The Experts below are selected from a list of 33333 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Silvia Bertagnolio - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Pretreatment HIV Drug Resistance in low-and middle-income countries
    Future Virology, 2019
    Co-Authors: Seth C. Inzaule, Silvia Bertagnolio, Raph L. Hamers, Mark J. Siedner, Tobias F. Rinke De Wit, Ravindra K. Gupta
    Abstract:

    Pretreatment HIV Drug Resistance (PDR) has been increasing with scale-up of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in low-and middle-income countries. Delay in responding to rising levels of PDR is projected to fuel a worldwide increase in mortality, HIV incidence and ART costs. Strategies to curb the rise in PDR include using antiretrovirals (ARVs) with high-genetic barrier to Resistance in first-line therapy and for prophylaxis in HIV exposed infants, enhancing HIV Drug Resistance surveillance in populations initiating, receiving ART, and in those on pre-exposure prophylaxis, universal access and effective use of viral-load tests, improving adherence and retention and minimizing ART programmatic quality gaps. In this review, we assess the drivers of PDR, and potential strategies to mitigate its rise in prevalence and impact in low-and middle-income countries.

  • impact of HIV Drug Resistance on HIV aids associated mortality new infections and antiretroviral therapy program costs in sub saharan africa
    The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2017
    Co-Authors: Andrew N Phillips, Michael R. Jordan, Deenan Pillay, John Stover, Valentina Cambiano, Fumiyo Nakagawa, Meg Doherty, Paul Revill, Silvia Bertagnolio
    Abstract:

    To inform the level of attention to be given by antiretroviral therapy (ART) programs to HIV Drug Resistance (HIVDR), we used an individual-level model to estimate its impact on future AIDS deaths, HIV-incidence and ART program costs in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) for a range of program situations. We applied this to SSA through the Spectrum-Goals model. In a situation in which current levels of pre-treatment HIVDR are over 10% (mean 15%), 16% of AIDS deaths (890,000 deaths) , 9% of new infections (450,000) and 8% ($6.5 billion) of ART program costs in SSA in 2016-2030 will be attributable to HIVDR.

  • Systematic review of HIV Drug Resistance in Southeast Asia.
    Aids Reviews, 2013
    Co-Authors: Andrew B. Trotter, Steven Y. Hong, Padmini Srikantiah, Iyanthi Abeyewickreme, Silvia Bertagnolio, Michael R. Jordan
    Abstract:

    In 2010, 3.5 million people were living with HIV in the World Health Organization Southeast Asia Region (SEAR), giving this region the greatest burden of HIV after Africa. Scale-up of antiretroviral therapy has resulted in over 717,000 benefitting from it by the end of 2010. A systematic review of studies of HIV Drug Resistance in the SEAR published between 2000 and 2011 was performed. Of 10 studies of transmitted HIV Drug Resistance in recently infected patients, all but two reported low levels (< 5%) of transmitted Resistance. Of 23 studies of HIV Drug Resistance in pretreatment populations initiating antiretroviral therapy, three reported moderate levels (5-15%) of HIV Drug Resistance and 20 reported low levels. Amongst 17 studies of acquired HIV Drug Resistance, levels of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor Resistance ranged from 52 to 92% and 43 to 100%, respectively, amongst those with virological failure. Overall, data included in this review suggest that currently recommended first- and second-line regimens are appropriate for the cohorts studied. However, data were only available from two of 11 Southeast Asia Region countries and studies largely examined urban populations. Results are unlikely to be representative of the region. Studies lacked standardized methods, which greatly limits comparability of data and their use for public health and antiretroviral therapy program planning. Routine, standardized, and nationally representative HIV Drug Resistance surveillance should be strongly encouraged in the Southeast Asia Region countries to best characterize population-level HIV Drug Resistance. National-level HIV Drug Resistance surveillance data may be used to optimize delivery of HIV care and treatment and minimize emergence of population-level HIV Drug Resistance, thus promoting the long-term efficacy and durability of available first- and second-line antiretroviral therapy regimens.

  • Implications of HIV Drug Resistance on first- and second-line therapies in resource-limited settings: report from a workshop organized by the Collaborative HIV and Anti-HIV Drug Resistance Network.
    Antiviral Therapy, 2013
    Co-Authors: Deenan Pillay, Silvia Bertagnolio, Charles A. Boucher, Jan Albert, Françoise Brun-vézinet, Bonaventura Clotet, Carlo Giaquinto, Carlo Federico Perno
    Abstract:

    Here, we summarize the discussions and conclusions from an expert workshop held in October 2012 to consider the implications of HIV Drug Resistance in the context of scale-up of access to antiretroviral therapy and prophylaxis in resource-limited settings. Topics considered during the workshop included the implications of Drug Resistance for the selection of first-line regimens and sequencing of treatments, optimal surveillance strategies and prevention of mother-to-child transmission.

  • The World Health Organization's global strategy for prevention and assessment of HIV Drug Resistance.
    Antiviral therapy, 2008
    Co-Authors: Diane E. Bennett, Silvia Bertagnolio, Donald Sutherland, Charles F Gilks
    Abstract:

    Antiretroviral treatment (ART) for HIV is being scaled up rapidly in resource-limited countries. Treatment options are simplified and standardized, generally with one potent first-line regimen and one potent alternate first-line regimen recommended. Widespread HIV Drug Resistance (HIVDR) was initially feared, but reports from resource-limited countries suggest that initial ART programmes are as effective as in resource-rich countries, which should limit HIV Drug Resistance if programme effectiveness continues during scale-up. ART interruptions must be minimized to maintain viral suppression on the first-line regimen for as long as possible. Lack of availability of appropriate second-line Drugs is a concern, as is the additional accumulation of Resistance mutations in the absence of viral load testing to determine failure. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a minimum-resource strategy for prevention and assessment of HIVDR in resource-limited countries. The WHO's Global Network HIVResNet provides standardized tools, training, technical assistance, laboratory quality assurance, analysis of results and recommendations for guidelines and public health action. National strategies focus on assessments to guide immediate public health action to improve ART programme effectiveness in minimizing HIVDR and to guide regimen selection. Globally, WHO HIVResNet collects and analyses data to support evidence-based international policies and guidelines. Financial support is provided by major international organizations and technical support from HIVDR experts worldwide. As of December 2007, 25 countries were planning or implementing the strategy; seven countries report results in this supplement.

Michael R. Jordan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Increasing levels of pretreatment HIV Drug Resistance and safety concerns for dolutegravir use in women of reproductive age
    AIDS, 2019
    Co-Authors: Seth C. Inzaule, Michael R. Jordan, Giovanni Ravasi, Amandine Cournil, Marco Vitoria, Fatim Cham, Janet Dzangare, Ndapewa Hamunime, Nicholus Mutenda
    Abstract:

    Use of dolutegravir-based first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) in response to rising levels of pretreatment HIV Drug Resistance (PDR) to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) may be limited, given safety concerns for birth defects in women of child-bearing potential. Pooled dat

  • impact of HIV Drug Resistance on HIV aids associated mortality new infections and antiretroviral therapy program costs in sub saharan africa
    The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2017
    Co-Authors: Andrew N Phillips, Michael R. Jordan, Deenan Pillay, John Stover, Valentina Cambiano, Fumiyo Nakagawa, Meg Doherty, Paul Revill, Silvia Bertagnolio
    Abstract:

    To inform the level of attention to be given by antiretroviral therapy (ART) programs to HIV Drug Resistance (HIVDR), we used an individual-level model to estimate its impact on future AIDS deaths, HIV-incidence and ART program costs in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) for a range of program situations. We applied this to SSA through the Spectrum-Goals model. In a situation in which current levels of pre-treatment HIVDR are over 10% (mean 15%), 16% of AIDS deaths (890,000 deaths) , 9% of new infections (450,000) and 8% ($6.5 billion) of ART program costs in SSA in 2016-2030 will be attributable to HIVDR.

  • Systematic review of HIV Drug Resistance in Southeast Asia.
    Aids Reviews, 2013
    Co-Authors: Andrew B. Trotter, Steven Y. Hong, Padmini Srikantiah, Iyanthi Abeyewickreme, Silvia Bertagnolio, Michael R. Jordan
    Abstract:

    In 2010, 3.5 million people were living with HIV in the World Health Organization Southeast Asia Region (SEAR), giving this region the greatest burden of HIV after Africa. Scale-up of antiretroviral therapy has resulted in over 717,000 benefitting from it by the end of 2010. A systematic review of studies of HIV Drug Resistance in the SEAR published between 2000 and 2011 was performed. Of 10 studies of transmitted HIV Drug Resistance in recently infected patients, all but two reported low levels (< 5%) of transmitted Resistance. Of 23 studies of HIV Drug Resistance in pretreatment populations initiating antiretroviral therapy, three reported moderate levels (5-15%) of HIV Drug Resistance and 20 reported low levels. Amongst 17 studies of acquired HIV Drug Resistance, levels of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor Resistance ranged from 52 to 92% and 43 to 100%, respectively, amongst those with virological failure. Overall, data included in this review suggest that currently recommended first- and second-line regimens are appropriate for the cohorts studied. However, data were only available from two of 11 Southeast Asia Region countries and studies largely examined urban populations. Results are unlikely to be representative of the region. Studies lacked standardized methods, which greatly limits comparability of data and their use for public health and antiretroviral therapy program planning. Routine, standardized, and nationally representative HIV Drug Resistance surveillance should be strongly encouraged in the Southeast Asia Region countries to best characterize population-level HIV Drug Resistance. National-level HIV Drug Resistance surveillance data may be used to optimize delivery of HIV care and treatment and minimize emergence of population-level HIV Drug Resistance, thus promoting the long-term efficacy and durability of available first- and second-line antiretroviral therapy regimens.

  • HIV Drug Resistance assessment in the Western Pacific region. A systematic review.
    Aids Reviews, 2011
    Co-Authors: Donald Sutherland, Massimo Ghidinelli, Michael R. Jordan
    Abstract:

    Antiretroviral therapy is being rapidly scaled-up in Western Pacific region countries. Prevention and assessment of HIV Drug Resistance is an essential component of successful global antiretroviral therapy scale-up. We performed a systematic review of public health surveys and HIV Drug Resistance studies conducted in the low- and middle-income countries in the Western Pacific region. A total of 38 publications assessing HIV Drug Resistance were reviewed. Studies assessing transmitted Drug Resistance in recently infected individuals or Drug Resistance among individuals starting antiretroviral therapy found low rates of HIV Drug Resistance. Assessments of HIV Drug Resistance emerging in populations receiving antiretroviral therapy demonstrated variable rates of Drug Resistance, but suggest an urgent need to support antiretroviral therapy adherence and retention in care, ensure the use of quality assured Drugs, and guarantee continuous Drug supplies. Additionally, programmatic assessment informed by routine standardized surveillance of transmitted and acquired HIV Drug Resistance is essential to optimize antiretroviral therapy delivery in the Western Pacific region.

Donald Sutherland - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Implementing early-warning indicators of HIV Drug Resistance in the Caribbean.
    Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2012
    Co-Authors: Noreen Jack, Donald Sutherland, Massimo Ghidinelli, Giovanni Ravasi, Ward Schrooten, Amalia Del Riego
    Abstract:

    A key component of the World Health Organization's (WHO's) Global HIV Drug Resistance (HIVDR) prevention and assessment strategy is to monitor HIVDR early-warning indicators (EWIs), which provide strategic information for HIVDR containment. The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)/WHO supported implementation of HIVDR EWI monitoring in 16 Caribbean countries. Results from 15 countries were analyzed by year of patient initiation of antiretroviral therapy for the period 2005-2009. This report demonstrates the need for capacity-building to standardize prescribing practices and to strengthen adherence strategies and antiretroviral Drug procurement management systems.

  • HIV Drug Resistance assessment in the Western Pacific region. A systematic review.
    Aids Reviews, 2011
    Co-Authors: Donald Sutherland, Massimo Ghidinelli, Michael R. Jordan
    Abstract:

    Antiretroviral therapy is being rapidly scaled-up in Western Pacific region countries. Prevention and assessment of HIV Drug Resistance is an essential component of successful global antiretroviral therapy scale-up. We performed a systematic review of public health surveys and HIV Drug Resistance studies conducted in the low- and middle-income countries in the Western Pacific region. A total of 38 publications assessing HIV Drug Resistance were reviewed. Studies assessing transmitted Drug Resistance in recently infected individuals or Drug Resistance among individuals starting antiretroviral therapy found low rates of HIV Drug Resistance. Assessments of HIV Drug Resistance emerging in populations receiving antiretroviral therapy demonstrated variable rates of Drug Resistance, but suggest an urgent need to support antiretroviral therapy adherence and retention in care, ensure the use of quality assured Drugs, and guarantee continuous Drug supplies. Additionally, programmatic assessment informed by routine standardized surveillance of transmitted and acquired HIV Drug Resistance is essential to optimize antiretroviral therapy delivery in the Western Pacific region.

  • HIV Drug Resistance transmission threshold survey in Bangkok, Thailand.
    Antiviral therapy, 2008
    Co-Authors: Sunee Sirivichayakul, Donald Sutherland, Praphan Phanuphak, Tippawan Pankam, Rachanee O-charoen, Kiat Ruxrungtham
    Abstract:

    Antiretroviral therapy (ART) began in Thailand in the Bangkok Metropolitan Area (BMA) in 1988 and scale-up began in 2001. The national first-line regimen is stavudine, lamivudine and nevirapine in fixed-dose combination, which is a regimen with a low genetic barrier for Resistance. Because viral load and Resistance testing are not widely available, unidentified HIV Drug Resistance (HIVDR) may occur during treatment and could be transmitted. We undertook a threshold survey to assess HIVDR transmission in two subsets of recently infected individuals in the BMA. The first group consisted of returning blood donors tested at the Thai Red Cross National Blood Centre who seroconverted within the past 12 months. The second group comprised recently infected (as defined by BED assay) clients of the Thai Red Cross voluntary counselling and testing centre (VCT). Genotyping of 50 consecutive specimens each from blood donors and VCT clients during 2005-2006 showed no mutations associated with HIVDR in the reverse transcriptase or protease regions of the HIV pol gene. These results are categorized by the WHO HIV Drug Resistance threshold survey method as representing a low prevalence (<5%) of transmitted HIV Drug Resistance. Every effort should be made to minimize the emergence of Resistance in treated individuals and to prevent primary and secondary HIV transmission. To continue to monitor HIVDR transmission, Thailand has planned additional surveys--including longitudinal surveys--in these and additional groups of individuals.

  • HIV Drug Resistance transmission threshold survey in Bangkok, Thailand
    Antiviral Therapy, 2008
    Co-Authors: Sunee Sirivichayakul, Donald Sutherland, Praphan Phanuphak, Tippawan Pankam, Rachanee O-charoen, Kiat Ruxrungtham
    Abstract:

    Background: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) began in Thailand in the Bangkok Metropolitan Area (BMA) in 1988 and scale-up began in 2001. The national firstline regimen is stavudine, lamivudine and nevirapine in fixed-dose combination, which is a regimen with a low genetic barrier for Resistance. Because viral load and Resistance testing are not widely available, unidentified HIV Drug Resistance (HIVDR) may occur during treatment and could be transmitted. Methods: We undertook a threshold survey to assess HIVDR transmission in two subsets of recently infected individuals in the BMA. The first group consisted of returning blood donors tested at the Thai Red Cross National Blood Centre who seroconverted within the past 12 months. The second group comprised recently infected (as defined by BED assay) clients of the Thai Red Cross voluntary counselling and testing centre (VCT). Results: Genotyping of 50 consecutive specimens each from blood donors and VCT clients during 2005‐2006 showed no mutations associated with HIVDR in the reverse transcriptase or protease regions of the HIV pol gene. These results are categorized by the WHO HIV Drug Resistance threshold survey method as representing a low prevalence (

  • The World Health Organization's global strategy for prevention and assessment of HIV Drug Resistance.
    Antiviral therapy, 2008
    Co-Authors: Diane E. Bennett, Silvia Bertagnolio, Donald Sutherland, Charles F Gilks
    Abstract:

    Antiretroviral treatment (ART) for HIV is being scaled up rapidly in resource-limited countries. Treatment options are simplified and standardized, generally with one potent first-line regimen and one potent alternate first-line regimen recommended. Widespread HIV Drug Resistance (HIVDR) was initially feared, but reports from resource-limited countries suggest that initial ART programmes are as effective as in resource-rich countries, which should limit HIV Drug Resistance if programme effectiveness continues during scale-up. ART interruptions must be minimized to maintain viral suppression on the first-line regimen for as long as possible. Lack of availability of appropriate second-line Drugs is a concern, as is the additional accumulation of Resistance mutations in the absence of viral load testing to determine failure. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a minimum-resource strategy for prevention and assessment of HIVDR in resource-limited countries. The WHO's Global Network HIVResNet provides standardized tools, training, technical assistance, laboratory quality assurance, analysis of results and recommendations for guidelines and public health action. National strategies focus on assessments to guide immediate public health action to improve ART programme effectiveness in minimizing HIVDR and to guide regimen selection. Globally, WHO HIVResNet collects and analyses data to support evidence-based international policies and guidelines. Financial support is provided by major international organizations and technical support from HIVDR experts worldwide. As of December 2007, 25 countries were planning or implementing the strategy; seven countries report results in this supplement.

Deenan Pillay - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • impact of HIV Drug Resistance on HIV aids associated mortality new infections and antiretroviral therapy program costs in sub saharan africa
    The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2017
    Co-Authors: Andrew N Phillips, Michael R. Jordan, Deenan Pillay, John Stover, Valentina Cambiano, Fumiyo Nakagawa, Meg Doherty, Paul Revill, Silvia Bertagnolio
    Abstract:

    To inform the level of attention to be given by antiretroviral therapy (ART) programs to HIV Drug Resistance (HIVDR), we used an individual-level model to estimate its impact on future AIDS deaths, HIV-incidence and ART program costs in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) for a range of program situations. We applied this to SSA through the Spectrum-Goals model. In a situation in which current levels of pre-treatment HIVDR are over 10% (mean 15%), 16% of AIDS deaths (890,000 deaths) , 9% of new infections (450,000) and 8% ($6.5 billion) of ART program costs in SSA in 2016-2030 will be attributable to HIVDR.

  • Implications of HIV Drug Resistance on first- and second-line therapies in resource-limited settings: report from a workshop organized by the Collaborative HIV and Anti-HIV Drug Resistance Network.
    Antiviral Therapy, 2013
    Co-Authors: Deenan Pillay, Silvia Bertagnolio, Charles A. Boucher, Jan Albert, Françoise Brun-vézinet, Bonaventura Clotet, Carlo Giaquinto, Carlo Federico Perno
    Abstract:

    Here, we summarize the discussions and conclusions from an expert workshop held in October 2012 to consider the implications of HIV Drug Resistance in the context of scale-up of access to antiretroviral therapy and prophylaxis in resource-limited settings. Topics considered during the workshop included the implications of Drug Resistance for the selection of first-line regimens and sequencing of treatments, optimal surveillance strategies and prevention of mother-to-child transmission.

  • The effect of intrinsic stochasticity on transmitted HIV Drug Resistance patterns
    Journal of Theoretical Biology, 2009
    Co-Authors: Alison J. Marks, Deenan Pillay, Angela R. Mclean
    Abstract:

    Estimates of transmitted HIV Drug-Resistance prevalence vary widely among and within epidemiological surveys. Interpretation of trends from available survey data is therefore difficult. Because the emergence of Drug-Resistance involves small populations of infected Drug-resistant individuals, the role of stochasticity (chance events) is likely to be important. The question addressed here is: how much variability in transmitted HIV Drug-Resistance prevalence patterns arises due to intrinsic stochasticity alone, i.e., if all starting conditions in the different epidemics surveyed were identical? This 'thought experiment' gives insight into the minimum expected variabilities within and among epidemics. A simple stochastic mathematical model was implemented. Our results show that stochasticity alone can generate a significant degree of variability and that this depends on the size and variation of the pool of new infections when Drug treatment is first introduced. The variability in transmitted Drug-Resistance prevalence within an epidemic (i.e., the temporal variability) is large when the annual pool of all new infections is small (fewer than 200, typical of the HIV epidemics in Central European and Scandinavian countries) but diminishes rapidly as that pool grows. Epidemiological surveys involving hundreds of new infections annually are therefore needed to allow meaningful interpretation of temporal trends in transmitted Drug-Resistance prevalence within individual epidemics. The stochastic variability among epidemics shows a similar dependence on the pool of new infections if treatment is introduced after endemic equilibrium is established, but can persist even when there are more than 10,000 new infections annually if Drug therapy is introduced earlier. Stochastic models may therefore have an important role to play in interpreting differences in transmitted Drug-Resistance prevalence trends among epidemiological surveys.

  • The impact of different definitions on the estimated rate of transmitted HIV Drug Resistance in the United Kingdom.
    Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 2008
    Co-Authors: Hannah Green, Esther Fearnhill, Deenan Pillay, Peter Tilston, David Dunn
    Abstract:

    Background:The use of different lists of Resistance mutations has resulted in estimates of transmitted HIV Drug Resistance (THDR) that are often not comparable.Methods:We estimated the rate of THDR based on the 3 definitions: ≥1 major mutation(s) listed on the International AIDS Society (IAS)-USA dr

Kiat Ruxrungtham - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • HIV Drug Resistance transmission threshold survey in Bangkok, Thailand.
    Antiviral therapy, 2008
    Co-Authors: Sunee Sirivichayakul, Donald Sutherland, Praphan Phanuphak, Tippawan Pankam, Rachanee O-charoen, Kiat Ruxrungtham
    Abstract:

    Antiretroviral therapy (ART) began in Thailand in the Bangkok Metropolitan Area (BMA) in 1988 and scale-up began in 2001. The national first-line regimen is stavudine, lamivudine and nevirapine in fixed-dose combination, which is a regimen with a low genetic barrier for Resistance. Because viral load and Resistance testing are not widely available, unidentified HIV Drug Resistance (HIVDR) may occur during treatment and could be transmitted. We undertook a threshold survey to assess HIVDR transmission in two subsets of recently infected individuals in the BMA. The first group consisted of returning blood donors tested at the Thai Red Cross National Blood Centre who seroconverted within the past 12 months. The second group comprised recently infected (as defined by BED assay) clients of the Thai Red Cross voluntary counselling and testing centre (VCT). Genotyping of 50 consecutive specimens each from blood donors and VCT clients during 2005-2006 showed no mutations associated with HIVDR in the reverse transcriptase or protease regions of the HIV pol gene. These results are categorized by the WHO HIV Drug Resistance threshold survey method as representing a low prevalence (<5%) of transmitted HIV Drug Resistance. Every effort should be made to minimize the emergence of Resistance in treated individuals and to prevent primary and secondary HIV transmission. To continue to monitor HIVDR transmission, Thailand has planned additional surveys--including longitudinal surveys--in these and additional groups of individuals.

  • HIV Drug Resistance transmission threshold survey in Bangkok, Thailand
    Antiviral Therapy, 2008
    Co-Authors: Sunee Sirivichayakul, Donald Sutherland, Praphan Phanuphak, Tippawan Pankam, Rachanee O-charoen, Kiat Ruxrungtham
    Abstract:

    Background: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) began in Thailand in the Bangkok Metropolitan Area (BMA) in 1988 and scale-up began in 2001. The national firstline regimen is stavudine, lamivudine and nevirapine in fixed-dose combination, which is a regimen with a low genetic barrier for Resistance. Because viral load and Resistance testing are not widely available, unidentified HIV Drug Resistance (HIVDR) may occur during treatment and could be transmitted. Methods: We undertook a threshold survey to assess HIVDR transmission in two subsets of recently infected individuals in the BMA. The first group consisted of returning blood donors tested at the Thai Red Cross National Blood Centre who seroconverted within the past 12 months. The second group comprised recently infected (as defined by BED assay) clients of the Thai Red Cross voluntary counselling and testing centre (VCT). Results: Genotyping of 50 consecutive specimens each from blood donors and VCT clients during 2005‐2006 showed no mutations associated with HIVDR in the reverse transcriptase or protease regions of the HIV pol gene. These results are categorized by the WHO HIV Drug Resistance threshold survey method as representing a low prevalence (