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Jean-marie Danion - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Conscious Recollection in autobiographical memory: an investigation in schizophrenia.
Consciousness and cognition, 2005Co-Authors: Jean-marie Danion, Caroline Huron, Christine Cuervo, Pascale Piolino, Marielle Riutort, Charles Siegfried Peretti, Francis EustacheAbstract:Whether or not Conscious Recollection in autobiographical memory is affected in schizophrenia is unknown. The aim of this study was to address this issue using an experiential approach. An autobiographical memory enquiry was used in combination with the Remember/Know procedure. Twenty-two patients with schizophrenia and 22 normal subjects were asked to recall specific autobiographical memories from four lifetime periods and to indicate the subjective states of awareness associated with the recall of what happened, when and where. They gave Remember, Know or Guess responses according to whether they recalled these aspects of the event on the basis of Conscious Recollection, simply knowing, or guessing. Results showed that the frequency and consistency of Remember responses was significantly lower in patients than in comparison subjects. In contrast, the frequency of Know responses was not significantly different, whereas the frequency of patients' Guess responses was significantly enhanced. It is concluded that the frequency and consistency of Conscious Recollection in autobiographical memory is reduced in patients with schizophrenia.
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Relations between emotion and Conscious Recollection of true and false autobiographical memories: an investigation using lorazepam as a pharmacological tool.
Psychopharmacology, 2004Co-Authors: Elodie Pernot-marino, Jean-marie Danion, Guy HédelinAbstract:Rationale Conscious Recollection for autobiographical memory is the subjective experience of reliving a personal event mentally. Its frequency is strongly influenced by the emotion experienced at the time of the event.
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Do Patients With Schizophrenia Consciously Recollect Emotional Events Better Than Neutral Events
The American journal of psychiatry, 2003Co-Authors: Jean-marie Danion, Caroline Huron, Mathilde Kazes, D. Nourdine KarchouniAbstract:OBJECTIVE: The influence of the emotional valence of words on Conscious awareness was assessed in patients with schizophrenia. METHOD: The remember/know procedure was used to test 24 patients with schizophrenia and 24 normal comparison subjects. RESULTS: Patients’ “remember” responses and Conscious Recollection were more frequent for emotional words than for neutral words. In contrast, the levels of “know” responses and familiarity were independent of emotional words. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with schizophrenia Consciously recollected emotional words better than neutral words.
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Lorazepam, sedation, and Conscious Recollection: a dose-response study with healthy volunteers
International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2002Co-Authors: Caroline Huron, Anne Giersch, Jean-marie DanionAbstract:The role of sedation in the benzodiazepine-induced impairment of Conscious Recollection is still subject to debate. The aim of this study was to investigate further the role of sedation using the Remember-Know procedure and a physiological measure of sedation based on pupillography in addition to st
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Impairment of constructive memory in schizophrenia.
International clinical psychopharmacology, 2002Co-Authors: Caroline Huron, Jean-marie DanionAbstract:Episodic memories are characterized by a specific state of awareness, Conscious Recollection, which allows subjects to mentally relive past events. They are not a literal reproduction of the past but instead depend on constructive processes. Patients with schizophrenia exhibit a specific impairment of Conscious Recollection. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of constructive processes into defective Conscious Recollection of patients with schizophrenia. An experiential approach to false recognition and related states of awareness was used. Thirty patients with schizophrenia, who were matched with 30 normal subjects, studied lists of words semantically related to a non-presented theme word (critical lure). On a recognition memory task with both previously presented words and non presented critical lures, they were asked to give Remember, Know or Guess responses to items that were recognized on the basis of Conscious Recollection, familiarity or guessing, respectively. Patients with schizophrenia recognized fewer studied words and critical lures than normal subjects. This deficit was restricted to memories associated with Conscious Recollection as indicated by a decrease in Remember responses, but not Know and Guess responses. Our results indicate that patients with schizophrenia exhibit an impaired Conscious Recollection, whether memories are true or false. They provide evidence that schizophrenia impairs the mere construction of Conscious Recollection.
Suparna Rajaram - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the distinctiveness effect in the absence of Conscious Recollection evidence from conceptual priming
Journal of Memory and Language, 2004Co-Authors: Lisa Geraci, Suparna RajaramAbstract:We tested whether the distinctiveness effect in memory (superior memory for isolated or unusual items) only occurs with Conscious Recollection or could emerge with recapitulation of the type of processing that occurred at study even in the absence of Recollection at test. Participants studied lists of categorically isolated exemplars. In Experiment 1, participants received either an explicit or an implicit test of category verification. We hypothesized that this task would recapitulate the evaluative processing from study. Results showed better explicit category cued recognition as well as greater priming for isolated items than nonisolated items on a category verification test. The latter outcome suggests that the distinctiveness effect can occur in the absence of Conscious Recollection. In Experiment 2, we sought converging evidence for our hypothesis that reinstating the evaluative process is critical for obtaining the effect on the implicit test; we used another conceptual implicit memory test (category production) that contained matching test cues but did not require evaluative processing. The absence of a distinctiveness effect on this measure in conjunction with its presence on the implicit category verification measure suggests that evaluative processing mediates the distinctiveness effect.
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The distinctiveness effect in the absence of Conscious Recollection: Evidence from conceptual priming ☆
Journal of Memory and Language, 2004Co-Authors: Lisa Geraci, Suparna RajaramAbstract:We tested whether the distinctiveness effect in memory (superior memory for isolated or unusual items) only occurs with Conscious Recollection or could emerge with recapitulation of the type of processing that occurred at study even in the absence of Recollection at test. Participants studied lists of categorically isolated exemplars. In Experiment 1, participants received either an explicit or an implicit test of category verification. We hypothesized that this task would recapitulate the evaluative processing from study. Results showed better explicit category cued recognition as well as greater priming for isolated items than nonisolated items on a category verification test. The latter outcome suggests that the distinctiveness effect can occur in the absence of Conscious Recollection. In Experiment 2, we sought converging evidence for our hypothesis that reinstating the evaluative process is critical for obtaining the effect on the implicit test; we used another conceptual implicit memory test (category production) that contained matching test cues but did not require evaluative processing. The absence of a distinctiveness effect on this measure in conjunction with its presence on the implicit category verification measure suggests that evaluative processing mediates the distinctiveness effect.
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States of awareness across multiple memory tasks: obtaining a "pure" measure of Conscious Recollection.
Acta psychologica, 2003Co-Authors: Maryellen Hamilton, Suparna RajaramAbstract:Four experiments were conducted to examine the nature of recollective experience across different explicit memory tests. Experiments 1 and 2 showed that the proportion of retrieved items that were given Remember responses were equivalent across free recall, category cued recall, category plus letter cued recall, and recognition memory tests unlike the result reported by Tulving [Can. Psychol. 26 (1985) 1]. Experiments 3 and 4 revealed that Remember judgments are influenced by both conceptual and perceptual variables not only in the recognition task but in other explicit memory tasks as well. Taken together, the empirical evidence from this study demonstrates that explicit memory performance is accompanied by different states of awareness not only in recognition but also across other memory tasks including free recall.
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The effects of conceptual salience and perceptual distinctiveness on Conscious Recollection
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 1998Co-Authors: Suparna RajaramAbstract:Two experiments were conducted to examine the hypothesis that recollective experience is influenced by the manipulation of salient or distinctive dimensions of the encoded stimuli (Rajaram, 1996). In Experiment 1, the conceptual dimension of the to-be-remembered homographs (bank) was manipulated by requiring subjects to encode the dominant (money-BANK) or the nondominant (river-BANK) meanings. In Experiment 2, the perceptual dimension was manipulated by presenting orthographically distinctive (subpoena) or orthographically common (sailboat) words. An advantage for conceptually salient (dominant meaning) items and perceptually distinctive (orthographically distinctive) items was selectively observed inremember responses. These results support the hypothesis that processing of distinctive or salient attributes boosts the recollective component of explicit memory.
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BRIEF REPORTS The effects of conceptual salience and perceptual distinctiveness on Conscious Recollection
1998Co-Authors: Suparna RajaramAbstract:Two experiments were conducted to examine the hypothesis that recollective experience is influ enced by the manipulation ofsalient or distinctive dimensions ofthe encoded stimuli (Rajaram, 1996). In Experiment 1, the conceptual dimension of the to-be-remembered homographs (bank) was manip ulated by requiring subjects to encode the dominant (money-BANK) or the nondominant (river-BANK) meanings. In Experiment 2, the perceptual dimension was manipulated by presenting orthographically distinctive (subpoena) or orthographically common (sailboat) words. An advantage for conceptually salient (dominant meaning) items and perceptually distinctive (orthographically distinctive) items was selectively observed in remember responses. These results support the hypothesis that processing of distinctive or salient attributes boosts the recollective component of explicit memory. Recent research on the retrieval experience has shown that subjects can reliably distinguish between at least two types of experience that accompany explicit memory performance: remembering and knowing. This distinc tion was originally introduced by Tulving (1985) and later elaborated upon, both empirically and theoretically, by Gardiner (1988, 1996; Gardiner & Java, 1990, 1993). In a typical recognition memory experiment, subjects as sign remember judgments if they have a Conscious and vivid Recollection of the earlier presentation of those items during the study phase. Subjects assign know judg ments to items if they are certain the item appeared ear lier in the study phase, but for which they do not have a Conscious recollective experience. The elaborate in structions and various examples of this experiential dis
Caroline Huron - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Conscious Recollection in autobiographical memory: an investigation in schizophrenia.
Consciousness and cognition, 2005Co-Authors: Jean-marie Danion, Caroline Huron, Christine Cuervo, Pascale Piolino, Marielle Riutort, Charles Siegfried Peretti, Francis EustacheAbstract:Whether or not Conscious Recollection in autobiographical memory is affected in schizophrenia is unknown. The aim of this study was to address this issue using an experiential approach. An autobiographical memory enquiry was used in combination with the Remember/Know procedure. Twenty-two patients with schizophrenia and 22 normal subjects were asked to recall specific autobiographical memories from four lifetime periods and to indicate the subjective states of awareness associated with the recall of what happened, when and where. They gave Remember, Know or Guess responses according to whether they recalled these aspects of the event on the basis of Conscious Recollection, simply knowing, or guessing. Results showed that the frequency and consistency of Remember responses was significantly lower in patients than in comparison subjects. In contrast, the frequency of Know responses was not significantly different, whereas the frequency of patients' Guess responses was significantly enhanced. It is concluded that the frequency and consistency of Conscious Recollection in autobiographical memory is reduced in patients with schizophrenia.
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Do Patients With Schizophrenia Consciously Recollect Emotional Events Better Than Neutral Events
The American journal of psychiatry, 2003Co-Authors: Jean-marie Danion, Caroline Huron, Mathilde Kazes, D. Nourdine KarchouniAbstract:OBJECTIVE: The influence of the emotional valence of words on Conscious awareness was assessed in patients with schizophrenia. METHOD: The remember/know procedure was used to test 24 patients with schizophrenia and 24 normal comparison subjects. RESULTS: Patients’ “remember” responses and Conscious Recollection were more frequent for emotional words than for neutral words. In contrast, the levels of “know” responses and familiarity were independent of emotional words. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with schizophrenia Consciously recollected emotional words better than neutral words.
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Lorazepam, sedation, and Conscious Recollection: a dose-response study with healthy volunteers
International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2002Co-Authors: Caroline Huron, Anne Giersch, Jean-marie DanionAbstract:The role of sedation in the benzodiazepine-induced impairment of Conscious Recollection is still subject to debate. The aim of this study was to investigate further the role of sedation using the Remember-Know procedure and a physiological measure of sedation based on pupillography in addition to st
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Impairment of constructive memory in schizophrenia.
International clinical psychopharmacology, 2002Co-Authors: Caroline Huron, Jean-marie DanionAbstract:Episodic memories are characterized by a specific state of awareness, Conscious Recollection, which allows subjects to mentally relive past events. They are not a literal reproduction of the past but instead depend on constructive processes. Patients with schizophrenia exhibit a specific impairment of Conscious Recollection. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of constructive processes into defective Conscious Recollection of patients with schizophrenia. An experiential approach to false recognition and related states of awareness was used. Thirty patients with schizophrenia, who were matched with 30 normal subjects, studied lists of words semantically related to a non-presented theme word (critical lure). On a recognition memory task with both previously presented words and non presented critical lures, they were asked to give Remember, Know or Guess responses to items that were recognized on the basis of Conscious Recollection, familiarity or guessing, respectively. Patients with schizophrenia recognized fewer studied words and critical lures than normal subjects. This deficit was restricted to memories associated with Conscious Recollection as indicated by a decrease in Remember responses, but not Know and Guess responses. Our results indicate that patients with schizophrenia exhibit an impaired Conscious Recollection, whether memories are true or false. They provide evidence that schizophrenia impairs the mere construction of Conscious Recollection.
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Lorazepam and diazepam impair true, but not false, recognition in healthy volunteers
Psychopharmacology, 2001Co-Authors: Caroline Huron, Christelle Servais, Jean-marie DanionAbstract:Rationale: The deleterious effects of benzodiazepine on memory are well documented. However, their effects on false memories are unknown. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of lorazepam and diazepam on false memories and related states of awareness in healthy volunteers. Methods: The Deese/Roediger-McDermott procedure was used in 36 healthy volunteers randomly assigned to one of three parallel groups (placebo, diazepam 0.3 mg/kg, lorazepam 0.038 mg/kg). Subjects studied lists of words semantically related to a non-presented theme word (critical lure). On a recognition memory task with both previously presented words and non presented critical lures, they were asked to give Remember, Know or Guess responses to items that were recognized on the basis of Conscious Recollection, familiarity, or guessing, respectively. Results: The proportions of studied words correctly recognized and the proportions of Remember responses associated with true recognition were lower in the benzodiazepine groups than in the placebo group. In contrast, benzodiazepines did not significantly influence the proportions of critical lures falsely recognized or the proportions of Remember responses associated with false recognition. Conclusion: These results indicate that diazepam and lorazepam impair Conscious Recollection associated with true, but not false, memories.
Daniel L Schacter - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Priming of Nonverbal Information and the Nature of Implicit Memory
Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 2008Co-Authors: Daniel L Schacter, Suzanne M. Delaney, Elizabeth P. MerikleAbstract:Publisher Summary This chapter reviews existing evidence on priming of nonverbal information, discusses methodological, conceptual, and theoretical issues that arise from this research, and sketches a preliminary framework for conceptualizing relevant phenomena that integrates implicit memory research with recent neuropsychological studies of perceptual disorders that are produced by brain damage. There is a description of implicit memory in the chapter as the unintentional retrieval of information that was acquired during a specific episode on tests, which do not require Conscious Recollection of that episode. Systematic investigation of implicit memory represents a relatively new research direction in cognitive psychology and neuropsychology. Psychological studies have been traditionally concerned with explicit memory-intentional, Conscious Recollection of recent events-as expressed on standard recall and recognition tests. It discusses that there has been a virtual explosion of research concerning various kinds of implicit memory, stimulated largely by studies that have shown that implicit memory can be dissociated sharply from explicit remembering. The dissociations have been produced both by a variety of experimental manipulations in normal subjects and by demonstrations that amnesic patients show intact implicit memory despite impaired explicit memory. Various forms of learning and retention can be grouped under the general descriptive heading of “implicit memory,” including such phenomena as skill learning and conditioning.
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implicit memory and priming
Learning and memory: A comprehensive reference, 2008Co-Authors: W D Stevens, Daniel L SchacterAbstract:Priming refers to an improvement or change in the identification, production, or classification of a stimulus as a result of a prior encounter with the same or a related stimulus and reflects the operation of implicit or nonConscious processes that can be dissociated from those that support explicit or Conscious Recollection of past experiences. This chapter examines how neuroimaging studies have provided new means of addressing theories of priming from cognitive psychology, focusing on five research areas: influences of explicit versus implicit memory, top-down attentional effects, specificity of priming, the nature of priming-related activation increases, and correlations between brain activity and behavior.
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Intact Suppression of Increased False Recognition in Schizophrenia
The American journal of psychiatry, 2002Co-Authors: Anthony P. Weiss, Daniel L Schacter, Donald C. Goff, Chad S. Dodson, Stephan HeckersAbstract:Objective: Recognition memory is impaired in patients with schizophrenia, as they rely largely on item familiarity, rather than Conscious Recollection, to make mnemonic decisions. False recognition of novel items (foils) is increased in schizophrenia and may relate to this deficit in Conscious Recollection. By studying pictures of the target word during encoding, healthy adults can suppress false recognition. This study examined the effect of pictorial encoding on subsequent recognition of repeated foils in patients with schizophrenia. Method: The study included 40 patients with schizophrenia and 32 healthy comparison subjects. After incidental encoding of 60 words or pictures, subjects were tested for recognition of target items intermixed with 60 new foils. These new foils were subsequently repeated following either a two- or 24-word delay. Subjects were instructed to label these repeated foils as new and not to mistake them for old target words. Results: Schizophrenic patients showed greater overall false recognition of repeated foils. The rate of false recognition of repeated foils was lower after picture encoding than after word encoding. Despite higher levels of false recognition of repeated new items, patients and comparison subjects demonstrated a similar degree of false recognition suppression after picture, as compared to word, encoding. Conclusions: Patients with schizophrenia displayed greater false recognition of repeated foils than comparison subjects, suggesting both a decrement of item- (or source-) specific Recollection and a consequent reliance on familiarity in schizophrenia. Despite these deficits, presenting pictorial information at encoding allowed schizophrenic subjects to suppress false recognition to a similar degree as the comparison group, implying the intact use of a high-level cognitive strategy in this population.
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Impaired recruitment of the hippocampus during Conscious Recollection in schizophrenia.
Nature neuroscience, 1998Co-Authors: Stephan Heckers, Daniel L Schacter, Scott L. Rauch, Donald C. Goff, Cary R. Savage, Alan J. Fischman, Nathaniel M. AlpertAbstract:Poor attention and impaired memory are enduring and core features of schizophrenia. These impairments have been attributed either to global cortical dysfunction or to perturbations of specific components associated with the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), hippocampus and cerebellum. Here, we used positron emission tomography (PET) to dissociate activations in DLPFC and hippocampus during verbal episodic memory retrieval. We found reduced hippocampal activation during Conscious Recollection of studied words, but robust activation of the DLPFC during the effort to retrieve poorly encoded material in schizophrenic patients. This finding provides the first evidence of hippocampal dysfunction during episodic memory retrieval in schizophrenia.
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Conscious Recollection and the human hippocampal formation: Evidence from positron emission tomography
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1996Co-Authors: Daniel L Schacter, Scott L. Rauch, Cary R. Savage, Nathaniel M. Alpert, Marilyn S. AlbertAbstract:We used positron emission tomography (PET) to examine the role of the hippocampal formation in implicit and explicit memory. Human volunteers studied a list of familiar words, and then they either provided the first word that came to mind in response to three-letter cues (implicit memory) or tried to recall studied words in response to the same cues (explicit memory). There was no evidence of hippocampal activation in association with implicit memory. However, priming effects on the implicit memory test were associated with decreased activity in extrastriate visual cortex. On the explicit memory test, subjects recalled many target words in one condition and recalled few words in a second condition, despite trying to remember them. Comparisons between the two conditions showed that blood-flow increases in the hippocampal formation are specifically associated with the Conscious Recollection of studied words, whereas blood-flow increases in frontal regions are associated with efforts to retrieve target words. Our results help to clarify some puzzles concerning the role of the hippocampal formation in human memory.
Alan Richardson-klavehn - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Event-related potential evidence that automatic Recollection can be voluntarily avoided
Journal of cognitive neuroscience, 2009Co-Authors: Zara M. Bergström, Jan W. De Fockert, Alan Richardson-klavehnAbstract:Voluntary control processes can be recruited to facilitate Recollection in situations where a retrieval cue fails to automatically bring to mind a desired episodic memory. We investigated whether voluntary control processes can also stop Recollection of unwanted memories that would otherwise have been automatically recollected. Participants were trained on cue-associate word-pairs, then repeatedly presented with the cue and asked to either recollect or avoid recollecting the associate, while having the event-related potential (ERP) correlate of Conscious Recollection measured. Halfway through the phase, some cues switched instructions so that participants had to start avoiding recall of associates they had previously repeatedly recalled, and vice versa. ERPs during Recollection avoidance showed a significantly reduced positivity in the correlate of Conscious Recollection, and switching instructions reversed the ERP effect even for items that had been previously repeatedly recalled, suggesting that voluntary control processes can override highly practiced, automatic Recollection. Avoiding Recollection of particularly prepotent memories was associated with an additional, earlier ERP negativity that was separable from the later voluntary modulation of Conscious Recollection. The findings have implications for theories of memory retrieval by highlighting the involvement of voluntary attentional processes in controlling Conscious Recollection.
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Remembering and knowing
Learning and Memory: A Comprehensive Reference, 2008Co-Authors: John M. Gardiner, Alan Richardson-klavehnAbstract:Remembering and knowing are two states of awareness that, respectively, entail Conscious Recollection or feelings of familiarity in the absence of any recollective experiences. This chapter reviews what has been learned about remembering and knowing from experimental investigations of participants’ reports of them. Remembering and knowing have been shown to be selectively affected by many different experimental manipulations and to differ systematically in different populations. They also have distinct neural correlates. Theoretically, remembering and knowing have, respectively, been identified with episodic and semantic memory systems or with different memory processes. The responses have also been modeled using signal detection methods.
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ERP evidence for successful voluntary avoidance of Conscious Recollection
Brain research, 2007Co-Authors: Zara M. Bergström, Max Velmans, Jan W. De Fockert, Alan Richardson-klavehnAbstract:We investigated neurocognitive processes of voluntarily avoiding Conscious Recollection by asking participants to either attempt to recollect (the Think condition) or to avoid recollecting (the No-Think condition) a previously exposed paired associate. Event-related potentials (ERPs) during Think and No-Think trials were separated on the basis of previous learning success versus failure. This separation yielded temporal and topographic dissociations between early ERP effects of a Think versus No-Think strategy, which were maximal between 200 and 300 ms after stimulus presentation and independent of learning status, and a later learning-specific ERP effect maximal between 500 and 800 ms after stimulus presentation. In this later time-window, Learned Think items elicited a larger late left parietal positivity than did Not Learned Think, Learned No-Think, and Not Learned No-Think items; moreover, Learned No-Think and Not Learned Think items did not differ in late left parietal positivity. Because the late left parietal positivity indexes Conscious Recollection, the results provide firm evidence that Conscious Recollection of recollectable information can be voluntarily avoided on an item-specific basis and help to clarify previous neural evidence from the Think/No-Think procedure, which could not separate item-specific from strategic processes.
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Maintenance rehearsal affects knowing, not remembering; elaborative rehearsal affects remembering, not knowing.
Psychonomic bulletin & review, 1994Co-Authors: John M. Gardiner, Berthold Gawlik, Alan Richardson-klavehnAbstract:In a directed-forgetting paradigm, each word in a study list was followed by a cue designating that word as eitherlearn orforget. This cue appeared after either a short or a long delay. It was assumed that a long delay would increase maintenance rehearsal of all the words, and that only the words followed by a learn cue would be rehearsed elaboratively. Moreover, because the interval between the words was constant, a short cue delay should allow more time for elaborative rehearsal. In a subsequent test, subjects maderemember orknow responses to indicate whether recognition of each word was accompanied by Conscious Recollection or by feelings of familiarity in the absence of Conscious Recollection. The hypothesis was that remembering depends on elaborative rehearsal, and knowing depends on maintenance rehearsal. In accord with this hypothesis, the learn-versus-forget designation influenced remember but not know responses, and there were more remember responses after the short cue delay; cue delay influenced know responses, regardless of word designation.
