The Experts below are selected from a list of 48 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Suparna Rajaram - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the distinctiveness effect in the absence of conscious recollection evidence from conceptual priming
Journal of Memory and Language, 2004Co-Authors: Lisa Geraci, Suparna RajaramAbstract:We Tested whether the distinctiveness effect in Memory (superior Memory for isolated or unusual items) only occurs with conscious recollection or could emerge with recapitulation of the type of processing that occurred at study even in the absence of recollection at Test. Participants studied lists of categorically isolated exemplars. In Experiment 1, participants received either an explicit or an Implicit Test of category verification. We hypothesized that this task would recapitulate the evaluative processing from study. Results showed better explicit category cued recognition as well as greater priming for isolated items than nonisolated items on a category verification Test. The latter outcome suggests that the distinctiveness effect can occur in the absence of conscious recollection. In Experiment 2, we sought converging evidence for our hypothesis that reinstating the evaluative process is critical for obtaining the effect on the Implicit Test; we used another conceptual Implicit Memory Test (category production) that contained matching Test cues but did not require evaluative processing. The absence of a distinctiveness effect on this measure in conjunction with its presence on the Implicit category verification measure suggests that evaluative processing mediates the distinctiveness effect.
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On associations between computers and restaurants: Rapid learning of new associations on a conceptual Implicit Memory Test
Memory & Cognition, 2000Co-Authors: Kavitha Srinivas, Danielle Culp, Suparna RajaramAbstract:A novel event-based conceptual Implicit Memory Test was designed to tap the development of new associations between objects and ad hoc categories. At study, participants were presented with a plausible story that linked an incongruous object ( computer ) with an ad hoc category ( restaurant ). At Test, participants judged whether a given object was typically found in a restaurant. In Experiment 1, judgment time was significantly slower for the incongruous object ( computer ) when the story had previously linked the computer to the restaurant, relative to when it had not. Experiment 2 replicated this effect and ruled out the alternative interpretation that this interference effect was attributable to a general slowing of responses to all studied items. Unlike in prior studies, this demonstration of associative priming cannot be attributed to perceptual priming or to Test awareness in Memory-intact participants. The paradigm therefore offers a unique opportunity to study single-trial conceptual learning in Memory-intact and Memory-impaired populations.
Almut Hupbach - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the mere exposure effect is sensitive to color information evidence for color effects in a perceptual Implicit Memory Test
Experimental Psychology, 2006Co-Authors: Almut Hupbach, Andre Melzer, Oliver HardtAbstract:Priming effects in perceptual Tests of Implicit Memory are assumed to be perceptually specific. Surprisingly, changing object colors from study to Test did not diminish priming in most previous studies. However, these studies used Implicit Tests that are based on object identification, which mainly depends on the analysis of the object shape and therefore operates color-independently. The present study shows that color effects can be found in perceptual Implicit Tests when the Test task requires the processing of color information. In Experiment 1, reliable color priming was found in a mere exposure design (preference Test). In Experiment 2, the preference Test was contrasted with a conceptually driven color-choice Test. Altering the shape of object from study to Test resulted in significant priming in the color-choice Test but eliminated priming in the preference Test. Preference judgments thus largely depend on perceptual processes. In Experiment 3, the preference and the color-choice Test were studied under explicit Test instructions. Differences in reaction times between the Implicit and the explicit Test suggest that the Implicit Test results were not an artifact of explicit retrieval attempts. In contrast with previous assumptions, it is therefore concluded that color is part of the representation that mediates perceptual priming.
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age related improvements in a conceptual Implicit Memory Test
Memory & Cognition, 2003Co-Authors: Silvia Mecklenbrauker, Almut Hupbach, Werner WippichAbstract:The present study investigated developmental improvements in category exemplar generation priming in children from kindergarten to older elementary school age. The strength of categorical links for atypical exemplars increases in this age range, whereas category knowledge for typical exemplars remains relatively stable. Therefore, in comparison with older children, younger children should show less categorical-relational encoding and, thus, less priming for atypical items but not for typical items. This expectation was confirmed in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, picture versus word format at study dissociated Implicit and explicit performance, indicating that the age-related increase in priming for atypical exemplars in Experiment 1 was not an artifact of explicit contamination. The findings suggest that developmental improvements in conceptual priming can be observed when the conceptual knowledge relevant for a given task improves over the age range Tested.
Oliver Hardt - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the mere exposure effect is sensitive to color information evidence for color effects in a perceptual Implicit Memory Test
Experimental Psychology, 2006Co-Authors: Almut Hupbach, Andre Melzer, Oliver HardtAbstract:Priming effects in perceptual Tests of Implicit Memory are assumed to be perceptually specific. Surprisingly, changing object colors from study to Test did not diminish priming in most previous studies. However, these studies used Implicit Tests that are based on object identification, which mainly depends on the analysis of the object shape and therefore operates color-independently. The present study shows that color effects can be found in perceptual Implicit Tests when the Test task requires the processing of color information. In Experiment 1, reliable color priming was found in a mere exposure design (preference Test). In Experiment 2, the preference Test was contrasted with a conceptually driven color-choice Test. Altering the shape of object from study to Test resulted in significant priming in the color-choice Test but eliminated priming in the preference Test. Preference judgments thus largely depend on perceptual processes. In Experiment 3, the preference and the color-choice Test were studied under explicit Test instructions. Differences in reaction times between the Implicit and the explicit Test suggest that the Implicit Test results were not an artifact of explicit retrieval attempts. In contrast with previous assumptions, it is therefore concluded that color is part of the representation that mediates perceptual priming.
Eni S. Becker - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A comparison of attentional biases and Memory biases in women with social phobia and major depression.
Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 2005Co-Authors: Mike Rinck, Eni S. BeckerAbstract:Cognitive processes play an important role in the etiology and maintenance of anxiety and depression. Current theories differ, however, in their predictions regarding the occurrence of attentional biases and Memory biases in depression and anxiety. To allow for a systematic comparison of disorders and cognitive processes, 117 women (35 with generalized social phobia, 27 with major depression, and 55 healthy controls) participated in a Test of visual attention (visual search), an explicit Memory Test (free recall), and an Implicit Memory Test (anagram solving). Both clinical groups exhibited attentional biases for disorder-related words, whereas only depressed participants showed clear evidence of explicit and Implicit Memory biases. The implications of these results for competing theories are discussed.
Rachel Williams - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Implicit and explicit Memory for emotion congruent information in clinical depression and anxiety
Behaviour Research and Therapy, 1995Co-Authors: Brendan P Bradley, Karin Mogg, Rachel WilliamsAbstract:Abstract Implicit and explicit Memory biases were assessed in clinically depressed (n = 19), clinically anxious (n = 17), and normal control (n = 18) Ss. The Implicit Memory Test was a primed lexical decision task, with anxiety- and depression-relevant words, and suprathreshold and subthreshold primes. The explicit Memory Test was incidental free recall of self-referenced words. The depressed group showed greater suprathreshold and subthreshold priming effects for depression words, and recalled more depression words, than the other two groups. These results suggest that clinical depression, but not clinical anxiety, is associated with mood-congruent biases in both automatic and strategic Memory processes.
