The Experts below are selected from a list of 159 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Stanisław Rybicki - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Phosphorus Removal From Wastewater - A Literature Review
Division of Water Resources Engineering, 1997Co-Authors: Stanisław RybickiAbstract:The purpose of this report is to give an overview of different methods for phosphorus removal from municipal wastewater. Focus is given to chemical precipitation and enhanced biological phosphorus removal although also other methods are discussed, namely, local treatment methods and ecological and natural treatment systems. The basic removal mechanisms, process schemes and treatment results are described. In the report, a historical background is also given of phosphorus removal methods and trends in research and process design. Important factors for process design is hereby also treatment requirements for other components in the wastewater and interactions with sludge handling. The need for better evaluation methods of different phosphorus removal processes is pointed out. Phosphorus may become a limiting substance in the future and phosphorus leakage from deposits may be a diffusive phosphorus source. This has led to an increased interest in phosphorus recovery and reuse. Three main routes are briefly discussed: Improvement of the quality of the sludge from the treatment plants, production of different products from the sludge, and source separation of Human Wastes from grey water. iii
A A Tikhomirov - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a biological method of including mineralized Human liquid and solid Wastes into the mass exchange of bio technical life support systems
Advances in Space Research, 2012Co-Authors: S A Ushakova, A A Tikhomirov, Yu A Kudenko, N A Tikhomirova, Yu A Litovka, O V AnishchenkoAbstract:Abstract The main obstacle to using mineralized Human solid and liquid Wastes as a source of mineral elements for plants cultivated in bio-technical life support systems (BLSS) is that they contain NaCl. The purpose of this study is to determine whether mineralized Human Wastes can be used to prepare the nutrient solution for long-duration conveyor cultivation of uneven-aged wheat and Salicornia europaea L. plant community. Human solid and liquid Wastes were mineralized by the method of “wet incineration” developed by Yu. Kudenko. They served as a basis for preparing the solutions that were used for conveyor-type cultivation of wheat community represented by 5 age groups, planted with a time interval of 14 days. Wheat was cultivated hydroponically on expanded clay particles. To reduce salt content of the nutrient solution, every two weeks, after wheat was harvested, 12 L of solution was removed from the wheat irrigation tank and used for Salicornia europaea cultivation in water culture in a conveyor mode. The Salicornia community was represented by 2 age groups, planted with a time interval of 14 days. As some portion of the nutrient solution used for wheat cultivation was regularly removed, sodium concentration in the wheat irrigation solution did not exceed 400 mg/L, and mineral elements contained in the removed portion were used for Salicornia cultivation. The experiment lasted 4 months. The total wheat biomass productivity averaged 30.1 g · m −2 · day −1 , and the harvest index amounted to 36.8%. The average productivity of Salicornia edible biomass on a dry weight basis was 39.3 g · m −2 · day −1 , and its aboveground mass contained at least 20% of NaCl. Thus, the proposed technology of cultivation of wheat and halophyte plant community enables using mineralized Human Wastes as a basis for preparing nutrient solutions and including NaCl in the mass exchange of the BLSS; moreover, Humans are supplied with additional amounts of leafy vegetables.
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Assessment of the possibility of establishing material cycling in an experimental model of the bio-technical life support system with plant and Human Wastes included in mass exchange
Acta Astronautica, 2011Co-Authors: A A Tikhomirov, Yu A Kudenko, N A Tikhomirova, Sofya Ushakova, V.v. Velichko, I.v. Gribovskaya, J. B. Gros, Ch LasseurAbstract:Abstract A pilot model of a bio-technical life support system (BTLSS) including Human and plant Wastes has been developed at the Institute of Biophysics SB RAS (Krasnoyarsk, Russia). This paper describes the structure of the photosynthesizing unit of the system, which includes wheat, chufa and vegetables. The study substantiates the simultaneous use of neutral and biological substrates for cultivating plants. A novel physicochemical method for the involvement of Human Wastes in the cycling has been employed, which enables the use of recycled products as nutrients for plants. Inedible plant biomass was subjected to biological combustion in the soil-like substrate (SLS) and was thus involved in the system mass exchange; NaCl contained in native urine was returned to the Human through the consumption of Salicornia europaea, an edible salt-concentrating plant. Mass transfer processes in the studied BLSS have been examined for different chemical components.
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use of Human Wastes oxidized to different degrees in cultivation of higher plants on the soil like substrate intended for closed ecosystems
Advances in Space Research, 2010Co-Authors: A A Tikhomirov, Yu A Kudenko, S A Ushakova, L S Tirranen, I A Gribovskaya, Jeanbernard Gros, Ch LasseurAbstract:Abstract To close mass exchange loops in bioregenerative life support systems more efficiently, researchers of the Institute of Biophysics SB RAS (Krasnoyarsk, Russia) have developed a procedure of wet combustion of Human Wastes and inedible parts of plants using H 2 O 2 in alternating electromagnetic field. Human Wastes pretreated in this way can be used as nutrient solutions to grow plants in the phototrophic unit of the LSS. The purpose of this study was to explore the possibilities of using Human Wastes oxidized to different degrees to grow plants cultivated on the soil-like substrate (SLS). The treated Human Wastes were analyzed to test their sterility. Then we investigated the effects produced by Human Wastes oxidized to different degrees on growth and development of wheat plants and on the composition of microflora in the SLS. The irrigation solution contained water, substances extracted from the substrate, and certain amounts of the mineralized Human Wastes. The experiments showed that the Human Wastes oxidized using reduced amounts of 30% H 2 O 2 : 1 ml/g of feces and 0.25 ml/ml of urine were still sterile. The experiments with wheat plants grown on the SLS and irrigated by the solution containing treated Human Wastes in the amount simulating 1/6 of the daily diet of a Human showed that the degree of oxidation of Human Wastes did not significantly affect plant productivity. On the other hand, the composition of the microbiota of irrigation solutions was affected by the oxidation level of the added metabolites. In the solutions supplemented with partially oxidized metabolites yeast-like microscopic fungi were 20 times more abundant than in the solutions containing fully oxidized metabolites. Moreover, in the solutions containing incompletely oxidized Human Wastes the amounts of phytopathogenic bacteria and denitrifying microorganisms were larger. Thus, insufficiently oxidized sterile Human Wastes added to the irrigation solutions significantly affect the composition of the microbiological component of these solutions, which can ultimately unbalance the system as a whole.
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biological and physicochemical methods for utilization of plant Wastes and Human exometabolites for increasing internal cycling and closure of life support systems
Advances in Space Research, 2005Co-Authors: I G Zolotukhin, A A Tikhomirov, Yu A Kudenko, I.v. GribovskayaAbstract:Abstract Wheat was cultivated on soil-like substrate (SLS) produced by the action of worms and microflora from the inedible biomass of wheat. After the growth of the wheat crop, the inedible biomass was restored in SLS and exposed to decomposition (“biological” combustion) and its mineral compounds were assimilated by plants. Grain was returned to the SLS in the amount equivalent to Human solid waste produced by consumption of the grain. Human Wastes (urine and feces) after physicochemical processing turned into mineralized form (mineralized urine and mineralized feces) and entered the plants’ nutrient solution amounts equal to average daily production. Periodically (once every 60–70 days) the nutrient solution was partly (up to 50%) desalinated by electrodialysis. Due to this NaCl concentration in the nutrient solution was sustained at a fixed level of about 0.26%. The salt concentrate obtained could be used in the Human nutrition through NaCl extraction and the residuary elements were returned through the mineralized Human liquid Wastes into matter turnover. The control wheat cultivation was carried out on peat with use of the Knop nutrient solution. Serial cultivation of several wheat vegetations within 280 days was conducted during the experiment. Grain output varied and yield/harvest depended, in large part, upon the amount of inedible biomass returned to SLS and the speed of its decomposition. After achieving a stationary regime, (when the quantity of wheat inedible biomass utilized during vegetation in SLS is equal to the quantity of biomass introduced into SLS before vegetation) grain harvest in comparison with the control was at most 30% less, and in some cases was comparable to the control harvest values. The investigations carried out on the wheat example demonstrated in principle the possibility of long-term functioning of the LSS photosynthesizing link based on optimizations of biological and physicochemical methods of utilization of the Human and plants Wastes. The possibilities for the use of these technologies for the creation integrated biological–physicochemical LSS with high closure degree of internal matter turnover are discussed in this paper.
S A Ushakova - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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characteristics of mineral nutrition of plants in the bio technical life support system with Human Wastes included in mass exchange
Acta Astronautica, 2016Co-Authors: N A Tikhomirova, S A Ushakova, G S Kalacheva, Alexander TikhomirovAbstract:Abstract The study addresses the effectiveness of using ion exchange substrates (IES) to optimize mineral nutrition of plants grown in the nutrient solutions containing oxidized Human Wastes for application in bio-technical life support systems. The study shows that the addition of IES to the root-inhabited substrate is favorable for the growth of wheat vegetative organs but causes a decrease in the grain yield. By contrast, the addition of IES to the nutrient solution does not influence the growth of vegetative organs but favors normal development of wheat reproductive organs. Thus, to choose the proper method of adjusting the solution with IES, one should take into account specific parameters of plant growth and development and the possibility of multiple recycling of IES based on the liquid products of mineralization of Human Wastes.
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a biological method of including mineralized Human liquid and solid Wastes into the mass exchange of bio technical life support systems
Advances in Space Research, 2012Co-Authors: S A Ushakova, A A Tikhomirov, Yu A Kudenko, N A Tikhomirova, Yu A Litovka, O V AnishchenkoAbstract:Abstract The main obstacle to using mineralized Human solid and liquid Wastes as a source of mineral elements for plants cultivated in bio-technical life support systems (BLSS) is that they contain NaCl. The purpose of this study is to determine whether mineralized Human Wastes can be used to prepare the nutrient solution for long-duration conveyor cultivation of uneven-aged wheat and Salicornia europaea L. plant community. Human solid and liquid Wastes were mineralized by the method of “wet incineration” developed by Yu. Kudenko. They served as a basis for preparing the solutions that were used for conveyor-type cultivation of wheat community represented by 5 age groups, planted with a time interval of 14 days. Wheat was cultivated hydroponically on expanded clay particles. To reduce salt content of the nutrient solution, every two weeks, after wheat was harvested, 12 L of solution was removed from the wheat irrigation tank and used for Salicornia europaea cultivation in water culture in a conveyor mode. The Salicornia community was represented by 2 age groups, planted with a time interval of 14 days. As some portion of the nutrient solution used for wheat cultivation was regularly removed, sodium concentration in the wheat irrigation solution did not exceed 400 mg/L, and mineral elements contained in the removed portion were used for Salicornia cultivation. The experiment lasted 4 months. The total wheat biomass productivity averaged 30.1 g · m −2 · day −1 , and the harvest index amounted to 36.8%. The average productivity of Salicornia edible biomass on a dry weight basis was 39.3 g · m −2 · day −1 , and its aboveground mass contained at least 20% of NaCl. Thus, the proposed technology of cultivation of wheat and halophyte plant community enables using mineralized Human Wastes as a basis for preparing nutrient solutions and including NaCl in the mass exchange of the BLSS; moreover, Humans are supplied with additional amounts of leafy vegetables.
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assessing the feasibility of involving gaseous products resulting from physicochemical oxidation of Human liquid and solid Wastes in the cycling of a bio technical life support system
Advances in Space Research, 2012Co-Authors: Yurii Kudenko, Alexander Tikhomirov, Sergey V Trifonov, S A UshakovaAbstract:The study addresses the possible ways of involving gaseous products produced by “wet” incineration of Human Wastes mixed with H2O2 in an alternating electric field in the cycling of the physical model of a bio-technical life support system (BTLSS). The resulting gas mixture contains CO2 and O2, which are easily involved in the cycling in the closed ecosystem, and NH3, which is unacceptable in the atmosphere of the BTLSS. NH3 fixation has been proposed, which is followed by nitrification and involvement of the resulting products in the mass exchange of the closed system. Experiments have been performed to show that plants can be grown in the atmosphere resulting from the closing of the gas loop that includes a physicochemical installation and a growth chamber with plants representing the phototrophic compartment of the BTLSS. The results of the study suggest the conclusion that the proposed method of organic waste oxidation can be a useful tool in creating a physical model of a closed-loop integrated BTLSS.
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use of Human Wastes oxidized to different degrees in cultivation of higher plants on the soil like substrate intended for closed ecosystems
Advances in Space Research, 2010Co-Authors: A A Tikhomirov, Yu A Kudenko, S A Ushakova, L S Tirranen, I A Gribovskaya, Jeanbernard Gros, Ch LasseurAbstract:Abstract To close mass exchange loops in bioregenerative life support systems more efficiently, researchers of the Institute of Biophysics SB RAS (Krasnoyarsk, Russia) have developed a procedure of wet combustion of Human Wastes and inedible parts of plants using H 2 O 2 in alternating electromagnetic field. Human Wastes pretreated in this way can be used as nutrient solutions to grow plants in the phototrophic unit of the LSS. The purpose of this study was to explore the possibilities of using Human Wastes oxidized to different degrees to grow plants cultivated on the soil-like substrate (SLS). The treated Human Wastes were analyzed to test their sterility. Then we investigated the effects produced by Human Wastes oxidized to different degrees on growth and development of wheat plants and on the composition of microflora in the SLS. The irrigation solution contained water, substances extracted from the substrate, and certain amounts of the mineralized Human Wastes. The experiments showed that the Human Wastes oxidized using reduced amounts of 30% H 2 O 2 : 1 ml/g of feces and 0.25 ml/ml of urine were still sterile. The experiments with wheat plants grown on the SLS and irrigated by the solution containing treated Human Wastes in the amount simulating 1/6 of the daily diet of a Human showed that the degree of oxidation of Human Wastes did not significantly affect plant productivity. On the other hand, the composition of the microbiota of irrigation solutions was affected by the oxidation level of the added metabolites. In the solutions supplemented with partially oxidized metabolites yeast-like microscopic fungi were 20 times more abundant than in the solutions containing fully oxidized metabolites. Moreover, in the solutions containing incompletely oxidized Human Wastes the amounts of phytopathogenic bacteria and denitrifying microorganisms were larger. Thus, insufficiently oxidized sterile Human Wastes added to the irrigation solutions significantly affect the composition of the microbiological component of these solutions, which can ultimately unbalance the system as a whole.
James P. Hoffmann - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Wastewater treatment with suspended and nonsuspended algae
Journal of Phycology, 1998Co-Authors: James P. HoffmannAbstract:Mass culture of algae in wastewater can signifi-cantly contribute to the management of freshwater ecosystems by providing a more environmentally sound approach to reducing the eutrophication po-tential of point sources of Human Wastes than is achieved by current treatment practices. Incorpo-rating algal systems into conventional wastewater treatment has the potential to improve the water quality of the effluent by reducing the nutrient and metal loads into freshwater ecosystems. The use of algae to treat wastewater has been investigated for over 40 years, with one of the first descriptions of this application being reported by Oswald and Go-taas (1957). For a historical survey of outdoor algal mass culture efforts, including wastewater treatment, see Goldman (1979a) and Soeder (1980). Most re-search has focused on suspended microalgae grow-ing in shallow, artificial ponds containing sewage. However, in recent years there has been an in-creased research emphasis on the use of nonsus-pended algae, either as unialgal cultures immobi-lized in a polymeric matrix or as attached algal com-munities (biofilm/periphyton) growing in shallow, artificial streams or on the surfaces of rotating bio-logical contactors (RBC/biodiscs). In this minireview, I focus on the use of algae in advanced treatment of wastewater, comment on some of the advantages and disadvantages of this biotechnology, and suggest the likely direction of future research in this area. First, I briefly survey the extensive work on suspended algal systems, with em-phasis on more recent research. Then I follow this with a more complete summary of the research on nonsuspended algal systems. NATURE OF THE PROBLEM Declining water quality, associated with Human ac-tivities, has created environmental and public health problems. For example, one cause of the toxic algae fish kills recently experienced on the east coast of the United States is thought to be nutrient loading by wastewater discharge into the rivers that empty into the estuaries (Glasgow et al. 1995). This nutri-ent loading can be substantial since many conven-tional treatment plants discharge Ͼ10 6 L of waste-water per day, and nutrients in wastewater can be three orders of magnitude more concentrated than in the receiving water (de la Noüe et al. 1992).
Yu A Kudenko - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a biological method of including mineralized Human liquid and solid Wastes into the mass exchange of bio technical life support systems
Advances in Space Research, 2012Co-Authors: S A Ushakova, A A Tikhomirov, Yu A Kudenko, N A Tikhomirova, Yu A Litovka, O V AnishchenkoAbstract:Abstract The main obstacle to using mineralized Human solid and liquid Wastes as a source of mineral elements for plants cultivated in bio-technical life support systems (BLSS) is that they contain NaCl. The purpose of this study is to determine whether mineralized Human Wastes can be used to prepare the nutrient solution for long-duration conveyor cultivation of uneven-aged wheat and Salicornia europaea L. plant community. Human solid and liquid Wastes were mineralized by the method of “wet incineration” developed by Yu. Kudenko. They served as a basis for preparing the solutions that were used for conveyor-type cultivation of wheat community represented by 5 age groups, planted with a time interval of 14 days. Wheat was cultivated hydroponically on expanded clay particles. To reduce salt content of the nutrient solution, every two weeks, after wheat was harvested, 12 L of solution was removed from the wheat irrigation tank and used for Salicornia europaea cultivation in water culture in a conveyor mode. The Salicornia community was represented by 2 age groups, planted with a time interval of 14 days. As some portion of the nutrient solution used for wheat cultivation was regularly removed, sodium concentration in the wheat irrigation solution did not exceed 400 mg/L, and mineral elements contained in the removed portion were used for Salicornia cultivation. The experiment lasted 4 months. The total wheat biomass productivity averaged 30.1 g · m −2 · day −1 , and the harvest index amounted to 36.8%. The average productivity of Salicornia edible biomass on a dry weight basis was 39.3 g · m −2 · day −1 , and its aboveground mass contained at least 20% of NaCl. Thus, the proposed technology of cultivation of wheat and halophyte plant community enables using mineralized Human Wastes as a basis for preparing nutrient solutions and including NaCl in the mass exchange of the BLSS; moreover, Humans are supplied with additional amounts of leafy vegetables.
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Assessment of the possibility of establishing material cycling in an experimental model of the bio-technical life support system with plant and Human Wastes included in mass exchange
Acta Astronautica, 2011Co-Authors: A A Tikhomirov, Yu A Kudenko, N A Tikhomirova, Sofya Ushakova, V.v. Velichko, I.v. Gribovskaya, J. B. Gros, Ch LasseurAbstract:Abstract A pilot model of a bio-technical life support system (BTLSS) including Human and plant Wastes has been developed at the Institute of Biophysics SB RAS (Krasnoyarsk, Russia). This paper describes the structure of the photosynthesizing unit of the system, which includes wheat, chufa and vegetables. The study substantiates the simultaneous use of neutral and biological substrates for cultivating plants. A novel physicochemical method for the involvement of Human Wastes in the cycling has been employed, which enables the use of recycled products as nutrients for plants. Inedible plant biomass was subjected to biological combustion in the soil-like substrate (SLS) and was thus involved in the system mass exchange; NaCl contained in native urine was returned to the Human through the consumption of Salicornia europaea, an edible salt-concentrating plant. Mass transfer processes in the studied BLSS have been examined for different chemical components.
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use of Human Wastes oxidized to different degrees in cultivation of higher plants on the soil like substrate intended for closed ecosystems
Advances in Space Research, 2010Co-Authors: A A Tikhomirov, Yu A Kudenko, S A Ushakova, L S Tirranen, I A Gribovskaya, Jeanbernard Gros, Ch LasseurAbstract:Abstract To close mass exchange loops in bioregenerative life support systems more efficiently, researchers of the Institute of Biophysics SB RAS (Krasnoyarsk, Russia) have developed a procedure of wet combustion of Human Wastes and inedible parts of plants using H 2 O 2 in alternating electromagnetic field. Human Wastes pretreated in this way can be used as nutrient solutions to grow plants in the phototrophic unit of the LSS. The purpose of this study was to explore the possibilities of using Human Wastes oxidized to different degrees to grow plants cultivated on the soil-like substrate (SLS). The treated Human Wastes were analyzed to test their sterility. Then we investigated the effects produced by Human Wastes oxidized to different degrees on growth and development of wheat plants and on the composition of microflora in the SLS. The irrigation solution contained water, substances extracted from the substrate, and certain amounts of the mineralized Human Wastes. The experiments showed that the Human Wastes oxidized using reduced amounts of 30% H 2 O 2 : 1 ml/g of feces and 0.25 ml/ml of urine were still sterile. The experiments with wheat plants grown on the SLS and irrigated by the solution containing treated Human Wastes in the amount simulating 1/6 of the daily diet of a Human showed that the degree of oxidation of Human Wastes did not significantly affect plant productivity. On the other hand, the composition of the microbiota of irrigation solutions was affected by the oxidation level of the added metabolites. In the solutions supplemented with partially oxidized metabolites yeast-like microscopic fungi were 20 times more abundant than in the solutions containing fully oxidized metabolites. Moreover, in the solutions containing incompletely oxidized Human Wastes the amounts of phytopathogenic bacteria and denitrifying microorganisms were larger. Thus, insufficiently oxidized sterile Human Wastes added to the irrigation solutions significantly affect the composition of the microbiological component of these solutions, which can ultimately unbalance the system as a whole.
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biological and physicochemical methods for utilization of plant Wastes and Human exometabolites for increasing internal cycling and closure of life support systems
Advances in Space Research, 2005Co-Authors: I G Zolotukhin, A A Tikhomirov, Yu A Kudenko, I.v. GribovskayaAbstract:Abstract Wheat was cultivated on soil-like substrate (SLS) produced by the action of worms and microflora from the inedible biomass of wheat. After the growth of the wheat crop, the inedible biomass was restored in SLS and exposed to decomposition (“biological” combustion) and its mineral compounds were assimilated by plants. Grain was returned to the SLS in the amount equivalent to Human solid waste produced by consumption of the grain. Human Wastes (urine and feces) after physicochemical processing turned into mineralized form (mineralized urine and mineralized feces) and entered the plants’ nutrient solution amounts equal to average daily production. Periodically (once every 60–70 days) the nutrient solution was partly (up to 50%) desalinated by electrodialysis. Due to this NaCl concentration in the nutrient solution was sustained at a fixed level of about 0.26%. The salt concentrate obtained could be used in the Human nutrition through NaCl extraction and the residuary elements were returned through the mineralized Human liquid Wastes into matter turnover. The control wheat cultivation was carried out on peat with use of the Knop nutrient solution. Serial cultivation of several wheat vegetations within 280 days was conducted during the experiment. Grain output varied and yield/harvest depended, in large part, upon the amount of inedible biomass returned to SLS and the speed of its decomposition. After achieving a stationary regime, (when the quantity of wheat inedible biomass utilized during vegetation in SLS is equal to the quantity of biomass introduced into SLS before vegetation) grain harvest in comparison with the control was at most 30% less, and in some cases was comparable to the control harvest values. The investigations carried out on the wheat example demonstrated in principle the possibility of long-term functioning of the LSS photosynthesizing link based on optimizations of biological and physicochemical methods of utilization of the Human and plants Wastes. The possibilities for the use of these technologies for the creation integrated biological–physicochemical LSS with high closure degree of internal matter turnover are discussed in this paper.