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Charles Spence - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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yummy versus yucky explicit and Implicit Approach avoidance motivations towards appealing and disgusting foods
Appetite, 2014Co-Authors: Betina Piquerasfiszman, Alexandra A Kraus, Charles SpenceAbstract:Wanting and rejecting food are natural reactions that we humans all experience, often unconsciously, on a daily basis. However, in the food domain, the focus to date has primarily been on the Approach tendency, and researchers have tended not to study the two opposing tendencies in a balanced manner. Here, we develop a methodology with which to understand people's Implicit and explicit reactions to both positive (appealing) and negative (disgusting) foods. It consists of a combination of direct and indirect computer-based tasks, as well as a validated food image stimulus set, specifically designed to investigate motivational Approach and avoidance responses towards foods. Fifty non-dieting participants varying in terms of their hunger state (hungry vs. not hungry) reported their explicit evaluations of pleasantness, wanting, and disgust towards the idea of tasting each of the food images that were shown. Their motivational tendencies towards those food items were assessed indirectly using a joystick-based Approach-avoidance procedure. For each of the food images that were presented, the participants had to move the joystick either towards or away from themselves (Approach and avoidance movements, respectively) according to some unrelated instructions, while their reaction times were recorded. Our findings demonstrated the hypothesised Approach–avoidance compatibility effect: a significant interaction of food valence and direction of movement. Furthermore, differences between the experimental groups were observed. The participants in the no-hunger group performed avoidance (vs. Approach) movements significantly faster; and their Approach movements towards positive (vs. negative) foods were significantly faster. As expected, the self-report measures revealed a strong effect of the food category on the three dependent variables and a strong main effect of the hunger state on wanting and to a lesser extent on pleasantness.
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"Yummy" versus "Yucky"! Explicit and Implicit Approach-avoidance motivations towards appealing and disgusting foods.
Appetite, 2014Co-Authors: Betina Piqueras-fiszman, Alexandra A Kraus, Charles SpenceAbstract:Wanting and rejecting food are natural reactions that we humans all experience, often unconsciously, on a daily basis. However, in the food domain, the focus to date has primarily been on the Approach tendency, and researchers have tended not to study the two opposing tendencies in a balanced manner. Here, we develop a methodology with which to understand people's Implicit and explicit reactions to both positive (appealing) and negative (disgusting) foods. It consists of a combination of direct and indirect computer-based tasks, as well as a validated food image stimulus set, specifically designed to investigate motivational Approach and avoidance responses towards foods. Fifty non-dieting participants varying in terms of their hunger state (hungry vs. not hungry) reported their explicit evaluations of pleasantness, wanting, and disgust towards the idea of tasting each of the food images that were shown. Their motivational tendencies towards those food items were assessed indirectly using a joystick-based Approach-avoidance procedure. For each of the food images that were presented, the participants had to move the joystick either towards or away from themselves (Approach and avoidance movements, respectively) according to some unrelated instructions, while their reaction times were recorded. Our findings demonstrated the hypothesised Approach–avoidance compatibility effect: a significant interaction of food valence and direction of movement. Furthermore, differences between the experimental groups were observed. The participants in the no-hunger group performed avoidance (vs. Approach) movements significantly faster; and their Approach movements towards positive (vs. negative) foods were significantly faster. As expected, the self-report measures revealed a strong effect of the food category on the three dependent variables and a strong main effect of the hunger state on wanting and to a lesser extent on pleasantness.
Samir Tata - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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An Implicit Approach for building communities of web service registries
iiWAS '11 : The 13th International Conference on Information Integration and Web-based Applications & Services, 2011Co-Authors: Mohamed Sellami, Walid Gaaloul, Samir TataAbstract:In a service oriented B2B context, companies aiming to cooperate and interact with others have to make their services available through private service registries. Since the number of registries can be as large as the number of companies, the resulting registry network has to be organized to assist and improve the service discovery process. In this paper, we propose to use communities as a means to organize Web services registries in such a context. First, we propose a semantic model for Web services registry description (WSRD). A WSRD description is a semantic model depicting the functionalities offered by services advertised by a given registry. Thereafter, we propose an Implicit Approach for building communities based on the registries WSRD descriptions using a fuzzy clustering technique. Eventually, this clustering will be helpful for selecting an adequate registry for service requesters. Provided experimental evaluations in this paper show that our Approach is efficient in realistic situations
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Implementation of communities of web service registries
2011Co-Authors: Mohamed Sellami, Walid Gaaloul, Samir TataAbstract:In this paper, we propose to use communities as a mean to organize Web services registries in a multi-registry environment. First, we propose a semantic model for Web services registry description (WSRD). A WSRD description depicts the functionalities offered by services advertised by a given registry. Thereafter, we propose an Implicit Approach for building communities based on the WSRD descriptions using a fuzzy clustering technique. Eventually, this clustering will be helpful for selecting an adequate registry for service requesters. Provided experiments in this paper show the feasibility of our Approach
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iiWAS - An Implicit Approach for building communities of web service registries
Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Information Integration and Web-based Applications and Services - iiWAS '11, 2011Co-Authors: Mohamed Sellami, Walid Gaaloul, Samir TataAbstract:In a service oriented B2B context, companies aiming to cooperate and interact with others have to make their services available through private service registries. Since the number of registries can be as large as the number of companies, the resulting registry network has to be organized to assist and improve the service discovery process. In this paper, we propose to use communities as a means to organize Web services registries in such a context. First, we propose a semantic model for Web services registry description (WSRD). A WSRD description is a semantic model depicting the functionalities offered by services advertised by a given registry. Thereafter, we propose an Implicit Approach for building communities based on the registries WSRD descriptions using a fuzzy clustering technique. Eventually, this clustering will be helpful for selecting an adequate registry for service requesters. Provided experimental evaluations in this paper show that our Approach is efficient in realistic situations.
Alexandra A Kraus - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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yummy versus yucky explicit and Implicit Approach avoidance motivations towards appealing and disgusting foods
Appetite, 2014Co-Authors: Betina Piquerasfiszman, Alexandra A Kraus, Charles SpenceAbstract:Wanting and rejecting food are natural reactions that we humans all experience, often unconsciously, on a daily basis. However, in the food domain, the focus to date has primarily been on the Approach tendency, and researchers have tended not to study the two opposing tendencies in a balanced manner. Here, we develop a methodology with which to understand people's Implicit and explicit reactions to both positive (appealing) and negative (disgusting) foods. It consists of a combination of direct and indirect computer-based tasks, as well as a validated food image stimulus set, specifically designed to investigate motivational Approach and avoidance responses towards foods. Fifty non-dieting participants varying in terms of their hunger state (hungry vs. not hungry) reported their explicit evaluations of pleasantness, wanting, and disgust towards the idea of tasting each of the food images that were shown. Their motivational tendencies towards those food items were assessed indirectly using a joystick-based Approach-avoidance procedure. For each of the food images that were presented, the participants had to move the joystick either towards or away from themselves (Approach and avoidance movements, respectively) according to some unrelated instructions, while their reaction times were recorded. Our findings demonstrated the hypothesised Approach–avoidance compatibility effect: a significant interaction of food valence and direction of movement. Furthermore, differences between the experimental groups were observed. The participants in the no-hunger group performed avoidance (vs. Approach) movements significantly faster; and their Approach movements towards positive (vs. negative) foods were significantly faster. As expected, the self-report measures revealed a strong effect of the food category on the three dependent variables and a strong main effect of the hunger state on wanting and to a lesser extent on pleasantness.
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"Yummy" versus "Yucky"! Explicit and Implicit Approach-avoidance motivations towards appealing and disgusting foods.
Appetite, 2014Co-Authors: Betina Piqueras-fiszman, Alexandra A Kraus, Charles SpenceAbstract:Wanting and rejecting food are natural reactions that we humans all experience, often unconsciously, on a daily basis. However, in the food domain, the focus to date has primarily been on the Approach tendency, and researchers have tended not to study the two opposing tendencies in a balanced manner. Here, we develop a methodology with which to understand people's Implicit and explicit reactions to both positive (appealing) and negative (disgusting) foods. It consists of a combination of direct and indirect computer-based tasks, as well as a validated food image stimulus set, specifically designed to investigate motivational Approach and avoidance responses towards foods. Fifty non-dieting participants varying in terms of their hunger state (hungry vs. not hungry) reported their explicit evaluations of pleasantness, wanting, and disgust towards the idea of tasting each of the food images that were shown. Their motivational tendencies towards those food items were assessed indirectly using a joystick-based Approach-avoidance procedure. For each of the food images that were presented, the participants had to move the joystick either towards or away from themselves (Approach and avoidance movements, respectively) according to some unrelated instructions, while their reaction times were recorded. Our findings demonstrated the hypothesised Approach–avoidance compatibility effect: a significant interaction of food valence and direction of movement. Furthermore, differences between the experimental groups were observed. The participants in the no-hunger group performed avoidance (vs. Approach) movements significantly faster; and their Approach movements towards positive (vs. negative) foods were significantly faster. As expected, the self-report measures revealed a strong effect of the food category on the three dependent variables and a strong main effect of the hunger state on wanting and to a lesser extent on pleasantness.
Thomas E. Hannan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Implicit Approach-Avoidance Associations and Leisure-Time Exercise
2019Co-Authors: Thomas E. HannanAbstract:While the benefits of participating in regular leisure-time exercise are well known, many individuals fail to exercise regularly. Contemporary research into exercise motivation has identified automatic cognitive processes, such Approach-avoidance biases, as at least partly involved in motivating exercise behaviour. Approach-avoidance biases refer to automatic and Implicit dispositions to Approach or avoid certain cues in the environment. These biases can be examined by measuring immediate action tendencies to Approach or avoid, or by examining Implicit Approach-avoidance associations stored in long-term memory. Specifically, Approach-avoidance associations reflect pre-existing links in memory between a target concept (e.g., exercise) and behavioural tendencies to Approach or avoid. To date, existing research has not yet demonstrated a link between Implicit Approach-avoidance associations with exercise cues and exercise behaviour. Identifying whether participation in leisure-time exercise is associated with the strength of Approach-avoidance associations may provide insight into why some individuals are automatically motivated to pursue exercise as a form of leisure and others are not. Therefore, the overarching aim of this thesis was to contribute to current understanding of exercise motivation by investigating the relationship between Approach-avoidance memory associations and leisure-time exercise engagement. Study 1 used a Recoding-Free Implicit Association Test (IAT-RF) to examine the relationship between self-reported leisure-time exercise engagement and Implicit Approach-avoidance memory associations with exercise in a sample of healthy adults (N = 104). Results revealed stronger exercise-Approach versus exercise-avoidance memory associations, indicative of an Implicit Approach bias for exercise cues. In addition, Approach bias scores positively correlated with self-reported time spent on leisure-time exercise, and discriminated between individuals who did or did not meet global recommendations of weekly physical activity during their leisure time (i.e., >150 minutes of weekly physical activity). A hierarchical regression analysis revealed that Approach bias scores explained unique variance in self-reported exercise behaviour when controlling for explicit exercise intentions and self-determined exercise motivation. The findings provided preliminary evidence that higher amounts of leisure-time exercise were associated with a stronger Implicit cognitive bias to Approach exercise-related cues in the environment. Study 2 utilised a Single Category Recoding-Free Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT-RF) to measure Approach-avoidance associations with exercise cues using a sample of healthy undergraduate students (N = 110). Study 2 also investigated whether exercise habit strength moderated the relationship between Approach-avoidance associations and self-reported exercise behaviours, operationalised as time spent on leisure-time exercise during a typical week and as average duration of exercise sessions. Consistent with the findings of Study 1, participants in Study 2 demonstrated an Implicit Approach bias for exercise-related cues, as measured by the SC-IAT-RF. However, when controlling for explicit exercise intentions, Approach bias scores on the SC-IAT-RF were not significantly associated with self-reported exercise behaviour. Moreover, exercise habit strength did not moderate the relationship between Approach-avoidance associations and self-reported behaviour. Intentions and habit were both found to independently predict time spent on leisure-time exercise, whereas only intentions significantly predicted average workout duration. While these findings did not support the role of Approach-avoidance associations in exercise, they have suggested that intentions and habit may be important factors in predicting leisure-time exercise behaviour. Study 3 (N = 93) measured Approach-avoidance associations using both the IAT-RF and the SC-IAT-RF and examined the relationship between Approach bias for exercise, self-reported exercise behaviour, and immediate performance on a stationary cycling task. Study 3 also examined whether the relationships between Approach bias, exercise intentions, and immediate exercise performance were moderated by situational demands on cognitive capacity. Results revealed that Approach bias scores on the IAT-RF and the SC-IAT-RF positively correlated with self-reported time spent on leisure-time exercise. Moderated regression analyses revealed that intentions, but not Approach bias, positively predicted objectively measured distance cycled irrespective of demands on cognitive capacity. Further, neither Approach bias nor intentions predicted average percentage of maximum heart rate. The findings from Study 3 further supported the relationship between Approach-avoidance associations and current levels of leisure-time exercise engagement, but indicated that further research is needed to identify the strength of the relationship between Approach-avoidance associations and prospective exercise behaviour. In summary, this thesis has provided an original contribution to knowledge by demonstrating a relationship between self-reported leisure-time exercise behaviour and Implicit Approach-avoidance memory associations with exercise cues. Broadly, the current results have revealed that individuals who reported engaging in higher amounts of leisure-time exercise displayed a stronger Implicit cognitive bias to Approach exercise-related cues. These findings offer important theoretical insight into the factors that may influence exercise behaviour and have demonstrated that both controlled and automatic processes are linked to leisure-time exercise participation. Practically, the conclusion of this thesis that automatic processes play an important role in motivating exercise behaviour may be used to inform future public health campaigns. Alternatively, these findings may aid in the development of intervention strategies that aim to increase engagement in exercise and physical activity.
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Implicit Approach Biases for Physically Active Lifestyle Cues
International journal of sport and exercise psychology, 2019Co-Authors: Robyn L. Moffitt, Eva Kemps, Thomas E. Hannan, David L. Neumann, Samuel P. Stopar, Crystal J. AndersonAbstract:The current studies aimed to measure and modify Approach biases for physically active lifestyle cues. In Study 1, 136 participants who, on average, met physical activity guidelines completed an imp...
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Implicit Approach–avoidance associations predict leisure-time exercise independently of explicit exercise motivation.
Sport Exercise and Performance Psychology, 2019Co-Authors: Thomas E. Hannan, Robyn L. Moffitt, David L. Neumann, Eva KempsAbstract:Traditional models of exercise motivation presume that behavior is driven by rational decision-making processes. However, recent evidence suggests that automatic motivational processes also play a role in motivating exercise behavior. The current study examined whether regular exercise engagement is linked to Implicit Approach- avoidance memory associations, as well as explicit intentions and self-determined exercise motivation. A sample of 104 healthy adults completed self-reported measures of exercise intentions, self-determined exercise motivation, and levels of exercise engagement. Approach-avoidance associations were measured using a modified Recoding- Free Implicit Association Test. Overall, participants associated exercise more strongly with Approach than with avoidance attributes in memory, indicating an Approach bias for exercise cues. In addition, individuals who reported engaging in higher levels of leisure-time exercise displayed a significantly stronger Approach bias for exercise than less active individuals. Furthermore, Approach-avoidance associations explained unique variance in exercise behavior after controlling for the effects of explicit exercise intentions and self-determined exercise motivation. These findings suggest that increased engagement in leisure-time exercise is associated with an Implicit cognitive bias to Approach exercise-related cues in the environment. Moreover, these findings support current theoretical models that suggest that exercise is at least partly motivated by Implicit motivational processes.
Alfio Quarteroni - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A semi-Implicit Approach for fluid-structure interaction based on an algebraic fractional step method
Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences, 2007Co-Authors: Annalisa Quaini, Alfio QuarteroniAbstract:We address the numerical simulation of fluid-structure interaction problems characterized by a strong added-mass effect. We propose a semi-Implicit coupling scheme based on an algebraic fractional-step method. The basic idea of a semi-Implicit scheme consists in coupling Implicitly the added-mass effect, while the other terms (dissipation, convection and geometrical nonlinearities) are treated explicitly. Thanks to this kind of explicit–Implicit splitting, computational costs can be reduced (in comparison to fully Implicit coupling algorithms) and the scheme remains stable for a wide range of discretization parameters. In this paper we derive this kind of splitting from the algebraic formulation of the coupled fluid-structure problem (after finite-element space discretization). From our knowledge, it is the first time that algebraic fractional step methods, used thus far only for fluid problems in computational domains with rigid boundaries, are applied to fluid-structure problems. In particular, for the specific semi-Implicit method presented in this work, we adapt the Yosida scheme to the case of a coupled fluid-structure problem. This scheme relies on an approximate LU block factorization of the matrix obtained after the discretization in time and space of the fluid-structure system. We analyze the numerical performances of this scheme on 2D fluid-structure simulations performed with a simple 1D structure model.
