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Veronica J. Dark - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Perceptual Implicit Memory relies on intentional, load-sensitive processing at encoding
Memory & Cognition, 2003Co-Authors: Brian T. Crabb, Veronica J. DarkAbstract:In two experiments, we examined whether the encoding processes leading to perceptual Implicit Memory satisfied the intentionality and load insensitivity criteria for automaticity. Whether participants intended to process words or digits, in displays containing both, was manipulated in Experiment 1. Results showed an effect of intention on a subsequent perceptual identification task and a recognition task. Load (one, two, and four words) and exposure duration (1,000, 600, and 200 msec) at encoding were manipulated in Experiment 2. Recognition was affected by both variables, but performance on the perceptual identification task was affected only by load. In both experiments, the results showed that controlled (intentional, load-sensitive) processing of words at encoding is essential for later perceptual Implicit Memory. That is, the encoding processes leading to perceptual Implicit Memory fail both criteria of automaticity.
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Perceptual Implicit Memory requires attentional encoding.
Memory & Cognition, 1999Co-Authors: Brian T. Crabb, Veronica J. DarkAbstract:Perceptual Implicit Memory for previously attended and unattended words was measured either in a word-stem completion task or in a perceptual fluency (perceptual identification) task. Subjects (N = 144) first engaged in a focused attention task in which they were to identify one of two words presented for 100, 200, or 300 msec. Words were classified as attended if they were reported during the focused attention task and unattended if they were not. Results for both Implicit Memory tests indicated reliable perceptual Implicit Memory for attended words but not for unattended words, regardless of focused attention exposure duration. The results indicate that perceptual Implicit Memory tasks reflect attentional encoding processes; that is, words must undergo attentional encoding if they are to affect performance on a later perceptual Implicit Memory test.
Brian T. Crabb - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Perceptual Implicit Memory relies on intentional, load-sensitive processing at encoding
Memory & Cognition, 2003Co-Authors: Brian T. Crabb, Veronica J. DarkAbstract:In two experiments, we examined whether the encoding processes leading to perceptual Implicit Memory satisfied the intentionality and load insensitivity criteria for automaticity. Whether participants intended to process words or digits, in displays containing both, was manipulated in Experiment 1. Results showed an effect of intention on a subsequent perceptual identification task and a recognition task. Load (one, two, and four words) and exposure duration (1,000, 600, and 200 msec) at encoding were manipulated in Experiment 2. Recognition was affected by both variables, but performance on the perceptual identification task was affected only by load. In both experiments, the results showed that controlled (intentional, load-sensitive) processing of words at encoding is essential for later perceptual Implicit Memory. That is, the encoding processes leading to perceptual Implicit Memory fail both criteria of automaticity.
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Perceptual Implicit Memory requires attentional encoding.
Memory & Cognition, 1999Co-Authors: Brian T. Crabb, Veronica J. DarkAbstract:Perceptual Implicit Memory for previously attended and unattended words was measured either in a word-stem completion task or in a perceptual fluency (perceptual identification) task. Subjects (N = 144) first engaged in a focused attention task in which they were to identify one of two words presented for 100, 200, or 300 msec. Words were classified as attended if they were reported during the focused attention task and unattended if they were not. Results for both Implicit Memory tests indicated reliable perceptual Implicit Memory for attended words but not for unattended words, regardless of focused attention exposure duration. The results indicate that perceptual Implicit Memory tasks reflect attentional encoding processes; that is, words must undergo attentional encoding if they are to affect performance on a later perceptual Implicit Memory test.
Henry L. Roediger - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Comparing Performance on Implicit Memory Tests
1995Co-Authors: Henry L. RoedigerAbstract:Abstract : AFOSR Grant F4962O-92-J-0437 has provided support for the past three years on nine different lines of research. The first six of these are concerned with priming on Implicit Memory tests, which was the focus of the grant. The last three topics described below (the experimental basis of serial position effects and two laboratory paradigms for studying the development of false memories) were new research directions generated during the course of the grant. With regard to the main thrust of the grant, we believe we have made progress in understanding (a) the role of imagery in affecting priming on perceptual Implicit Memory tests; (b) the effect of distinctive or high priority events on Implicit Memory tests; (c) the specificity of priming on Implicit Memory tests; (d) the role of repetition in affecting Implicit Memory tests; and (e) work directed at the issue of whether Implicit Memory tests are 'contaminated' by conscious recollection. During the past three years the grant has supported publication of 12 journal publications (counting in-press articles), 7 book chapters, and the presentation of 16 convention presentations by me and my students. Several more papers are currently being prepared for submission.
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Depression and Implicit Memory: a commentary.
Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1992Co-Authors: Henry L. Roediger, Kathleen B. McdermottAbstract:: In this invited commentary, we review four studies in which the issue of whether depression affects priming on Implicit Memory tests was examined. We conclude that a depressive mood does not affect amount of priming on several Implicit Memory tests under conditions in which marked effects are shown on conscious recollection (explicit Memory). The mood congruity effect (depressives remember depression-related words better than controls; controls remember other types of material better than depressives) also largely disappears on perceptual Implicit Memory tests. We speculate about reasons for discrepancies in the literature, relate the findings to some current theories of individual differences in Memory, and suggest some directions for future research.
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Implicit Memory: A commentary
Bulletin of the psychonomic society, 1990Co-Authors: Henry L. RoedigerAbstract:This commentary about Implicit Memory research deals with four issues: terminology, its underlying logic, cognate areas, and theoretical issues. First, although appropriate terms are still being developed to describe the phenomena of interest in this area, I advocate the explicit/Implicit distinction for the different forms of Memory and types of tests and argue that the term remembering should only be applied to explicit retention. Second, although discovering functional dissociations between two retention tests are a useful research tactic, I believe a better strategy is to use converging operations for theoretical constructs in the form of multiple tests. Third, Implicit Memory research should be informed by research on similar problems in other domains (e.g., motor skill learning, social cognition). Finally, if we accept the interpretation of explicit/Implicit Memory research in terms of Memory systems, it appears that 5 major systems and 20 or so subsystems may be required. Historical analogues to this situation are briefly considered.
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Implicit Memory retention without remembering
American Psychologist, 1990Co-Authors: Henry L. RoedigerAbstract:: Explicit measures of human Memory, such as recall or recognition, reflect conscious recollection of the past. Implicit tests of retention measure transfer (or priming) from past experience on tasks that do not require conscious recollection of recent experiences for their performance. The article reviews research on the relation between explicit and Implicit Memory. The evidence points to substantial differences between standard explicit and Implicit tests, because many variables create dissociations between these tests. For example, although pictures are remembered better than words on explicit tests, words produce more priming than do pictures on several Implicit tests. These dissociations may implicate different Memory systems that subserve distinct memorial functions, but the present argument is that many dissociations can be understood by appealing to general principles that apply to both explicit and Implicit tests. Phenomena studied under the rubric of Implicit Memory may have important implications in many other fields, including social cognition, problem solving, and cognitive development.
Patrick C M Wong - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Implicit Memory in music and language
Frontiers in Psychology, 2011Co-Authors: Marc Ettlinger, Elizabeth Hellmuth Margulis, Patrick C M WongAbstract:Research on music and language in recent decades has focused on their overlapping neurophysiological, perceptual, and cognitive underpinnings, ranging from the mechanism for encoding basic auditory cues to the mechanism for detecting violations in phrase structure. These overlaps have most often been identified in musicians with musical knowledge that was acquired explicitly, through formal training. In this paper, we review independent bodies of work in music and language that suggest an important role for Implicitly acquired knowledge, Implicit Memory, and their associated neural structures in the acquisition of linguistic or musical grammar. These findings motivate potential new work that examines music and language comparatively in the context of the Implicit Memory system.
Pauline M. Maki - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Conceptual and perceptual Implicit Memory in Huntington's disease.
Neuropsychology (journal), 2000Co-Authors: Pauline M. Maki, Frederick W. Bylsma, Jason BrandtAbstract:: The aims of this study were to examine and compare perceptual and conceptual Implicit Memory (CIM) in Huntington's disease (HD) and to characterize the relationship between tests of frontal lobe functioning and CIM. Sixteen HD patients and 16 normal controls completed structurally parallel tests of perceptual Implicit Memory and CIM (i.e., rhyme and category exemplar generation), tests of explicit Memory, and verbal fluency. HD patients showed intact Implicit Memory for both rhyme and category exemplars, despite evidence of frontal dysfunction on other tests. An unexpected finding was that patients showed a deficit in cued rhyme generation that correlated with severity of neurological impairment. The authors replicated findings in controls of a correlation between letter fluency and CIM but found no relationship in patients. Frontal dysfunction in HD may lessen the influence of generative strategies on tests of CIM without compromising performance.
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Limitations of the Distinction Between Conceptual and Perceptual Implicit Memory: A Study of Alzheimer's Disease
Neuropsychology (journal), 1996Co-Authors: Pauline M. Maki, David S. KnopmanAbstract:Previous studies suggested that perceptual Implicit Memory is spared in Alzheimer's disease (AD) but conceptual Implicit Memory is not. This dissociation is often invoked to support views of Implicit Memory that distinguish between perceptual and conceptual processing or systems. This study investigated an alternate hypothesis: that methodological differences between perceptual and conceptual Implicit tests could account for differences in performance. Fourteen AD participants, 16 elderly controls, and 16 younger controls participated in structurally parallel conceptual and perceptual tests of Implicit Memory that required production of studied items. Results showed normal perceptual and conceptual priming when participants with AD generated items at study but impaired priming in both tests when they merely repeated items. These results are inconsistent with both systems and processing views of Implicit Memory and suggest that similarity of study and test procedures is more important than the inferred theoretical construct.
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Is Implicit Memory preserved in Alzheimer's disease? Implications for theories of Implicit Memory.
Aging Neuropsychology and Cognition, 1995Co-Authors: Pauline M. MakiAbstract:Abstract Theories of Implicit Memory were formulated largely on data from temporal lobe amnesics. This review examines the generalizability of those findings and theories to individuals with Alzheimer's disease. Although these groups have similar explicit Memory impairments, their performance on Implicit Memory tests differs in systematic and theoretically meaningful ways. Whereas amnesics show preserved Implicit Memory across a variety of tasks, individuals with probable Alzheimer's disease generally show preserved Implicit learning and perceptual priming, but impaired conceptual priming. Findings are discussed in partial support of a transfer-appropriate processing view, and suggestions are made for future research.
