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D Blumberg - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • colonization trials with cryptochetum Iceryae and rodolia Iceryae for improved biological control of Icerya purchasi in israel
    Biological Control, 1991
    Co-Authors: Zvi Mendel, D Blumberg
    Abstract:

    Abstract Colonization of additional natural enemies of Icerya purchasi Maskell (Homoptera: Margarodidae) in Israel was considered because of the frequent outbreaks of the scale during the 1980s and the chronic severe injuries to certain ornamental plants whose toxic effects through the scale reduce the effectiveness of Rodolia cardinalis Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Colonization trials were conducted with the parasitic fly Cryptochetum Iceryae Williston (Diptera: Cryptochetidae) collected in southern California and with Rodolia Iceryae Jenson sent from South Africa. Rearing experiments of both natural enemies were conducted using I. purchasi and I. aegyptiaca (Douglas) infesting different plant species. C. Iceryae developed on I. purchasi growing on 17 host plant species. I. aegyptiaca was not affected by the fly. R. Iceryae could not complete its development on either I. purchasi or I. aegyptiaca. C. Iceryae was released at nine sites planted with Erythrina corallodendrum, Spartium junceum, or Retama raetam infested with I. purchasi. In citrus groves, after 2 years and following several releases, it is still uncertain whether C. Iceryae has become established. C. Iceryae was acclimatized at all sites planted with E. corallodendrum, S. junceum, and R. raetam and suppression of the scale was achieved in 2 years, probably because of the lack of significant competition with Rodolia cardinalis. I. purchasi populations were very sparse in the sampled citrus groves. Only in one site did we observe a rapid switch from the latent epidemic phase. This outbreak resulted in serious damage to the trees and was followed by a rapid breakdown of the scale population due to a sharp increase in the R. cardinalis population.

  • Effect of Buprofezin onIcerya Purchasi andPlanococcus Citri
    Phytoparasitica, 1991
    Co-Authors: Z. Mendel, D Blumberg, I. Ishaaya
    Abstract:

    The effectiveness of buprofezin (aqueous suspensions from 25% wettable powder) on cumulative nymph mortality and reproduction of two homopterous pests, Icerya purchasi Maskell (Margarodidae) and Planococcus citri (Risso) (Pseudococcidae), was investigated under laboratory conditions. Buprofezin was very effective against crawlers of both species. Dipping in concentrations of 0.002%, 0.01% and 0.05% (a. i.) resulted in 91–99% nymph mortality of P. citri , whereas 100% mortality was recorded when I. purchasi was treated at 0.05% (a. i.); the 3rd-instar nymphs of I. purchasi were less susceptible to the chemical. Death of the larval stages occurred mainly during the molting process to the 2nd-instar nymphs. At 0.05%, buprofezin sprayed on adults slightly reduced fecundity and decreased egg hatch to 31% for I. purchasi and, depending on the exposure period of the females, to 49-7% for P. citri. Buprofezin at 0.05% exhibited strong ovicidal activity on P. citri , resulting in inhibition of over 80% egg hatch.

Kristjan Thorarinsson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Biological Control of the Cottony‐Cushion Scale: Experimental Tests of the Spatial Density‐Dependence Hypothesis
    Ecology, 1990
    Co-Authors: Kristjan Thorarinsson
    Abstract:

    According to the spatial density—dependence hypothesis, successful biological control is stabilized by parasitoid foraging behavior, such that increasing rates of parasitism accompany increasing local host (pest) density. Three field experiments were conducted to try to detect spatially density—dependent parasitism in the biological control of the cottony—cushion scale, Icerya purchasi, by the parasitic fly Cryptochaetum Iceryae. Experimental colonies of the scale were established on terminal shoots of one of its host plants, mock orange (Pittosporum tobira). These colonies, consisting mostly of second— and third—stage nymphs, were exposed to parasitism for 11—14 d, depending on the experiment, and the resulting spatial patterns of parasitism rates recorded. In the first experiment the developmental stage of each scale was recorded; in the remaining two experiments, the length of each individual scale was also recorded. Weighted regression analysis was used to study the relationship between spatial densit...

  • Biological control of the cottony-cushion scale: experimental tests of the spatial density-dependence hypothesis
    Ecology, 1990
    Co-Authors: Kristjan Thorarinsson
    Abstract:

    According to the spatial density—dependence hypothesis, successful biological control is stabilized by parasitoid foraging behavior, such that increasing rates of parasitism accompany increasing local host (pest) density. Three field experiments were conducted to try to detect spatially density—dependent parasitism in the biological control of the cottony—cushion scale, Icerya purchasi, by the parasitic fly Cryptochaetum Iceryae. Experimental colonies of the scale were established on terminal shoots of one of its host plants, mock orange (Pittosporum tobira). These colonies, consisting mostly of second— and third—stage nymphs, were exposed to parasitism for 11—14 d, depending on the experiment, and the resulting spatial patterns of parasitism rates recorded. In the first experiment the developmental stage of each scale was recorded; in the remaining two experiments, the length of each individual scale was also recorded. Weighted regression analysis was used to study the relationship between spatial densit...

Penny J. Gullan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Coccidae, Pseudococcidae, Ortheziidae, and Monophlebidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Espírito Santo, Brazil
    Biota Neotropica, 2020
    Co-Authors: Mark P. Culik, David Martins, José Aires Ventura, Ana Lúcia Benfatti Gonzalez Peronti, Penny J. Gullan, Takumasa Kondo
    Abstract:

    Culik, M.P., Martins, D.S., Ventura, J.A., Peronti, A.L.B.G., Gullan, P.Y. & Kondo, T. Coccidae, Pseudococcidae, Ortheziidae, and Monophlebidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Espirito Santo, Brazil. Biota Neotrop. Sep/Dez 2007 vol. 7, no. 3 http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v7n3/pt/abstract?article+bn00507032007. ISSN 1676-0603. New plant hosts are recorded for nine scale insect species recently collected in Espirito Santo, Brazil, and eleven scale insect species are recorded for the first time from the state: Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock, Coccus longulus (Douglas), Coccus viridis (Green), Eucalymnatus tesselatus (Signoret), Pseudokermes sp., Saissetia coffeae (Walker), Phenacoccus madeirensis Green, Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Gimpel & Miller, Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti), Icerya purchasi Maskell, and Icerya genistae Hempel. This is also the first record of Co. longulus in Brazil. Information on the host plants and geographic distribution of the 26 species of scale insects of the families Coccidae, Pseudococcidae, Ortheziidae, and Monophlebidae, currently known from Espirito Santo is provided.

  • KNOWN DISTRIBUTION AND PEST STATUS OF FLUTED SCALE INSECTS (HEMIPTERA MONOPHLEBIDAE ICERYINI) IN SOUTH AMERICA
    Redia-Giornale Di Zoologia, 2017
    Co-Authors: Takumasa Kondo, Ana Lúcia Benfatti Gonzalez Peronti, Andrea Amalia Ramos-portilla, Penny J. Gullan
    Abstract:

    Current information on the known distribution of all 18 species (12 species of Crypticery a Cockerell and 6 species of Icerya Signoret) of fluted scale insects (Hemiptera: Monophlebidae: Iceryini) found in South America is provided. A list of known host plants and natural enemies of these species is given and their pest status in South America is discussed

  • Identification guide to species in the scale insect tribe Iceryini (Coccoidea: Monophlebidae)
    Zootaxa, 2008
    Co-Authors: Corinne M. Unruh, Penny J. Gullan
    Abstract:

    We recently revised the scale insect tribe Iceryini (Coccoidea: Monophlebidae) based on a molecular phylogenetic hypothesis and supporting morphological evidence. As a result of this revision, we proposed new generic concepts that required significant reorganization of species in three of the five iceryine genera: CryptIcerya Cockerell, Gigantococcus Pesson & Bielenin and Icerya Signoret. The other two genera, EchinIcerya Morrison and Gueriniella Fernald, remain unchanged. Here we discuss taxonomic characters important for iceryine identification and provide a comprehensive review of all described iceryine species. We include keys to the genera and to the species of each genus of Iceryini based on features of the adult females. We present new diagnoses for all the species for which type material was available for examination and summarize original descriptions for species for which we were unable to examine material. We designate lectotypes for the following species names (valid name given in parentheses): Llaveia abrahami Newstead (C. abrahami), Icerya brasiliensis Hempel (C. brasiliensis), Icerya colimensis Cockerell (C. colimensis), Icerya genistae Hempel (C. genistae), Icerya (CryptIcerya) littoralis Cockerell (C. littoralis), Icerya littoralis mimosae Cockerell (C. littoralis), Icerya littoralis tonilensis Cockerell (C. littoralis), CryptIcerya rosae mexicana Cockerell & Parrott (C. mexicana), Icerya minima Morrison (C. minima), Icerya montserratensis Riley & Howard (C. montserratensis), Palaeococcus morrilli Cockerell (C. morrilli), Icerya palmeri Riley & Howard (C. palmeri), Icerya rileyi Cockerell (C. rileyi), Icerya rileyi larreae Cockerell (C. rileyi), Steatococcus tabernicolus Ferris (C. tabernicola), Icerya (CryptIcerya) townsendi Cockerell (C. townsendi), Icerya (CryptIcerya) townsendi plucheae Cockerell (C. townsendi), Icerya zeteki Cockerell (C. zeteki), Icerya seychellarum albolutea Cockerell (Gi. alboluteus), CryptIcerya bicolor DeLotto (Gi. bicolor), Icerya brachystegiae Newstead (Gi. brachystegiae), Palaeococcus cajani Newstead (Gi. cajani), Palaeococcus caudata Newstead (Gi. caudatus), Icerya euphorbiae Brain (Gi. euphorbiae), Aspidoproctus gowdeyi Newstead (Gi. gowdeyi), Icerya longisetosa Newstead (Gi. longisetosus), Icerya nigroareolata Newstead (Gi. nigroareolatus), Icerya sulfurea pattersoni Newstead (Gi. pattersoni), Palaeococcus theobromae Newstead (Gi. theobromae), Crossotosoma aegyptiacum Douglas (I. aegyptiaca), Icerya rosae australis Maskell (I. australis), Icerya crocea Green (I. crocea), Icerya formicarum Newstead (I. formicarum), Icerya jacobsoni Green (I. jacobsoni), Icerya koebelei Maskell (I. koebelei), Icerya minor Green (I. minor), Icerya (CryptIcerya) nuda Green (I. nuda), Icerya nudata Maskell (I. nudata), Icerya hyperici Froggatt (I. nudata), Palaeococcus dymocki Froggatt (I. nudata), Icerya pilosa Green (I. pilosa), Icerya purchasi citriperda Hempel (I. purchasi), Icerya purchasi crawii Cockerell (I. purchasi), Icerya purchasi maskelli Cockerell (I. purchasi), and Icerya schrottkyi Hempel (I. schrottkyi).

  • Molecular data reveal convergent reproductive strategies in iceryine scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Monophlebidae), allowing the re‐interpretation of morphology and a revised generic classification
    Systematic Entomology, 2007
    Co-Authors: Corinne M. Unruh, Penny J. Gullan
    Abstract:

    The scale insect tribe Iceryini (Coccoidea: Monophlebidae) is a group of relatively large and polyphagous insects found worldwide. Currently, the tribe contains about 80 named species placed in seven genera, which are diagnosed largely on features associated with egg protection. We reconstruct the phylogeny of the Iceryini on the basis of nucleotide sequence data from nuclear ribosomal (18S and D2, D3 and D10 regions of 28S) and protein-coding (histone H3) gene regions of 40 iceryine species representing six of the seven genera and seven outgroup taxa, mostly from two other tribes of Monophlebidae. Bayesian and maximum parsimony analyses recover a monophyletic tribe and clades that correspond more to geography than to the existing morphology-based classification. Gueriniella Fernald is sister to the rest of the Iceryini and the genera CryptIcerya Cockerell, Icerya Signoret and Steatococcus Ferris are not monophyletic. Our data imply that the distinctive iceryine reproductive strategies, such as protecting eggs in a waxy ovisac or inside a marsupium, are poor indicators of relationships. On the basis of molecular relationships and the re-examination of morphological characters, we recognize only five genera of Iceryini –CryptIcerya, EchinIcerya Morrison, Gigantococcus Pesson & Bielenin, Gueriniella and Icerya – and substantially revise the generic concepts of CryptIcerya, Gigantococcus and Icerya. We provide a key to the genera based on adult females. We redescribe and illustrate the adult female and first-instar nymph of the type species CryptIcerya rosae (Riley & Howard), EchinIcerya anomala Morrison, Gigantococcus maximus (Newstead) (adult female only), Gueriniella serratulae (Fabricius) and Icerya seychellarum (Westwood). We recognize AuloIcerya Morrison as a junior synonym (syn.n.) of Icerya, and transfer the two AuloIcerya species to Icerya as I. acaciae (Morrison & Morrison) comb.n. and I. australis Maskell comb.rev. We recognize Steatococcus and ProtIcerya Cockerell as junior synonyms (syn.n.) of CryptIcerya. From Steatococcus, we transfer five species to CryptIcerya [C. mexicana Cockerell & Parrott comb.rev., C. morrilli (Cockerell) comb.n., C. tabernicola (Ferris) comb.n., C. townsendi Cockerell comb.rev., C. tuberculata (Morrison) comb.n.], four species to Gigantococcus [Gi. euphorbiae (Brain) comb.n., Gi. gowdeyi (Newstead) comb.n., Gi. madagascariensis (Mamet) comb.n., Gi. theobromae (Newstead) comb.n.] and three species to Icerya [I. assamensis (Rao) comb.n., I nudata Maskell comb.rev., I. samaraia (Morrison) comb.n.]. From Icerya, we transfer 14 species to CryptIcerya [C. brasiliensis (Hempel) comb.n., C. colimensis (Cockerell) comb.n., C. flava (Hempel) comb.n., C. flocculosa (Hempel) comb.n., C. genistae (Hempel) comb.n., C. littoralis (Cockerell) comb.n., C. luederwaldti (Hempel) comb.n., C. minima (Morrison) comb.n., C. montserratensis (Riley & Howard) comb.n., C. palmeri (Riley & Howard) comb.n., C. rileyi (Cockerell) comb.n., C. similis (Morrison) comb.n., C. subandina (Leonardi) comb.n., C. zeteki (Cockerell) comb.n.] and nine species to Gigantococcus [Gi. alboluteus (Cockerell) comb.n., Gi. bimaculatus (De Lotto) comb.n., Gi. brachystegiae (Hall) comb.n., Gi. longisetosus (Newstead) comb.n., Gi. nigroareolatus (Newstead) comb.n., Gi. pattersoni (Newstead) comb.n., Gi. schoutedeni (Vayssiere) comb.n., Gi. splendidus (Lindinger) comb.n., Gi. sulfureus (Lindinger) comb.n.]. From CryptIcerya, we transfer seven species to Icerya [I. clauseni (Rao) comb.n., I. jacobsoni Green comb.rev., I. jaihind (Rao) comb.n., I. kumari (Rao) comb.n., I. mangiferae (Tang & Hao) comb.n., I. natalensis (Douglas) comb.rev., I. nuda Green comb.rev.] and five species to Gigantococcus [Gi. bicolor (Newstead) comb.n., Gi. cajani (Newstead) comb.n., Gi. caudatus (Newstead) comb.n., Gi. ewarti (Newstead) comb.n., Gi. rodriguesi (Castel-Branco) comb.n.]. Both I. hyperici (Froggatt) and Palaeococcus dymocki (Froggatt) are syn.n. of I. nudata (all previously placed in Steatococcus). We recognize I. maynei Vayssiere as a syn.n. of Gi. nigroareolatus, I. tremae Vayssiere as a syn.n. of Gi. schoutedeni and I. townsendi plucheae Cockerell as a syn.n. of C. townsendi. We revalidate the species name I. crocea Green stat.reval. In addition, we transfer I. taunayi Hempel to Laurencella Foldi (Monophlebidae: Llaveiini) as L. taunayi (Hempel) comb.n. Four species, Coccus hirticornis Boyer de Fonscolombe, I. chilensis Hempel, I. insulans Hempel and I. paulista Hempel, are considered incertae sedis. We designate lectotypes for C. rosae, E. anomala and I. candida (a junior synonym of I. seychellarum). Following this revision, we recognize 74 species of Iceryini, distributed as follows: 22 in CryptIcerya, one in EchinIcerya, 19 in Gigantococcus, two in Gueriniella and 30 in Icerya.

  • Phylogenetic analysis of mealybugs (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) based on DNA sequences from three nuclear genes, and a review of the higher classification
    Systematic Entomology, 2004
    Co-Authors: Douglas A. Downie, Penny J. Gullan
    Abstract:

    Mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) are small, plant-sucking insects which comprise the second largest family of scale insects (Coccoidea). Relationships among many pseudococcid genera are poorly known and there is no stable higher level classification. Here we review previous hypotheses on relationships and classification and present the first comprehensive phylogenetic study of the Pseudococcidae based on analysis of nucleotide sequence data. We used three nuclear genes, comprising two noncontiguous fragments of elongation factor 1a (EF-1a 5 0 and EF-1a 3 0 ), fragments of the D2 and D10 expansion regions of the large subunit ribosomal DNA gene (28S), and a region of the small subunit ribosomal DNA gene (18S). We sampled sixty-four species of mealybug belonging to thirty-five genera and representing each of the five subfamilies which had been recognized previously, and included four species of Puto (Putoidae) and one species each of Aclerda (Aclerdidae) and Icerya (Margarodidae), using Icerya as the most distant outgroup. A combined analysis of all data found three major clades of mealybugs which we equate to the subfamilies Pseudococcinae, Phena- coccinae and Rhizoecinae. Within Pseudococcinae, we recognize the tribes Pseudo- coccini (for Pseudococcus, Dysmicoccus, Trionymus and a few smaller genera), Planococcini (for Planococcus and possibly Planococcoides) and Trabutinini (represented by a diverse range of genera, including Amonostherium, Antonina, Balanococcus, Nipaecoccus and non-African Paracoccus), as well as the Ferrisia group (for Ferrisia and Anisococcus), some ungrouped African taxa (Grewia- coccus, Paracoccus, Paraputo and Vryburgia), Chaetococcus bambusae and Maconel- licoccus. The 'legless' mealybugs Antonina and Chaetococcus were not closely related and thus we confirmed that the Sphaerococcinae as presently constituted is polyphyletic. In our analyses, the subfamily Phenacoccinae was represented by just Phenacoccus and Heliococcus. The hypogeic mealybugs of the Rhizoecinae usually formed a monophyletic group sister to all other taxa. Our molecular data also suggest that the genera Pseudococcus, Dysmicoccus, Nipaecoccus and Para- coccus are not monophyletic (probably polyphyletic) and that Phenacoccus may be paraphyletic, but further sampling of species and genes is required. We compare our phylogenetic results with published information on the intracellular endosym- bionts of mealybugs and hypothesize that the subfamily Pseudococcinae may be characterized by the possession of b-Proteobacteria (primary endosymbionts) capable of intracellular symbiosis withg-Proteobacteria (secondary endosymbionts).

Zvi Mendel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • colonization trials with cryptochetum Iceryae and rodolia Iceryae for improved biological control of Icerya purchasi in israel
    Biological Control, 1991
    Co-Authors: Zvi Mendel, D Blumberg
    Abstract:

    Abstract Colonization of additional natural enemies of Icerya purchasi Maskell (Homoptera: Margarodidae) in Israel was considered because of the frequent outbreaks of the scale during the 1980s and the chronic severe injuries to certain ornamental plants whose toxic effects through the scale reduce the effectiveness of Rodolia cardinalis Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Colonization trials were conducted with the parasitic fly Cryptochetum Iceryae Williston (Diptera: Cryptochetidae) collected in southern California and with Rodolia Iceryae Jenson sent from South Africa. Rearing experiments of both natural enemies were conducted using I. purchasi and I. aegyptiaca (Douglas) infesting different plant species. C. Iceryae developed on I. purchasi growing on 17 host plant species. I. aegyptiaca was not affected by the fly. R. Iceryae could not complete its development on either I. purchasi or I. aegyptiaca. C. Iceryae was released at nine sites planted with Erythrina corallodendrum, Spartium junceum, or Retama raetam infested with I. purchasi. In citrus groves, after 2 years and following several releases, it is still uncertain whether C. Iceryae has become established. C. Iceryae was acclimatized at all sites planted with E. corallodendrum, S. junceum, and R. raetam and suppression of the scale was achieved in 2 years, probably because of the lack of significant competition with Rodolia cardinalis. I. purchasi populations were very sparse in the sampled citrus groves. Only in one site did we observe a rapid switch from the latent epidemic phase. This outbreak resulted in serious damage to the trees and was followed by a rapid breakdown of the scale population due to a sharp increase in the R. cardinalis population.

Takumasa Kondo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Coccidae, Pseudococcidae, Ortheziidae, and Monophlebidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Espírito Santo, Brazil
    Biota Neotropica, 2020
    Co-Authors: Mark P. Culik, David Martins, José Aires Ventura, Ana Lúcia Benfatti Gonzalez Peronti, Penny J. Gullan, Takumasa Kondo
    Abstract:

    Culik, M.P., Martins, D.S., Ventura, J.A., Peronti, A.L.B.G., Gullan, P.Y. & Kondo, T. Coccidae, Pseudococcidae, Ortheziidae, and Monophlebidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Espirito Santo, Brazil. Biota Neotrop. Sep/Dez 2007 vol. 7, no. 3 http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v7n3/pt/abstract?article+bn00507032007. ISSN 1676-0603. New plant hosts are recorded for nine scale insect species recently collected in Espirito Santo, Brazil, and eleven scale insect species are recorded for the first time from the state: Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock, Coccus longulus (Douglas), Coccus viridis (Green), Eucalymnatus tesselatus (Signoret), Pseudokermes sp., Saissetia coffeae (Walker), Phenacoccus madeirensis Green, Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Gimpel & Miller, Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti), Icerya purchasi Maskell, and Icerya genistae Hempel. This is also the first record of Co. longulus in Brazil. Information on the host plants and geographic distribution of the 26 species of scale insects of the families Coccidae, Pseudococcidae, Ortheziidae, and Monophlebidae, currently known from Espirito Santo is provided.

  • KNOWN DISTRIBUTION AND PEST STATUS OF FLUTED SCALE INSECTS (HEMIPTERA MONOPHLEBIDAE ICERYINI) IN SOUTH AMERICA
    Redia-Giornale Di Zoologia, 2017
    Co-Authors: Takumasa Kondo, Ana Lúcia Benfatti Gonzalez Peronti, Andrea Amalia Ramos-portilla, Penny J. Gullan
    Abstract:

    Current information on the known distribution of all 18 species (12 species of Crypticery a Cockerell and 6 species of Icerya Signoret) of fluted scale insects (Hemiptera: Monophlebidae: Iceryini) found in South America is provided. A list of known host plants and natural enemies of these species is given and their pest status in South America is discussed

  • establishment and host records of Icerya aegyptiaca douglas hemiptera coccoidea monophlebidae in the sakishima islands of the ryukyu archipelago japan with notes on its worldwide distribution
    Entomological Science, 2011
    Co-Authors: Takumi Uesato, Takumasa Kondo, Cory Unruh, Douglass J Williams
    Abstract:

    The monophlebid scale insect Icerya aegyptiaca is reported for the first time in the Ryukyu Islands of Japan, where it was found in four islands: Kurima Island, Kuro Island, Miyako Island and Yonaguni Island. Icerya aegyptiaca was collected from 36 plant species belonging to 23 families. Information on the distribution and natural enemies of I. aegyptiaca and a key to separate known species of Icerya occurring in Japan are provided.