The Experts below are selected from a list of 279 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Jeroen G W Raaijmakers - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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associative priming in a masked Perceptual Identification task evidence for automatic processes
Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 2002Co-Authors: Diane Pecher, Rene Zeelenberg, Jeroen G W RaaijmakersAbstract:Two experiments investigated the influence of automatic and strategic processes on associative priming effects in a Perceptual Identification task in which prime‐target pairs are briefly presented and masked. In this paradigm, priming is defined as a higher percentage of correctly identified targets for related pairs than for unrelated pairs. In Experiment 1, priming was obtained for mediated word pairs. This mediated priming effect was affected neither by the presence of direct associations nor by the presentation time of the primes, indicating that automatic priming effects play a role in Perceptual Identification. Experiment 2 showed that the priming effect was not affected by the proportion (.90 vs. .10) of related pairs if primes were presented briefly to prevent their Identification. However, a large proportion effect was found when primes were presented for 1000 ms so that they were clearly visible. These results indicate that priming in a masked Perceptual Identification task is the result of automatic processes and is not affected by strategies. The present paradigm provides a valuable alternative to more commonly used tasks such as lexical decision.
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a bayesian model for implicit effects in Perceptual Identification
Psychological Review, 2001Co-Authors: Lael J Schooler, Richard M Shiffrin, Jeroen G W RaaijmakersAbstract:Retrieving effectively from memory (REM; R. M. Shiffrin & M. Steyvers, 1997), an episodic model of memory, is extended to implicit memory phenomena. namely the Perceptual Identification studies reported in R. Ratcliff and G. McKoon (1997:), In those studies, the influence of prior study was greatest when words were presented most briefly and when forced-choice targets and foils were most similar. R. Ratcliff and G. McKoon use these data to argue against models in which prior study changes a word's representation. A model in which prior study changes a word's representation by adding context information is fit to their data; at test, the model uses a Bayesian decision process to compare the Perceptual and context features associated with the test flash to stored traces. The effects of prior study are due to matching extra context information and are larger when alternatives share many features. thereby reducing noise that attenuates these effects.
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testing the counter model for Perceptual Identification effects of repetition priming and word frequency
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 2000Co-Authors: Ericjan Wagenmakers, Rene Zeelenberg, Jeroen G W RaaijmakersAbstract:The counter model for Perceptual Identification (Ratcliff & McKoon, 1997) differs from alternative views of word recognition in two important ways. First, it assumes that prior study of a word does not result in increased sensitivity but, rather, inbias. Second, the effects of word frequency and prior study are explained by different mechanisms. In the present experiment, study status and word frequency of target and foil were varied independently. Using a forced-choice task, we replicated the bias effect. However, we also found several interactions between frequency and prior study that are in direct conflict with the counter model. Most important, prior study ofboth alternatives resulted in an attenuation of the frequency effect and an increase in performance for low-frequency targets, but not for high-frequency targets. These findings suggest that the effects of frequency and prior study are not mediated by completely independent mechanisms.
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a criterion shift model for enhanced discriminability in Perceptual Identification a note on the counter model
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 2000Co-Authors: Ericjan Wagenmakers, Rene Zeelenberg, Lael J Schooler, Jeroen G W RaaijmakersAbstract:The original version of the counter model for Perceptual Identification (Ratcliff & McKoon, 1997) assumed that word frequency and prior study act solely to bias the Identification process (i.e., subjects have a tendency to prefer high-frequency and studied low-frequency words, irrespective of the presented word). In a recent study, using a two-alternative forced-choice paradigm, we showed an enhanced discriminability effect for high-frequency and studied low-frequency words (Wagenmakers, Zeelenberg, & Raaijmakers, 2000). These results have led to a fundamental modification of the counter model: Prior study and high frequency not only result in bias, but presumably also result in a higher rate of feature extraction (i.e., better perception). We demonstrate that a criterion-shift model, assuming limited Perceptual information extracted from the flash as well as a reduced distance to an Identification threshold for high-frequency and studied low-frequency words, can also account for enhanced discriminability.
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Automatic priming effects for new associations in lexical decision and Perceptual Identification.
Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1999Co-Authors: Diane Pecher, Jeroen G W RaaijmakersAbstract:Information storage in semantic memory was investigated by looking at automatic priming effects for new associations in two experiments. In the study phase, word pairs were presented in a paired-associate learning task. Lexical decision and Perceptual Identification were used to examine priming effects during and after the study phase. There was automatic priming for new associations. The priming effect was greatly reduced when different semantic tasks were used at study and test compared to when identical tasks were used at study and test. The results show that new associations in semantic memory can be accessed automatically but are still context dependent. This suggests that rather than being abstract and static, retrieval from semantic memory interacts dynamically with the context.
Margaret M. Keane - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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performance benefits and costs in forced choice Perceptual Identification in amnesia effects of prior exposure and word frequency
Memory & Cognition, 2009Co-Authors: Margaret M. Keane, Elizabeth Martin, Mieke VerfaellieAbstract:Accuracy in identifying a Perceptually degraded word (e.g., stake) can be either enhanced by recent exposure to the same stimulus or reduced by recent exposure to a similar stimulus (e.g., stare). In the present study, we explored the mechanisms underlying these benefits and costs by examining the performance of amnesic and control groups in a forced choice Perceptual Identification (FCPI) task in which briefly flashed words (that were identical to studied words, similar to studied words, or new) had to be identified, and two response choices were provided that differed from each other by one letter. Control participants showed a performance benefit and cost in FCPI with both high- and low-frequency words. Amnesic participants showed a benefit (but no cost) with high-frequency words and a benefit and a cost with low-frequency words. The benefit/cost pattern with low-frequency words in amnesia was obtained even when the to-be-identified stimulus in the FCPI task was eliminated (Experiment 2), suggesting that this effect was driven by processes operating at the level of the response choices. Our findings suggest that implicit memory effects in FCPI reflect the operation of multiple mechanisms, the relative contributions of which may vary with the frequency of the test stimuli. The results also highlight the need for caution in interpreting results from normal participants in the FCPI task, since those findings may reflect a contribution of explicit memory processes.
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Do priming effects in Perceptual Identification and word judgment reflect different underlying mechanisms
American Journal of Psychology, 2004Co-Authors: Margaret M. Keane, Bonnie Wong, Mieke VerfaellieAbstract:We examined priming of orthographically illegal nonwords in a Perceptual Identification task and a word judgment task in undergraduate participants. In Perceptual Identification, priming was significant and equivalent after structural or phonological encoding. In word judgment, priming was significant after phonological encoding but not structural encoding. In a follow-up experiment in older control participants and amnesic participants, priming in word judgment was not significant. Older control participants found the stimuli more difficult to pronounce than did undergraduate participants, and word judgment priming in undergraduate participants was significant only for the stimuli that were judged easy to pronounce. These findings demonstrate that priming in Perceptual Identification and word judgment extends to novel stimuli that are not linked to preexisting lexical or sublexical representations but that priming occurs at different levels in the two tasks: at a featural or orthographic level in Perceptual Identification and at a phonological level in word judgment.
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preserved priming in auditory Perceptual Identification in alzheimer s disease
Neuropsychologia, 2000Co-Authors: Mieke Verfaellie, Margaret M. Keane, Grant JohnsonAbstract:Abstract To examine the status of auditory Perceptual priming in Alzheimer's disease (AD), this study examined the performance of AD patients in auditory Perceptual Identification of words. In Experiment 1, the processing operations required to perform the tasks at study and test were matched, whereas in Experiment 2, processing operations at study and test were mismatched. AD patients showed normal priming in both experiments, despite impaired recognition memory. These findings extend to the auditory domain the finding of intact Perceptual implicit memory in AD. Preserved auditory priming in AD may reflect the operation of a pre-semantic, phonological representation system, localized to posterior neocortical areas that are functionally spared in AD.
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bias effects in Perceptual Identification a neuropsychological investigation of the role of explicit memory
Journal of Memory and Language, 2000Co-Authors: Margaret M. Keane, Mieke Verfaellie, John D E Gabrieli, Bonnie M WongAbstract:Abstract Identification of Perceptually degraded words can be enhanced by prior exposure to those words. One theory proposes that such Perceptual priming is due to a bias mechanism that induces costs as well as benefits in performance. Inherent in this theory is the critical assumption that bias effects observed in normal cognition reflect the operation of implicit rather than explicit memory processes. In the present study, we tested this assumption by examining the performance of amnesic patients in two paradigms that have elicited bias effects in normal participants. In Experiment 1, amnesic patients failed to show a normal bias pattern in a forced-choice Perceptual Identification paradigm, exhibiting benefits alone in performance. In Experiment 2, amnesic patients showed normal costs and benefits in a standard Perceptual Identification paradigm (without a forced-choice procedure). These results suggest that bias effects in normal cognition in the forced-choice Perceptual Identification paradigm are the product of explicit memory processes that are impaired in amnesia, but that bias effects in the standard paradigm are the product of implicit memory processes that are spared in amnesia.
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priming in Perceptual Identification of pseudowords is normal in alzheimer s disease
Neuropsychologia, 1994Co-Authors: Margaret M. Keane, John D E Gabrieli, John H Growdon, Suzanne CorkinAbstract:Abstract Patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) have deficits in recall and recognition memory, and show dissociable performance in repetition priming tasks: They exhibit impaired priming in word-completion and word-generation tasks, but normal priming in Perceptual Identification of words. In order to examine whether AD patients can show normal priming with novel, unfamiliar stimuli, the present study examined their performance in Perceptual Identification of pseudowords. Despite impaired recognition memory performance, AD patients showed normal priming in Perceptual Identification of pseudowords. These results extend the boundaries of intact repetition priming in AD, demonstrating that such priming is not limited to stimuli that are pre-morbidly represented in long-term knowledge. Preserved repetition priming in AD may reflect the operation of Perceptual processes localized to posterior visual circuits that are relatively spared in AD.
Mieke Verfaellie - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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performance benefits and costs in forced choice Perceptual Identification in amnesia effects of prior exposure and word frequency
Memory & Cognition, 2009Co-Authors: Margaret M. Keane, Elizabeth Martin, Mieke VerfaellieAbstract:Accuracy in identifying a Perceptually degraded word (e.g., stake) can be either enhanced by recent exposure to the same stimulus or reduced by recent exposure to a similar stimulus (e.g., stare). In the present study, we explored the mechanisms underlying these benefits and costs by examining the performance of amnesic and control groups in a forced choice Perceptual Identification (FCPI) task in which briefly flashed words (that were identical to studied words, similar to studied words, or new) had to be identified, and two response choices were provided that differed from each other by one letter. Control participants showed a performance benefit and cost in FCPI with both high- and low-frequency words. Amnesic participants showed a benefit (but no cost) with high-frequency words and a benefit and a cost with low-frequency words. The benefit/cost pattern with low-frequency words in amnesia was obtained even when the to-be-identified stimulus in the FCPI task was eliminated (Experiment 2), suggesting that this effect was driven by processes operating at the level of the response choices. Our findings suggest that implicit memory effects in FCPI reflect the operation of multiple mechanisms, the relative contributions of which may vary with the frequency of the test stimuli. The results also highlight the need for caution in interpreting results from normal participants in the FCPI task, since those findings may reflect a contribution of explicit memory processes.
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Do priming effects in Perceptual Identification and word judgment reflect different underlying mechanisms
American Journal of Psychology, 2004Co-Authors: Margaret M. Keane, Bonnie Wong, Mieke VerfaellieAbstract:We examined priming of orthographically illegal nonwords in a Perceptual Identification task and a word judgment task in undergraduate participants. In Perceptual Identification, priming was significant and equivalent after structural or phonological encoding. In word judgment, priming was significant after phonological encoding but not structural encoding. In a follow-up experiment in older control participants and amnesic participants, priming in word judgment was not significant. Older control participants found the stimuli more difficult to pronounce than did undergraduate participants, and word judgment priming in undergraduate participants was significant only for the stimuli that were judged easy to pronounce. These findings demonstrate that priming in Perceptual Identification and word judgment extends to novel stimuli that are not linked to preexisting lexical or sublexical representations but that priming occurs at different levels in the two tasks: at a featural or orthographic level in Perceptual Identification and at a phonological level in word judgment.
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preserved priming in auditory Perceptual Identification in alzheimer s disease
Neuropsychologia, 2000Co-Authors: Mieke Verfaellie, Margaret M. Keane, Grant JohnsonAbstract:Abstract To examine the status of auditory Perceptual priming in Alzheimer's disease (AD), this study examined the performance of AD patients in auditory Perceptual Identification of words. In Experiment 1, the processing operations required to perform the tasks at study and test were matched, whereas in Experiment 2, processing operations at study and test were mismatched. AD patients showed normal priming in both experiments, despite impaired recognition memory. These findings extend to the auditory domain the finding of intact Perceptual implicit memory in AD. Preserved auditory priming in AD may reflect the operation of a pre-semantic, phonological representation system, localized to posterior neocortical areas that are functionally spared in AD.
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bias effects in Perceptual Identification a neuropsychological investigation of the role of explicit memory
Journal of Memory and Language, 2000Co-Authors: Margaret M. Keane, Mieke Verfaellie, John D E Gabrieli, Bonnie M WongAbstract:Abstract Identification of Perceptually degraded words can be enhanced by prior exposure to those words. One theory proposes that such Perceptual priming is due to a bias mechanism that induces costs as well as benefits in performance. Inherent in this theory is the critical assumption that bias effects observed in normal cognition reflect the operation of implicit rather than explicit memory processes. In the present study, we tested this assumption by examining the performance of amnesic patients in two paradigms that have elicited bias effects in normal participants. In Experiment 1, amnesic patients failed to show a normal bias pattern in a forced-choice Perceptual Identification paradigm, exhibiting benefits alone in performance. In Experiment 2, amnesic patients showed normal costs and benefits in a standard Perceptual Identification paradigm (without a forced-choice procedure). These results suggest that bias effects in normal cognition in the forced-choice Perceptual Identification paradigm are the product of explicit memory processes that are impaired in amnesia, but that bias effects in the standard paradigm are the product of implicit memory processes that are spared in amnesia.
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Memory Conjunction Errors in Normal and Amnesic Subjects
Journal of Memory and Language, 1996Co-Authors: Mark Tippens Reinitz, Mieke Verfaellie, William P MilbergAbstract:Abstract Amnesic and control subjects were presented compound words and performed either a deep or a shallow encoding task. They later received a surprise “old”/“new” recognition test or Perceptual Identification test that contained old, recombined, partially new, and completely new words. In recognition, controls were better able than amnesics to discriminate old from recombined stimuli; however, the groups were equally able to discriminate partially or completely new stimuli from recombined stimuli. There were no between-group differences in Perceptual Identification performance; both groups showed strong priming for old stimuli but not for recombined stimuli. The research demonstrates that memory illusions can result from miscombining parts of previously experienced stimuli, and that, relative to controls, amnesics suffer from a selective inability to intentionally remember how stimulus parts were interrelated.
Robert L Greene - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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recognition without Perceptual Identification a measure of familiarity
Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 2005Co-Authors: Anne M Cleary, Robert L GreeneAbstract:Previous work has shown that when items in a Perceptual Identification task are presented too quickly to identify, participants can still discriminate between studied and unstudied items. Such recognition without Perceptual Identification (RWPI) has been shown to occur in a variety of situations, including the false recognition of semantic associates of studied items. The present study investigated the utility of the RWPI paradigm for isolating instances of recognition that are familiarity based from those that are recollection based. Toward this end, the magnitude of the RWPI effect was compared in item versus associative recognition and in short versus long lists. The RWPI effect was larger in item than in associative recognition, and larger with short than with long study lists. These results are interpreted within the context of a dual-process approach to recognition and support the notion that RWPI taps familiarity-based recognition.
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true and false memory in the absence of Perceptual Identification
Memory, 2004Co-Authors: Anne M Cleary, Robert L GreeneAbstract:Two experiments are reported in which, after attempting to identify a briefly flashed, masked test word, participants were asked to rate the likelihood that it had been presented in an earlier study list. Even when people were unable to identify such items, they demonstrated an ability to discriminate between those that were studied and those that were not studied; ratings given to studied items were significantly higher than ratings given to nonstudied items. This effect does not appear to be a data-driven phenomenon. In Experiment 1 it was found when the presentation modality was changed from study to test. In Experiment 2 false memory for unidentified items that were related to studied items was shown.
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Spacing effects on implicit memory tests
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 1990Co-Authors: Robert L GreeneAbstract:The spacing effect refers to the advantage in memory for information that is repeated at separated points of time over information repeated in massed fashion. The author attempted to demonstrate the existence of spacing effects in implicit memory tasks (spelling of homophonic words, Perceptual Identification, and word-fragment completion)
John D E Gabrieli - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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bias effects in Perceptual Identification a neuropsychological investigation of the role of explicit memory
Journal of Memory and Language, 2000Co-Authors: Margaret M. Keane, Mieke Verfaellie, John D E Gabrieli, Bonnie M WongAbstract:Abstract Identification of Perceptually degraded words can be enhanced by prior exposure to those words. One theory proposes that such Perceptual priming is due to a bias mechanism that induces costs as well as benefits in performance. Inherent in this theory is the critical assumption that bias effects observed in normal cognition reflect the operation of implicit rather than explicit memory processes. In the present study, we tested this assumption by examining the performance of amnesic patients in two paradigms that have elicited bias effects in normal participants. In Experiment 1, amnesic patients failed to show a normal bias pattern in a forced-choice Perceptual Identification paradigm, exhibiting benefits alone in performance. In Experiment 2, amnesic patients showed normal costs and benefits in a standard Perceptual Identification paradigm (without a forced-choice procedure). These results suggest that bias effects in normal cognition in the forced-choice Perceptual Identification paradigm are the product of explicit memory processes that are impaired in amnesia, but that bias effects in the standard paradigm are the product of implicit memory processes that are spared in amnesia.
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Perceptual and nonPerceptual components of implicit memory for pictures.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 1995Co-Authors: Sunghi M. Park, John D E GabrieliAbstract:The transfer appropriate processing (TAP) framework posits that in data-driven tasks, such as picture naming (PN) or picture Perceptual Identification, repetition priming is greater when Perceptual processes engaged at study are recapitulated at test. Thus, priming with pictures is greater after study-phase exposure to pictures than to words (picture names). A. S. Brown, D. R. Neblett, T. C. Jones, and D. B. Mitchell (1991) reported that a pure-list format eliminated Perceptual priming: Participants who saw either pictures or words in a study phase showed equal priming in a PN task. In the present study, participants showed greater priming after exposure to pure lists of pictures than to pure lists of words in 3 PN and 1 picture Perceptual Identification experiments. Thus, Perceptual priming occurred in 4 pure-list picture priming tasks, as predicted by the TAP framework. Priming also was found after exposure to words. In PN and picture Perceptual Identification tasks, implicit memory for pictures includes Perceptual and nonPerceptual components.
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priming in Perceptual Identification of pseudowords is normal in alzheimer s disease
Neuropsychologia, 1994Co-Authors: Margaret M. Keane, John D E Gabrieli, John H Growdon, Suzanne CorkinAbstract:Abstract Patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) have deficits in recall and recognition memory, and show dissociable performance in repetition priming tasks: They exhibit impaired priming in word-completion and word-generation tasks, but normal priming in Perceptual Identification of words. In order to examine whether AD patients can show normal priming with novel, unfamiliar stimuli, the present study examined their performance in Perceptual Identification of pseudowords. Despite impaired recognition memory performance, AD patients showed normal priming in Perceptual Identification of pseudowords. These results extend the boundaries of intact repetition priming in AD, demonstrating that such priming is not limited to stimuli that are pre-morbidly represented in long-term knowledge. Preserved repetition priming in AD may reflect the operation of Perceptual processes localized to posterior visual circuits that are relatively spared in AD.
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Event-related potential correlates of implicit priming and explicit memory tasks
International Journal of Psychophysiology, 1993Co-Authors: James W. Leiphart, J. Peter Rosenfeld, John D E GabrieliAbstract:Abstract The difference between implicit and explicit memory was examined using event-related potentials (ERP). 16 college students read a study list of 100 words (50 high-emotion and 50 low-emotion) from a video monitor. They then performed a Perceptual Identification (P.I.) task in which they attempted to identify each of a series of 100 words (including 50 from the study list) presented at recognition threshold. Finally, the subjects performed a yes-no recognition task in which they were presented with the other 50 words from the first list and 50 new words (suprathreshold), and they had to identify which ones had been seen in the study list. Subjects were more likely to identify studied than nonstudied words in the Perceptual Identification task; there was no effect of emotion. In the yes-no recognition task, more high than low-emotion words were responded to correctly for the old words, whereas more low than high-emotion words were responded to correctly for the new words. Data from 11 of the subjects contained enough artifact-free trials for ERP analysis. Analysis revealed that in both the Perceptual Identification task and the yes-no recognition task, P3 amplitude was larger for old than new words, and emotionality had no effect. Analysis of ERPs in the Perceptual Identification task averaged according to behavioral response, as well as according to prior study effect showed that P3 amplitude was larger for the studied words than non-studied words, regardless of behavioral response. This effect is electrophysiological evidence that a specific event occurs in the brain in response to the presentation of studied words, whether or not those words are consciously perceived. P3 latency differed as a function of previous study in the yes-no task but not the Perceptual Identification task.
