The Experts below are selected from a list of 327 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Roy M Anderson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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studies of the transmission dynamics mathematical model development and the control of schistosome parasites by mass drug administration in Human Communities
Advances in Parasitology, 2016Co-Authors: Roy M Anderson, Hugo C Turner, Sam H Farrell, James E TruscottAbstract:Schistosomiasis is global in extent within developing countries, but more than 90% of the at-risk population lives in sub-Saharan Africa. In total, 261 million people are estimated to require preventive treatment. However, with increasing drug availability through donation, the World Health Organization has set a goal of increasing coverage to 75% of at-risk children in endemic countries and elimination in some regions. In this chapter, we discuss key biological and epidemiological processes involved in the schistosome transmission cycle and review the history of modelling schistosomiasis and the impact of mass drug administration, including both deterministic and stochastic approaches. In particular, we look at the potential impact of the WHO 2020 schistosomiasis treatment goals.
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the relationship between the volume of antimicrobial consumption in Human Communities and the frequency of resistance
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1999Co-Authors: Daren J Austin, Karl G Kristinsson, Roy M AndersonAbstract:The threat to Human health posed by antibiotic resistance is of growing concern. Many commensal and pathogenic organisms have developed resistance to well established and newer antibiotics. The major selection pressure driving changes in the frequency of antibiotic resistance is the volume of drug use. However, establishing a quantitative relationship between the frequency of resistance and volume of drug use has proved difficult. Using population genetic methods and epidemiological observations, we report an analysis of the influence of the selective pressure imposed by the volume of drug use on temporal changes in resistance. Analytical expressions are derived to delineate key relationships between resistance and drug consumption. The analyses indicate that the time scale for emergence of resistance under a constant selective pressure is typically much shorter than the decay time after cessation or decline in the volume of drug use and that significant reductions in resistance require equally significant reductions in drug consumption. These results highlight the need for early intervention once resistance is detected.
David Lazer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Social Amplifier—Reaction of Human Communities to Emergencies
Journal of Statistical Physics, 2013Co-Authors: Yaniv Altshuler, Michael Fire, A. Bruckstein, Alex (sandy) Pentland, Yuval Elovici, Erez Shmueli, David LazerAbstract:This paper develops a methodology to aggregate signals in a network regarding some hidden state of the world. We argue that focusing on edges around hubs will under certain circumstances amplify the faint signals disseminating in a network, allowing for more efficient detection of that hidden state. We apply this method to detecting emergencies in mobile phone data, demonstrating that under a broad range of cases and a constraint in how many edges can be observed at a time, focusing on the egocentric networks around key hubs will be more effective than sampling random edges. We support this conclusion analytically, through simulations, and with analysis of a dataset containing the call log data from a major mobile carrier in a European nation.
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the social amplifier reaction of Human Communities to emergencies
Journal of Statistical Physics, 2013Co-Authors: Yaniv Altshuler, David Lazer, Michael Fire, A. Bruckstein, Yuval Elovici, Erez Shmueli, Alex PentlandAbstract:This paper develops a methodology to aggregate signals in a network regarding some hidden state of the world. We argue that focusing on edges around hubs will under certain circumstances amplify the faint signals disseminating in a network, allowing for more efficient detection of that hidden state. We apply this method to detecting emergencies in mobile phone data, demonstrating that under a broad range of cases and a constraint in how many edges can be observed at a time, focusing on the egocentric networks around key hubs will be more effective than sampling random edges. We support this conclusion analytically, through simulations, and with analysis of a dataset containing the call log data from a major mobile carrier in a European nation.
Wanchai Maleewong - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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First molecular identification and genetic diversity of Strongyloides stercoralis and Strongyloides fuelleborni in Human Communities having contact with long-tailed macaques in Thailand
Parasitology research, 2017Co-Authors: Tongjit Thanchomnang, Oranuch Sanpool, Rutchanee Rodpai, Pewpan M. Intapan, Somjintana Tourtip, Sujitra Yahom, Jitsuda Kullawat, Prayong Radomyos, Chalida Thammasiri, Wanchai MaleewongAbstract:The parasitic nematodes, Strongyloides stercoralis and Strongyloides fuelleborni, can infect Humans and non-Human primates. We amplified and sequenced a portion of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene (rRNA) and of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene of Strongyloides from Humans in the study area in Thailand, where people have frequent contact with long-tailed macaques. Fresh stool samples were obtained from 213 people and were examined using the agar plate culture method. The overall prevalence of Strongyloides infection was 8.92% (19/213). From a total of 19 worms (one per infected person), 18 adult males had 18S rRNA sequences identical with that of S. stercoralis and one adult female had a sequence almost identical with that of S. fuelleborni. A median-joining network of cox1 sequences revealed nine new haplotypes from S. stercoralis, and an overall haplotype diversity (Hd) of 0.9309. The single haplotype of S. fuelleborni was also new and contributed to an overall haplotype diversity for that species of 0.9842. This is the first molecular identification of S. stercoralis and S. fuelleborni in a Human community having contact with long-tailed macaques in Thailand. It is also the first report of S. fuelleborni infecting a Human in Thailand.
Julia Del Carmen Palacios-lloreda - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Etnobotánica y fitoquímica de Selaginella willdenowii (carpintero) en algunas comunidades del Chocó biogeográfico Ethnobotany and phytochemistry of Selaginella willdenowii (carpintero) in some Communities at biogeography Chocó
2011Co-Authors: Betsabe Caicedo-chaverra, Yohana Mendoza-valencia, Julia Del Carmen Palacios-lloredaAbstract:In order to know the type of uses that Human Communities of Quibdo, Guayabal Tutunendo give to Selaginella willdenowii (carpintero), as well as to determine the secondary metabolites present in this plant we conducted anethnobotanical and a phytochemical study. Etnobotanical information was obtained through semistructured interviews among analyzed Human Communities. Phytochemical analyses include a qualitative phytochemical march and chromatographic analyses conducted at the University of Antioquia, with the support of the Research Group on Plant Chemistry of Colombia). From an ethnobotanical standpoint, our results showed that the carpintero has three categories of use in the surveyed Human Communities: medicinal, magical-religious and ornamental. Our phytochemical results showed that this plant species has higher concentrations of triterpenoids and steroids, followed by flavonoids, and a lesser amount of alkaloids. The presence of these compounds in S. willdenowii suggests antimicrobial anticancer, cardiotonic, analgesic qualities we associate with the medicinal use that Human Communities give to this species in the study area.
Adam Kaznowski - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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antimicrobial resistance of integron harboring escherichia coli isolates from clinical samples wastewater treatment plant and river water
Science of The Total Environment, 2012Co-Authors: Ryszard Koczura, Lucyna Jablonska, Edyta Gozdecka, Martyna Kubek, Joanna Mokracka, Adam KaznowskiAbstract:The presence and persistence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in the environment is thought to be a growing threat to public health. The route of the spread of multiresistant bacteria from Human Communities to aquatic environment may lead through wastewater treatment plants that release treated wastewater to a water reservoir. In this study we used multiplex PCR assay to determine the frequency of integron presence in Escherichia coli isolates cultured from wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) (integrons were detected in 11% of E. coli isolates), river water upstream (6%) and downstream (14%) the discharge of WWTP, and clinical specimens (56%). Antimicrobial resistance of the integron-positive isolates, determined by disk diffusion method, varied between E. coli of different origin. Isolates from the downstream river, compared to those cultured from upstream river, were more frequently resistant to kanamycin, cephalotin, co-trimoxazole, trimethoprim, and fluoroquinolones. Moreover, they displayed broader resistance ranges, expressed as the number of classes of antimicrobials to which they were resistant. The results may suggest that WWTP effluent contributes to increased frequency of integron-positive E. coli isolates in the river downstream the WWTP and to their elevated resistance level.