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Juana Coetzee - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Incoterms and the lex mercatoria
Direito, 2015Co-Authors: Juana CoetzeeAbstract:O costume comercial cumpre funcao harmonizadora do Direito das vendas internacionais. Esta funcao e, no entanto, limitada no contexto dos termos de comercio. Os termos de comercio refl etem costumes mercantis que foram originalmente desenvolvidos por comerciantes para o uso em contratos nos quais as mercadorias serao transportadas de um lugar para outro. Eles substituem a necessidade de elaboracao de clausulas contratuais que regulem as obrigacoes do comprador e do vendedor, no que concerne a entrega e obrigacoes antecedentes. No entanto, como costumes e usos do comercio diferem de um pais para outro ou de um ramo do comercio para o outro, os termos de comercio sao interpretados de forma diversa em diferentes contextos.A ausencia de um entendimento uniforme desses termos prejudica a funcao de harmonizacao do costume mercantil. Esta situacao exige a padronizacao dos conteudos dos termos comerciais.Os Incoterms CCI fornecem tal forma de padronizacao. Devido ao seu âmbito limitado de regulacao e de sua incapacidade de funcionar independentemente do acordo das partes, os Incoterms nao podem, no entanto, funcionar como um sistema independente de lei ou lex mercatoria. Eles precisam operar em conjunto com outros instrumentos de Direito material harmonizado para regular plenamente os direitos e obrigacoes das partes de um contrato de vendas. Devem, contudo, ser considerados como uma importante fonte ou elemento do Direito comercial.
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the interplay between Incoterms and the cisg
Journal of Law and Commerce, 2013Co-Authors: Juana CoetzeeAbstract:Incoterms ® do not replace the CISG’s provisions on delivery and the passing of risk in toto , but merely supersede them in so far as they are mutually exclusive. For the rest, they function in tandem . Aspects which are not governed by the Incoterms ® rules, or inadequately regulated, can be supplemented by the Convention, and vice versa . Collaboration between the two instruments strengthens the unified legal framework for international sales transactions with the view to facilitating international trade.
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Incoterms variants greater precision or more uncertainty
De Jure Law Journal, 2013Co-Authors: Juana CoetzeeAbstract:The International Chamber of Commerce introduced Incoterms® to achieve some form of international standardisation pertaining to the delivery of goods, passage of risk, allocation of costs and customs formalities under an international contract of sale. These rules "explain a set of three-letter trade terms reflecting business-to-business practice in contracts for the sale of goods" (ICC Incoterms® 2010 (2010) 5). They are formulated with reference to the most consistent business practices and customs at a given point in time and are regularly updated to keep up with developments in international commercial practice (Foreword to Incoterms® 2010). By standardising trade term content Incoterms® achieve legal certainty, which means a reduction in disputes and, hence, also in transaction costs.
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Incoterms 2010 codified mercantile custom or standard contract terms
Stellenbosch Law Review = Stellenbosch Regstydskrif, 2012Co-Authors: Juana CoetzeeAbstract:Incoterms® reflect the most dominant and consistent commercial customs and practices evident in international commerce. They are regularly updated to keep them in line with changing mercantile practice. However, over the years, several terms were added to represent practices which have not yet developed into mercantile usage or custom. In reaction to the latest revision of the Incoterms® rules, which has come into operation on 1 January 2011, one commentator concludes that Incoterms® now function as standard contract terms and no longer as mercantile custom or usage. This article addresses the legal nature of Incoterms®, with specific reference to the International Chamber of Commerce's ("ICC") revision methodology. In principle, Incoterms® function as contract terms. Whether they enjoy an autonomous existence apart from party agreement is a question that has not yet been answered conclusively. There is evidence that courts apply them as international trade usage or custom, especially in the context of article 9 of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods ("CISG"). Scholars, however, disagree on whether Incoterms®in toto can function as international trade usage, especially when it comes to recently introduced rules. It is submitted that individual rules should not be evaluated in isolation, but that their legal nature should be determined with reference to the compilation as a whole. It is concluded that the more Incoterms® are used in a particular trade, they will become known and observed in that trade. In due course they will acquire the force of mercantile usage or custom which can apply independent of party agreement.
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Incoterms electronic data interchange and the electronic communications and transactions act
SA Mercantile Law Journal = SA Tydskrif vir Handelsreg, 2003Co-Authors: Juana CoetzeeAbstract:CITATION: Coetzee, J. 2003. Incoterms, electronic data interchange, and the Electronic Communications and Transactions Act. SA Mercantile Law Journal 15(1):1-15.
Karel Marek - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Smluvní doložky. 1. část.
2020Co-Authors: Karel MarekAbstract:Přispěvek se věnuje doložkam, ktere mohou ve smlouvach smluvni strany použit. Vysvětluje doložky cistici, doložky vcleňovaci, doložky k zamezeni bitvy forem, doložky o použiti obchodnich zvyklosti, obchodnich podminek a pravidel Incoterms. Věnuje se i tzv. Salvatorske klauzuli, výhradě vlastnickeho prava, limitaci nahrady skody, cenove doložce a měnove doložce. Pojednava tež o doložce o volbě obchodniho zakoniku, doložce o volbě prava a doložce vylucujici použiti mezinarodni umluvy. Přispěvek pak uzavira tzv. prorogacni doložka a rozhodci doložka.This article talks about contract clauses which can be used in contracts by contracting parties. It explains so-called cleaning clauses, incorporating clauses, clauses for prevention of so-called battle of the forms, clauses about usage of business practice, trading conditions and Incoterms rules. Further, it deals with so-called Salvator s clause, retention of title, limitation of damage compensation, price clause and currency clause. It also discusses the Commercial Code s option clause, clause about law selection and clause (in case of need) preclusive usage of international agreement. The article is closed by so-called prorogation and arbitration clause.
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doložky Incoterms a dodani zboži
Konkursní noviny, 2011Co-Authors: Karel MarekAbstract:Mezi povinnosti prodavajiciho patři dodat zboži v souladu se smlouvou a ustanovenimi obchodniho zakoniku, předat dokumenty vztahujici se ke zboži a umožnit kupujicimu nabýt vlastnickeho prava. Jednotný výklad dodacich doložek přijala Mezinarodni obchodni komora v Pařiži, jde o tzv. International Commercial Terms - Incoterms. Posledni uprava byla vydana k použivani od 1. 1. 2011 a nese oznaceni Incoterms 2010.
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doložky Incoterms a dodani zboži cast ii
Konkursní noviny, 2011Co-Authors: Karel MarekAbstract:Mezi povinnosti prodavajiciho patři dodat zboži v souladu se smlouvou a ustanovenimi obchodniho zakoniku, předat dokumenty vztahujici se ke zboži a umožnit kupujicimu nabýt vlastnickeho prava. Jednotný výklad dodacich doložek přijala Mezinarodni obchodni komora v Pařiži, jde o tzv. International Commercial Terms - Incoterms. Posledni uprava byla vydana k použivani od 1. 1. 2011 a nese oznaceni Incoterms 2010.
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Incoterms a povinnosti prodavajiciho
Státní zastupitelství, 2011Co-Authors: Karel MarekAbstract:Přispěvek se zabýva pravy a povinnostmi prodavajiciho u kupni smlouvy podle pravni upravy urcene obchodnim zakonikem. Věnuje se i novým doložkam Incoterms 2010, vydaným k 1. 1. 2011. V doložkam doslo totiž k řadě upřesněni. Ctyři doložky ze skupiny D byly pak vyřazeny a tato skupina byla doplněna dvěma novými doložkami. V textu se upozorňuje, že ke konci devadesatých let minuleho stoleti byly vznaseny pochybnosti, zda se použivani Incoterms hodi i pro použiti v tuzemsku. Postupem doby se ukazalo, že tyto pochybnosti nejsou opravněne. Doložky lze použit, i když některe z nich jsou vhodne jen pro použiti při namořni dopravě.
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nove Incoterms a povinnosti prodavajici podle ceskeho obch zak
Justičná revue : časopis pre právnu prax, 2011Co-Authors: Karel MarekAbstract:Přispěvek se zabýva pravy a povinnostmi prodavajiciho u kupni smlouvy podle pravni upravy urcene obchodnim zakonikem. Věnuje se i novým doložkam Incoterms 2010, vydaným k 1. 1. 2011. V doložkam doslo totiž k řadě upřesněni. Ctyři doložky ze skupiny D byly pak vyřazeny a tato skupina byla doplněna dvěma novými doložkami. V textu se upozorňuje, že ke konci devadesatých let minuleho stoleti byly vznaseny pochybnosti, zda se použivani Incoterms hodi i pro použiti v tuzemsku. Postupem doby se ukazalo, že tyto pochybnosti nejsou opravněne. Doložky lze použit, i když některe z nich jsou vhodne jen pro použiti při namořni dopravě.
Roberto Bergami - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Incoterms 2010: the latest version of delivery terms
2020Co-Authors: Roberto BergamiAbstract:This paper considers the changes introduced by the new Incoterms 2010 and discusses the likely challenges that sellers and buyers will need to address, to successfully adopt these new terms of delivery into contracts of sale.
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managing Incoterms 2010 risks tension with trade and banking practices
International Journal of Economics and Business Research, 2013Co-Authors: Roberto BergamiAbstract:Incoterms 2010, issued by the International Chamber of Commerce and effective from 1 January 2011, is a set of rules for the delivery of product between sellers and buyers that is routinely incorporated into international contracts of sale. Incoterms 2010, outline, on a mutually exclusive basis, the rights, duties, obligations and responsibilities of sellers and buyers in the discharge of their respective contractual obligations. Properly used, Incoterms 2010 are an effective risk management tool. However, old trading practices create tension with modern transport practices and Incoterms 2010, potentially increasing risks for traders. For example, the term free on board (FOB) is not recommended for maritime containers, because of transport risk transfer considerations, yet it is known that a significant proportion of traders still use FOB in their international contracts. Banking practices also appear to be lagging behind, and in the case of letter of credit FOB transactions, documentary demands are placed on sellers that are at times contrary to the Incoterms 2010 recommendations. This paper considers the impact of outdated trade and banking practices and their likely impact on traders, concluding that an enterprise risk management approach is required, incorporating specific staff training, to modernise trade practices and reduce organisational risk.
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Incoterms 2010 the newest revision of delivery terms
Acta Universitatis Bohemiae Meridionales, 2012Co-Authors: Roberto BergamiAbstract:This paper considers the changes between the Incoterms 2000 and the Incoterms 2010 from a risk management perspective, and highlights the challenges that traders may encounter when dealing with some of these terms. For example, the problematic FOB term and its use in containerisation is not likely to have been totally resolved, although the Incoterms 2010 have attempted to ameliorate the situation. The new terms DAT (Delivered at Terminal) and DAP (Delivered at Place) should be useful for cross border transactions within Customs Union blocs, such as the European Union. The paper concludes that the new Incoterms 2010 provide improved definitions, and more effectively contextualise the use of old terms that are out of synch with today’s modern practices. However, if traders continue to cling to their old habits and fail to update their delivery terms and arrangements to reflect contemporary practices, much of the work and progress that the ICC has put into this change process will be lost.
Ignacio Del Rosal - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Factors influencing the choice of delivery terms used in Spanish seaborne container trade
International Journal of Shipping and Transport Logistics, 2016Co-Authors: Ignacio Del RosalAbstract:Information about the use of delivery terms in seaborne trade is very lacking. The main purpose of this paper is to shed some light on the use of Incoterms in maritime transport. The study is based on information about the Incoterms used in Spanish seaborne export and import operations in 2011. An econometric model for the discrete dependent variable is outlined in which the probability of using delivery terms that include maritime transport is related to several factors such as the weight/value ratio of the goods, the distance between Spain and the partner's country and its income per capita.
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Delivery terms in international trade: some evidence for Spain
Applied Economics Letters, 2013Co-Authors: Ignacio Del RosalAbstract:Although there is abundant literature on the analysis of transportation costs in international trade, there are practically no studies concerning delivery terms defined in the International Commercial Terms (Incoterms). This article aims to take a first step using the information on Incoterms usage provided by the Spanish Foreign Trade Statistics.
Walter Thoen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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INCAS: A legal expert system for contract terms in electronic commerce
Decision Support Systems, 2000Co-Authors: Yao-hua Tan, Walter ThoenAbstract:Electronic commerce is doing business via electronic networks. Paper-based trade documents such as, for example, request for quotation, purchase order or invoice are replaced by electronic messages, in particular Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) messages. These electronic messages are not only transmitted much faster than paper-based documents, but they can also be processed automatically by computers. An example of this automated processing of electronic messages is electronic contracting and negotiation where the actual trade contract is on-line negotiated and concluded via an electronic network. We present the legal expert system INCAS that can provide on-line explanations about the use of Incoterms in trade contracts. Incoterms stipulate which party (buyer or seller) is responsible for arranging and paying transport of the goods, and arranging the documents necessary for this transport (e.g. export and import clearance documents, certification of origin, quality certificates etc.). INCAS is implemented in the programming language Prolog. We also explain how the defeasible reasoning capability of Prolog is essential for modelling the reasoning about the Incoterms.
