastes for female management. Thus, there exists an occupational sorting function, related to wages, that determines the occupational distribution of women. We integrate this sorting function into a standard wage equation to derive a new decomposition of male-female wage differentials and apply it to a sample of insurance industry workers from the 1988 CPS.
Qi Zhang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Hierarchical Theory of quantum adiabatic evolution
2014Co-Authors: Qi Zhang, Jiangbin GongAbstract:Quantum adiabatic evolution is a dynamical evolution of a quantum system under slow external driving. According to the quantum adiabatic theorem, no transitions occur between nondegenerate instantaneous energy eigenstates in such a dynamical evolution. However, this is true only when the driving rate is infinitesimally small. For a small nonzero driving rate, there are generally small transition probabilities between the energy eigenstates. We develop a classical mechanics framework to address the small deviations from the quantum adiabatic theorem order by order. A hierarchy of Hamiltonians is constructed iteratively with the zeroth-order Hamiltonian being determined by the original system Hamiltonian. The kth-order deviations are governed by a kth-order Hamiltonian, which depends on the time derivatives of the adiabatic parameters up to the kth-order. Two simple examples, the Landau–Zener model and a spin-1/2 particle in a rotating magnetic field, are used to illustrate our Hierarchical Theory. Our analysis also exposes a deep, previously unknown connection between classical adiabatic Theory and quantum adiabatic Theory.
-
Hierarchical Theory of quantum adiabatic evolution
2014Co-Authors: Qi Zhang, Jiangbin GongAbstract:Quantum adiabatic evolution is a dynamical evolution of a quantum system under slow external driving. According to the quantum adiabatic theorem, no transitions occur between non-degenerate instantaneous eigen-energy levels in such a dynamical evolution. However, this is true only when the driving rate is infinitesimally small. For a small nonzero driving rate, there are generally small transition probabilities between the energy levels. We develop a classical mechanics framework to address the small deviations from the quantum adiabatic theorem order by order. A hierarchy of Hamiltonians are constructed iteratively with the zeroth-order Hamiltonian being determined by the original system Hamiltonian. The $k$th-order deviations are governed by a $k$th-order Hamiltonian, which depends on the time derivatives of the adiabatic parameters up to the $k$th-order. Two simple examples, the Landau-Zener model and a spin-1/2 particle in a rotating magnetic field, are used to illustrate our Hierarchical Theory. Our analysis also exposes a deep, previously unknown connection between classical adiabatic Theory and quantum adiabatic Theory.
Marjorie L Baldwin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
a Hierarchical Theory of occupational segregation and wage discrimination
2001Co-Authors: Marjorie L Baldwin, Richard J Butler, William G JohnsonAbstract:WILLIAM G. JOHNSON [*] Becker's model of discrimination is extended to the case where men exhibit distastes for working under female managers. The distribution of women in the resulting occupational hierarchy depends on the number of women in lower occupations, the wages of male workers in lower occupations, and male distastes for female management. Thus, there exists an occupational sorting function, related to wages, that determines the occupational distribution of women. We integrate this sorting function into a standard wage equation to derive a new decomposition of male-female wage differentials and apply it to a sample of insurance industry workers from the 1988 CPS. (JEL J71) I. INTRODUCTION This article describes and tests a model that relates wage discrimination to occupational segregation. The model is based on the hypothesis that labor market discrimination against women depends more on the positions of men and women in job hierarchies than on a reluctance of men to work with women. Stated simply, we assume that men are reluctant to work for women even if they do not object to working with women. We believe the Hierarchical model more directly represents the social history of attitudes toward female workers than the usual models of tastes for discrimination based on physical or social distance. The Hierarchical model also permits us to derive an empirical measure of the effect of occupational segregation on wage differentials that is directly linked to Theory. In particular, the model predicts that the proportion of women declines exponentially as one moves up the job hierarchy. Therefore, there exists an occupational sorting function related to wages that determines the occupational distribution of women. We integrate this occupational sorting function into a standard wage equation to derive a new wage decomposition that accounts for occupational segregation. The model extends the analysis of discrimination against women beyond predictions of occupational segregation by recognizing that abilities to acquire managerial skills vary among individuals of both sexes. Thus, even in the presence of discrimination, the comparative advantage of some women as managers more than offsets the costs incurred to compensate for the tastes of the men whom the women supervise. We apply the new decomposition formula to a sample of insurance workers from the 1988 Current Population Survey (CPS). The results imply that, for this sample, approximately one-third of the male-female wage differential can be attributed to the occupational segregation of women. The article is organized as follows. Section II summarizes the literature on female work roles that is the basis for our hypothesis of male discrimination against female supervisors. The Hierarchical Theory of discrimination is developed in section III. Section IV presents simulations, based on the Hierarchical model, to derive the prediction that the relative proportion of females declines exponentially as one moves up the job ladder. Section V derives the new wage decomposition, and section VI presents results from the CPS data. Section VII concludes. II. THE SOURCE OF Hierarchical DISCRIMINATION There is a considerable literature that supports the assumption of Hierarchical, gender-based discrimination. [1] Although the evolution, nature, and sources of men's attitudes toward working women are topics beyond the scope of this article, the principal findings of the research can be briefly summarized as follows. Women's traditional role in society was to manage the home and nurture children, leaving their spouses free to work for wages. Men were expected to be dominant in the world of work, whereas women were expected to support but not direct men's work activities as indicated in Bergmann (1986) and Fuchs (1988). Thus, female managers violate traditional work roles when they supervise men. [2] Goldin (1990) indicates that before 1950 it was typical for women to work for wages only until they married. …
-
a Hierarchical Theory of occupational segregation and wage discrimination
2001Co-Authors: Marjorie L Baldwin, Richard J Butler, William G JohnsonAbstract:Becker's model of discrimination is extended to the case where men exhibit distastes for working under female managers. The distribution of women in the resulting occupational hierarchy depends on the number of women in lower occupations, the wages of male workers in lower occupations, and male distastes for female management. Thus, there exists an occupational sorting function, related to wages, that determines the occupational distribution of women. We integrate this sorting function into a standard wage equation to derive a new decomposition of male-female wage differentials and apply it to a sample of insurance industry workers from the 1988 CPS.
Mark A Finlayson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
improving the identification of the discourse function of news article paragraphs
2020Co-Authors: Deya Banisakher, Victor W H Yarlott, Mohammed Aldawsari, Naphtali Rishe, Mark A FinlaysonAbstract:Identifying the discourse structure of documents is an important task in understanding written text. Building on prior work, we demonstrate an improved approach to automatically identifying the discourse function of paragraphs in news articles. We start with the Hierarchical Theory of news discourse developed by van Dijk (1988) which proposes how paragraphs function within news articles. This discourse information is a level intermediate between phrase- or sentence-sized discourse segments and document genre, characterizing how individual paragraphs convey information about the events in the storyline of the article. Specifically, the Theory categorizes the relationships between narrated events and (1) the overall storyline (such as Main Events, Background, or Consequences) as well as (2) commentary (such as Verbal Reactions and Evaluations). We trained and tested a linear chain conditional random field (CRF) with new features to model van Dijk’s labels and compared it against several machine learning models presented in previous work. Our model significantly outperformed all baselines and prior approaches, achieving an average of 0.71 F1 score which represents a 31.5% improvement over the previously best-performing support vector machine model.
-
identifying the discourse function of news article paragraphs
2018Co-Authors: Victor W H Yarlott, Cristina Cornelio, Tian Gao, Mark A FinlaysonAbstract:Discourse structure is a key aspect of all forms of text, providing valuable information both to humans and machines. We applied the Hierarchical Theory of news discourse developed by van Dijk to examine how paragraphs operate as units of discourse structure within news articles—what we refer to here as document-level discourse. This document-level discourse provides a characterization of the content of each paragraph that describes its relation to the events presented in the article (such as main events, backgrounds, and consequences) as well as to other components of the story (such as commentary and evaluation). The purpose of a news discourse section is of great utility to story understanding as it affects both the importance and temporal order of items introduced in the text—therefore, if we know the news discourse purpose for different sections, we should be able to better rank events for their importance and better construct timelines. We test two hypotheses: first, that people can reliably annotate news articles with van Dijk’s Theory; second, that we can reliably predict these labels using machine learning. We show that people have a high degree of agreement with each other when annotating the Theory (F1 > 0.8, Cohen’s kappa > 0.6), demonstrating that it can be both learned and reliably applied by human annotators. Additionally, we demonstrate first steps toward machine learning of the Theory, achieving a performance of F1 = 0.54, which is 65% of human performance. Moreover, we have generated a gold-standard, adjudicated corpus of 50 documents for document-level discourse annotation based on the ACE Phase 2 corpus.
Jiangbin Gong - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Hierarchical Theory of quantum adiabatic evolution
2014Co-Authors: Qi Zhang, Jiangbin GongAbstract:Quantum adiabatic evolution is a dynamical evolution of a quantum system under slow external driving. According to the quantum adiabatic theorem, no transitions occur between nondegenerate instantaneous energy eigenstates in such a dynamical evolution. However, this is true only when the driving rate is infinitesimally small. For a small nonzero driving rate, there are generally small transition probabilities between the energy eigenstates. We develop a classical mechanics framework to address the small deviations from the quantum adiabatic theorem order by order. A hierarchy of Hamiltonians is constructed iteratively with the zeroth-order Hamiltonian being determined by the original system Hamiltonian. The kth-order deviations are governed by a kth-order Hamiltonian, which depends on the time derivatives of the adiabatic parameters up to the kth-order. Two simple examples, the Landau–Zener model and a spin-1/2 particle in a rotating magnetic field, are used to illustrate our Hierarchical Theory. Our analysis also exposes a deep, previously unknown connection between classical adiabatic Theory and quantum adiabatic Theory.
-
Hierarchical Theory of quantum adiabatic evolution
2014Co-Authors: Qi Zhang, Jiangbin GongAbstract:Quantum adiabatic evolution is a dynamical evolution of a quantum system under slow external driving. According to the quantum adiabatic theorem, no transitions occur between non-degenerate instantaneous eigen-energy levels in such a dynamical evolution. However, this is true only when the driving rate is infinitesimally small. For a small nonzero driving rate, there are generally small transition probabilities between the energy levels. We develop a classical mechanics framework to address the small deviations from the quantum adiabatic theorem order by order. A hierarchy of Hamiltonians are constructed iteratively with the zeroth-order Hamiltonian being determined by the original system Hamiltonian. The $k$th-order deviations are governed by a $k$th-order Hamiltonian, which depends on the time derivatives of the adiabatic parameters up to the $k$th-order. Two simple examples, the Landau-Zener model and a spin-1/2 particle in a rotating magnetic field, are used to illustrate our Hierarchical Theory. Our analysis also exposes a deep, previously unknown connection between classical adiabatic Theory and quantum adiabatic Theory.