The Experts below are selected from a list of 804 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Bruce N. Gray - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Histologic analysis of liver tissue following hepatic arterial infusion of ferromagnetic particles in a rabbit tumour model
Biometals, 2003Co-Authors: Paul Moroz, C. Metcalf, Bruce N. GrayAbstract:It is possible to arterially embolize liver tumours in small animal models with ferromagnetic particles that generate Hysteretic Heating on exposure to an alternating magnetic field. The aim of this study was to determine the response of hepatic tissue to arterial infusion of ferromagnetic particles. Eight rabbits containing hepatic VX2 carcinomas received a hepatic arterial infusion of ferromagnetic particles suspended in lipiodol. Four rabbits were sacrificed after 60 min to determine the acute tissue response, and the other four rabbits were sacrificed after 14 days to determine the longer-term tissue response. The tumour, normal hepatic parenchyma (NHP), lungs and gallbladder of each subject were examined using light microscopy, and chemically analysed for iron concentration. Large aggregates of particles embolized within the tumour vasculature. There was only a sparse distribution of particles in the NHP, with no acute tissue response. The tumour to NHP iron concentration ratio was 4.9. Particles also lodged in blood vessels of the gallbladder wall. Two weeks after infusion there were isolated foci of necrosis in the NHP, and macrophages were associated with particle aggregates, which were also observed within multinucleated giant cells. There was no evidence that particles embolized in the lungs. Hepatic arterial infusion of ferromagnetic particles suspended in lipiodol resulted in excellent tumour targeting with no acute tissue reaction in the NHP, and no evidence of pulmonary embolization. After 14 days there was evidence of phagocytosis of the particles in NHP, but not in the tumour tissue. However, the suspension caused multiple foci of infarction in NHP, probably due to occlusion of larger arteries.
-
Hepatic clearance of arterially infused ferromagnetic particles.
International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2003Co-Authors: Paul Moroz, S. K. Jones, C. Metcalf, Bruce N. GrayAbstract:Objective : Arterial embolization hyperthermia (AEH) consists of arterially embolizing tumours with ferromagnetic particles that generate Hysteretic Heating on exposure to an alternating magnetic field. It was the objective of this study to determine if such particles are cleared from the liver. Method : A lobe of normal liver in three pigs was arterially embolized with 300 mg of n -Fe 2 O 3 particles (150 nm) suspended in lipiodol. The same liver lobe of three other pigs was embolized with 300 mg of ferromagnetic polymer matrix-encapsulated microspheres (32 µm) suspended in 1% tween-water. Samples of liver and blood were obtained before infusion, and at 60 min and 28 days after arterial infusion. At 28 days, samples of lung and other abdominal viscera were also obtained. The tissue samples were chemically analysed for iron content, and submitted to histopathological examination. Results : There was no significant reduction in the hepatic iron concentration in either treatment group 28 days after infu...
-
Tumor response to arterial embolization hyperthermia and direct injection hyperthermia in a rabbit liver tumor model
Journal of Surgical Oncology, 2002Co-Authors: Paul Moroz, S. K. Jones, Bruce N. GrayAbstract:Background and Objectives It is possible to arterially embolize or directly inject liver tumors in small animal models with ferromagnetic particles that generate Hysteretic Heating on exposure to an alternating magnetic field. The objective of this study was to compare the response of liver tumors to arterial embolization hyperthermia (AEH) and direct injection hyperthermia (DIH). Methods Ten rabbits containing experimental hepatic tumors were treated with AEH, and a second group of ten rabbits were treated with DIH. The tumors of both groups were heated to 43° to 50°C for 20 minutes. Tumor response, which was determined by measuring change in tumor volume and by comparison of tumor mass after treatment with the mass of untreated control tumors of the same age, was assessed 14 days after treatment. Results All tumors treated with AEH decreased in volume by 50% to 94% (P = 0.005), and their average mass (median 1.73 gm) was significantly less than that of untreated control tumors (median 8.01 gm, n = 20; P
-
Arterial embolization hyperthermia: hepatic iron particle distribution and its potential determination by magnetic resonance imaging.
Physics in Medicine and Biology, 2002Co-Authors: Paul Moroz, S. K. Jones, Heath R. Pardoe, Timothy G. St. Pierre, Swithin Song, Bruce N. GrayAbstract:Arterial embolization hyperthermia (AEH) consists of arterially embolizing liver tumours with ferromagnetic particles that generate Hysteretic Heating on exposure to an alternating magnetic field. A critical component of AEH is the concentration and distribution of ferromagnetic particles in the normal hepatic parenchyma (NHP), as well as in the tumour tissue. If the distribution of particles in NHP is heterogeneous, with areas of high concentration, then unwanted areas of necrosis may result during AEH. Using an in vivo rabbit liver tumour model, this study showed that hepatic arterial infusion of ferromagnetic particles does indeed result in a heterogeneous distribution of iron in NHP. The radiological technique of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was then evaluated as a potential tool for non-invasively and prospectively determining the concentration and distribution of particles within the hepatic tumour and NHP following hepatic arterial infusion. A preliminary in vitro experiment showed that although the concentration of iron within the tumour tissue (1.92-3.50 mg of iron per gram of tissue) was too great to measure, MRI was able to accurately determine the lower iron concentration (0.10-0.53 mg of iron per gram of tissue) in NHP. Further work is needed to evaluate MRI under in vivo conditions. If successful, MRI could become an important component of an emerging novel treatment for advanced hepatic malignancies.
-
The effect of tumour size on ferromagnetic embolization hyperthermia in a rabbit liver tumour model.
International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2002Co-Authors: Paul Moroz, S. K. Jones, Bruce N. GrayAbstract:Objective : Ferromagnetic Embolization Hyperthermia (FEH) consists of arterially embolizing tumours with ferromagnetic particles to cause Hysteretic Heating upon subsequent exposure to an alternating magnetic field. The objective was to determine the effect of tumour size during FEH using a rabbit liver tumour model. Method : Thirty-three rabbits containing implanted hepatic VX2 carcinomas received a hepatic arterial infusion of ferromagnetic particles suspended in lipiodol. Following Hysteretic Heating, tumour and normal hepatic tissues were chemically analysed for iron content. Tumours were classed as small if their mass was less than the median mass for the whole group of subjects (2.1g), and as large if their mass was greater than or equal to the median. To control for variability in tumour iron concentration, 13 small tumours were matched to 13 large tumours by iron concentration, and their Heating characteristics compared. Results : The Heating rate in large tumours (median = 5.0°C/min) was signific...
Paul Moroz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Histologic analysis of liver tissue following hepatic arterial infusion of ferromagnetic particles in a rabbit tumour model
Biometals, 2003Co-Authors: Paul Moroz, C. Metcalf, Bruce N. GrayAbstract:It is possible to arterially embolize liver tumours in small animal models with ferromagnetic particles that generate Hysteretic Heating on exposure to an alternating magnetic field. The aim of this study was to determine the response of hepatic tissue to arterial infusion of ferromagnetic particles. Eight rabbits containing hepatic VX2 carcinomas received a hepatic arterial infusion of ferromagnetic particles suspended in lipiodol. Four rabbits were sacrificed after 60 min to determine the acute tissue response, and the other four rabbits were sacrificed after 14 days to determine the longer-term tissue response. The tumour, normal hepatic parenchyma (NHP), lungs and gallbladder of each subject were examined using light microscopy, and chemically analysed for iron concentration. Large aggregates of particles embolized within the tumour vasculature. There was only a sparse distribution of particles in the NHP, with no acute tissue response. The tumour to NHP iron concentration ratio was 4.9. Particles also lodged in blood vessels of the gallbladder wall. Two weeks after infusion there were isolated foci of necrosis in the NHP, and macrophages were associated with particle aggregates, which were also observed within multinucleated giant cells. There was no evidence that particles embolized in the lungs. Hepatic arterial infusion of ferromagnetic particles suspended in lipiodol resulted in excellent tumour targeting with no acute tissue reaction in the NHP, and no evidence of pulmonary embolization. After 14 days there was evidence of phagocytosis of the particles in NHP, but not in the tumour tissue. However, the suspension caused multiple foci of infarction in NHP, probably due to occlusion of larger arteries.
-
Hepatic clearance of arterially infused ferromagnetic particles.
International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2003Co-Authors: Paul Moroz, S. K. Jones, C. Metcalf, Bruce N. GrayAbstract:Objective : Arterial embolization hyperthermia (AEH) consists of arterially embolizing tumours with ferromagnetic particles that generate Hysteretic Heating on exposure to an alternating magnetic field. It was the objective of this study to determine if such particles are cleared from the liver. Method : A lobe of normal liver in three pigs was arterially embolized with 300 mg of n -Fe 2 O 3 particles (150 nm) suspended in lipiodol. The same liver lobe of three other pigs was embolized with 300 mg of ferromagnetic polymer matrix-encapsulated microspheres (32 µm) suspended in 1% tween-water. Samples of liver and blood were obtained before infusion, and at 60 min and 28 days after arterial infusion. At 28 days, samples of lung and other abdominal viscera were also obtained. The tissue samples were chemically analysed for iron content, and submitted to histopathological examination. Results : There was no significant reduction in the hepatic iron concentration in either treatment group 28 days after infu...
-
Tumor response to arterial embolization hyperthermia and direct injection hyperthermia in a rabbit liver tumor model
Journal of Surgical Oncology, 2002Co-Authors: Paul Moroz, S. K. Jones, Bruce N. GrayAbstract:Background and Objectives It is possible to arterially embolize or directly inject liver tumors in small animal models with ferromagnetic particles that generate Hysteretic Heating on exposure to an alternating magnetic field. The objective of this study was to compare the response of liver tumors to arterial embolization hyperthermia (AEH) and direct injection hyperthermia (DIH). Methods Ten rabbits containing experimental hepatic tumors were treated with AEH, and a second group of ten rabbits were treated with DIH. The tumors of both groups were heated to 43° to 50°C for 20 minutes. Tumor response, which was determined by measuring change in tumor volume and by comparison of tumor mass after treatment with the mass of untreated control tumors of the same age, was assessed 14 days after treatment. Results All tumors treated with AEH decreased in volume by 50% to 94% (P = 0.005), and their average mass (median 1.73 gm) was significantly less than that of untreated control tumors (median 8.01 gm, n = 20; P
-
Arterial embolization hyperthermia: hepatic iron particle distribution and its potential determination by magnetic resonance imaging.
Physics in Medicine and Biology, 2002Co-Authors: Paul Moroz, S. K. Jones, Heath R. Pardoe, Timothy G. St. Pierre, Swithin Song, Bruce N. GrayAbstract:Arterial embolization hyperthermia (AEH) consists of arterially embolizing liver tumours with ferromagnetic particles that generate Hysteretic Heating on exposure to an alternating magnetic field. A critical component of AEH is the concentration and distribution of ferromagnetic particles in the normal hepatic parenchyma (NHP), as well as in the tumour tissue. If the distribution of particles in NHP is heterogeneous, with areas of high concentration, then unwanted areas of necrosis may result during AEH. Using an in vivo rabbit liver tumour model, this study showed that hepatic arterial infusion of ferromagnetic particles does indeed result in a heterogeneous distribution of iron in NHP. The radiological technique of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was then evaluated as a potential tool for non-invasively and prospectively determining the concentration and distribution of particles within the hepatic tumour and NHP following hepatic arterial infusion. A preliminary in vitro experiment showed that although the concentration of iron within the tumour tissue (1.92-3.50 mg of iron per gram of tissue) was too great to measure, MRI was able to accurately determine the lower iron concentration (0.10-0.53 mg of iron per gram of tissue) in NHP. Further work is needed to evaluate MRI under in vivo conditions. If successful, MRI could become an important component of an emerging novel treatment for advanced hepatic malignancies.
-
The effect of tumour size on ferromagnetic embolization hyperthermia in a rabbit liver tumour model.
International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2002Co-Authors: Paul Moroz, S. K. Jones, Bruce N. GrayAbstract:Objective : Ferromagnetic Embolization Hyperthermia (FEH) consists of arterially embolizing tumours with ferromagnetic particles to cause Hysteretic Heating upon subsequent exposure to an alternating magnetic field. The objective was to determine the effect of tumour size during FEH using a rabbit liver tumour model. Method : Thirty-three rabbits containing implanted hepatic VX2 carcinomas received a hepatic arterial infusion of ferromagnetic particles suspended in lipiodol. Following Hysteretic Heating, tumour and normal hepatic tissues were chemically analysed for iron content. Tumours were classed as small if their mass was less than the median mass for the whole group of subjects (2.1g), and as large if their mass was greater than or equal to the median. To control for variability in tumour iron concentration, 13 small tumours were matched to 13 large tumours by iron concentration, and their Heating characteristics compared. Results : The Heating rate in large tumours (median = 5.0°C/min) was signific...
S. K. Jones - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Hepatic clearance of arterially infused ferromagnetic particles.
International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2003Co-Authors: Paul Moroz, S. K. Jones, C. Metcalf, Bruce N. GrayAbstract:Objective : Arterial embolization hyperthermia (AEH) consists of arterially embolizing tumours with ferromagnetic particles that generate Hysteretic Heating on exposure to an alternating magnetic field. It was the objective of this study to determine if such particles are cleared from the liver. Method : A lobe of normal liver in three pigs was arterially embolized with 300 mg of n -Fe 2 O 3 particles (150 nm) suspended in lipiodol. The same liver lobe of three other pigs was embolized with 300 mg of ferromagnetic polymer matrix-encapsulated microspheres (32 µm) suspended in 1% tween-water. Samples of liver and blood were obtained before infusion, and at 60 min and 28 days after arterial infusion. At 28 days, samples of lung and other abdominal viscera were also obtained. The tissue samples were chemically analysed for iron content, and submitted to histopathological examination. Results : There was no significant reduction in the hepatic iron concentration in either treatment group 28 days after infu...
-
Tumor response to arterial embolization hyperthermia and direct injection hyperthermia in a rabbit liver tumor model
Journal of Surgical Oncology, 2002Co-Authors: Paul Moroz, S. K. Jones, Bruce N. GrayAbstract:Background and Objectives It is possible to arterially embolize or directly inject liver tumors in small animal models with ferromagnetic particles that generate Hysteretic Heating on exposure to an alternating magnetic field. The objective of this study was to compare the response of liver tumors to arterial embolization hyperthermia (AEH) and direct injection hyperthermia (DIH). Methods Ten rabbits containing experimental hepatic tumors were treated with AEH, and a second group of ten rabbits were treated with DIH. The tumors of both groups were heated to 43° to 50°C for 20 minutes. Tumor response, which was determined by measuring change in tumor volume and by comparison of tumor mass after treatment with the mass of untreated control tumors of the same age, was assessed 14 days after treatment. Results All tumors treated with AEH decreased in volume by 50% to 94% (P = 0.005), and their average mass (median 1.73 gm) was significantly less than that of untreated control tumors (median 8.01 gm, n = 20; P
-
Arterial embolization hyperthermia: hepatic iron particle distribution and its potential determination by magnetic resonance imaging.
Physics in Medicine and Biology, 2002Co-Authors: Paul Moroz, S. K. Jones, Heath R. Pardoe, Timothy G. St. Pierre, Swithin Song, Bruce N. GrayAbstract:Arterial embolization hyperthermia (AEH) consists of arterially embolizing liver tumours with ferromagnetic particles that generate Hysteretic Heating on exposure to an alternating magnetic field. A critical component of AEH is the concentration and distribution of ferromagnetic particles in the normal hepatic parenchyma (NHP), as well as in the tumour tissue. If the distribution of particles in NHP is heterogeneous, with areas of high concentration, then unwanted areas of necrosis may result during AEH. Using an in vivo rabbit liver tumour model, this study showed that hepatic arterial infusion of ferromagnetic particles does indeed result in a heterogeneous distribution of iron in NHP. The radiological technique of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was then evaluated as a potential tool for non-invasively and prospectively determining the concentration and distribution of particles within the hepatic tumour and NHP following hepatic arterial infusion. A preliminary in vitro experiment showed that although the concentration of iron within the tumour tissue (1.92-3.50 mg of iron per gram of tissue) was too great to measure, MRI was able to accurately determine the lower iron concentration (0.10-0.53 mg of iron per gram of tissue) in NHP. Further work is needed to evaluate MRI under in vivo conditions. If successful, MRI could become an important component of an emerging novel treatment for advanced hepatic malignancies.
-
The effect of tumour size on ferromagnetic embolization hyperthermia in a rabbit liver tumour model.
International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2002Co-Authors: Paul Moroz, S. K. Jones, Bruce N. GrayAbstract:Objective : Ferromagnetic Embolization Hyperthermia (FEH) consists of arterially embolizing tumours with ferromagnetic particles to cause Hysteretic Heating upon subsequent exposure to an alternating magnetic field. The objective was to determine the effect of tumour size during FEH using a rabbit liver tumour model. Method : Thirty-three rabbits containing implanted hepatic VX2 carcinomas received a hepatic arterial infusion of ferromagnetic particles suspended in lipiodol. Following Hysteretic Heating, tumour and normal hepatic tissues were chemically analysed for iron content. Tumours were classed as small if their mass was less than the median mass for the whole group of subjects (2.1g), and as large if their mass was greater than or equal to the median. To control for variability in tumour iron concentration, 13 small tumours were matched to 13 large tumours by iron concentration, and their Heating characteristics compared. Results : The Heating rate in large tumours (median = 5.0°C/min) was signific...
-
Arterial Embolization Hyperthermia in Porcine Renal Tissue
Journal of Surgical Research, 2002Co-Authors: Paul Moroz, S. K. Jones, Bruce N. GrayAbstract:Abstract Background. Arterial embolization hyperthermia (AEH) consists of arterially embolizing tumors with ferromagnetic particles that generate Hysteretic Heating on exposure to an alternating magnetic field. It was the objective of this study to evaluate AEH using the kidney of a large animal as a tumor model. Methods. Between 50 and 400 mg of ferromagnetic microspheres (32 μm in diameter) was arterially infused into the kidneys of three pigs. Temperature probes were inserted into renal tissue, skin, and subcutaneous fat. Each subject was then exposed to an alternating magnetic field for 5 min, while under a general anesthetic. A femoral artery catheter was used to monitor the cardiac pulse. Three days after treatment the renal tissue was chemically analyzed for iron content, which was then correlated with tissue Heating rates. Results. There was a linear relationship between Heating rate and iron concentration (N = 18, correlation = 0.72, P Conclusion. This study has shown that AEH can target deep-seated, vascularized tissue in a large animal with therapeutic temperatures (> 42°C), and that the treatment is safe and well tolerated. Further assessment of treatment schedules should allow for a human trial in the near future.
M Koopman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
characterization of fatigue behavior of long fiber reinforced thermoplastic lft composites
Materials Characterization, 2009Co-Authors: A Goel, Uday K Vaidya, K K Chawla, Nikhilesh Chawla, M KoopmanAbstract:Abstract Fatigue behavior of long fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites (polypropylene/20 vol.% E-glass fiber) is presented in terms of stress – number of cycles to failure curves. Samples tested along longitudinal direction showed a higher fatigue life than the transverse samples which can be explained by the preferential orientation of the fibers along the longitudinal direction developed during the processing. Fatigue life decreased with increase in frequency. Hysteretic loss and temperature rise were measured; they depended on the stress amplitude as well as the cyclic frequency. Long fiber reinforced thermoplastic composite showed a lower temperature rise compared to unreinforced PP because long fiber reinforced thermoplastic has higher thermal conductivity than unreinforced PP and thus faster heat dissipation to the surroundings occur. The Hysteretic Heating also led to decrease in the modulus of long fiber reinforced thermoplastic as a function of number of cycles due to the softening of the matrix during fatigue cycling and depended on stress amplitude and frequency of the test.
-
Characterization of fatigue behavior of long fiber reinforced thermoplastic (LFT) composites
Materials Characterization, 2009Co-Authors: A Goel, Uday K Vaidya, K K Chawla, Nikhilesh Chawla, M KoopmanAbstract:Abstract Fatigue behavior of long fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites (polypropylene/20 vol.% E-glass fiber) is presented in terms of stress – number of cycles to failure curves. Samples tested along longitudinal direction showed a higher fatigue life than the transverse samples which can be explained by the preferential orientation of the fibers along the longitudinal direction developed during the processing. Fatigue life decreased with increase in frequency. Hysteretic loss and temperature rise were measured; they depended on the stress amplitude as well as the cyclic frequency. Long fiber reinforced thermoplastic composite showed a lower temperature rise compared to unreinforced PP because long fiber reinforced thermoplastic has higher thermal conductivity than unreinforced PP and thus faster heat dissipation to the surroundings occur. The Hysteretic Heating also led to decrease in the modulus of long fiber reinforced thermoplastic as a function of number of cycles due to the softening of the matrix during fatigue cycling and depended on stress amplitude and frequency of the test.
Benedicta D. Arhatari - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
progress on interacting fatigue creep Hysteretic Heating in polymer adhesively bonded composite joints
International Journal of Fatigue, 2017Co-Authors: Sheriff O Olajide, Benedicta D. ArhatariAbstract:Abstract Fatigue loading frequency effect and interactions of damage mechanisms, creep & Hysteretic Heating in bonded polymer composite joint were studied due to the fact that many researchers came to contradictory conclusions and reasoning on this issue. Temperature changes in polymer joints at fatigue loading frequencies of 15–2 Hz were insignificant relative to ambient temperature changes, but there was a general reduction in temperature rise with decreased loading frequency. Hysteretic Heating in polymer joint was not influential or had no significant effect on the damage development in the joint under fatigue. A pattern of increased fatigue life with a reduction in loading frequency under variable fatigue was observed. Stiffness degradation under fatigue cycle leading to strain hardening of the glassy polymer adhesive was found to be the main damage development mechanism. At 2 Hz loading frequency, the reduction in frequency from 15 to 2 Hz was sufficient enough, to cause a reduction in the rate of strain hardening of the polymer joint leading to 50% increase in the average fatigue life relative to the other three frequencies 5–Hz and 15 Hz. There exist three characteristic regions in the fatigue stiffness degradation of polymer joints, Region I, region II and region III and were similar to that exhibited in creep behaviour to failure in polymer materials under constant sustained load with heat and time. The end of the region II was unique with all fatigue frequency and had a value of 66 ± 6% of the fatigue life. This may be useful in identifying damage initiation and propagation in adhesively bonded joint. It has been proven in this research work that creep and Hysteretic Heating effect in adhesively bonded joints are not effective on fatigue damage rather strain hardening and rate of strain hardening of the glassy polymer adhesive under fatigue cycle. The paper addresses one of the most critical steps towards enhancing the design for fatigue in polymer bonded joints.
-
Progress on interacting fatigue, creep & Hysteretic Heating in polymer adhesively bonded composite joints
International Journal of Fatigue, 2017Co-Authors: O. Olajide, Benedicta D. ArhatariAbstract:Abstract Fatigue loading frequency effect and interactions of damage mechanisms, creep & Hysteretic Heating in bonded polymer composite joint were studied due to the fact that many researchers came to contradictory conclusions and reasoning on this issue. Temperature changes in polymer joints at fatigue loading frequencies of 15–2 Hz were insignificant relative to ambient temperature changes, but there was a general reduction in temperature rise with decreased loading frequency. Hysteretic Heating in polymer joint was not influential or had no significant effect on the damage development in the joint under fatigue. A pattern of increased fatigue life with a reduction in loading frequency under variable fatigue was observed. Stiffness degradation under fatigue cycle leading to strain hardening of the glassy polymer adhesive was found to be the main damage development mechanism. At 2 Hz loading frequency, the reduction in frequency from 15 to 2 Hz was sufficient enough, to cause a reduction in the rate of strain hardening of the polymer joint leading to 50% increase in the average fatigue life relative to the other three frequencies 5–Hz and 15 Hz. There exist three characteristic regions in the fatigue stiffness degradation of polymer joints, Region I, region II and region III and were similar to that exhibited in creep behaviour to failure in polymer materials under constant sustained load with heat and time. The end of the region II was unique with all fatigue frequency and had a value of 66 ± 6% of the fatigue life. This may be useful in identifying damage initiation and propagation in adhesively bonded joint. It has been proven in this research work that creep and Hysteretic Heating effect in adhesively bonded joints are not effective on fatigue damage rather strain hardening and rate of strain hardening of the glassy polymer adhesive under fatigue cycle. The paper addresses one of the most critical steps towards enhancing the design for fatigue in polymer bonded joints.