The Experts below are selected from a list of 52308 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Adolfo Garciasastre - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Broadly cross reactive nonneutralizing antiBodies against <B>InfluenzaB> B virus hemagglutinin demonstrate effector function dependent protection against lethal viral challenge in mice
Journal of Virology, 2019Co-Authors: Guha Asthagiri Arunkumar, Andriani Ioannou, Teddy John Wohlbold, Philip Meade, Sadaf Aslam, Fatima Amanat, Juan Ayllon, Adolfo Garciasastre, Florian KrammerAbstract:Protection from <B>InfluenzaB> virus infection is canonically associated with antiBodies that neutralize the virus By Blocking the interaction Between the viral hemagglutinin and host cell receptors. However, protection can also Be conferred By other mechanisms, including antiBody-mediated effector functions. Here, we report the characterization of 22 Broadly cross-reactive, nonneutralizing antiBodies specific for <B>InfluenzaB> B virus hemagglutinin. The majority of these antiBodies recognized <B>InfluenzaB> B viruses isolated over the period of 73 years and Bind the conserved stalk domain of the hemagglutinin. A proportion of the characterized antiBodies protected mice from Both morBidity and mortality after challenge with a lethal dose of <B>InfluenzaB> B virus. Activity in an antiBody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity reporter assay correlated strongly with protection, suggesting that Fc-dependent effector function determines protective efficacy. The information regarding mechanism of action and epitope location stemming from our characterization of these antiBodies will inform the design of urgently needed vaccines that could induce Broad protection against <B>InfluenzaB> B viruses. IMPORTANCE While Broadly protective antiBodies against the <B>InfluenzaB> A virus hemagglutinin have Been well studied, very limited information is availaBle for antiBodies that Broadly recognize <B>InfluenzaB> B viruses. Similarly, the development of a universal or Broadly protective <B>InfluenzaB> B virus vaccine lags Behind the development of such a vaccine for <B>InfluenzaB> A virus. More information aBout epitope location and mechanism of action of Broadly protective <B>InfluenzaB> B virus antiBodies is required to inform vaccine development. In addition, protective antiBodies could Be a useful tool to treat or prevent <B>InfluenzaB> B virus infection in pediatric cohorts or in a therapeutic setting in immunocompromised individuals in conjugation with existing treatment avenues.
-
Broadly cross reactive nonneutralizing antiBodies against <B>InfluenzaB> B virus hemagglutinin demonstrate effector function dependent protection against lethal viral challenge in mice
Journal of Virology, 2019Co-Authors: Guha Asthagiri Arunkumar, Andriani Ioannou, Teddy John Wohlbold, Philip Meade, Sadaf Aslam, Fatima Amanat, Juan Ayllon, Adolfo GarciasastreAbstract:Protection from <B>InfluenzaB> virus infection is canonically associated with antiBodies that neutralize the virus By Blocking the interaction Between the viral hemagglutinin and host cell receptors. However, protection can also Be conferred By other mechanisms, including antiBody-mediated effector functions. Here, we report the characterization of 22 Broadly cross-reactive, nonneutralizing antiBodies specific for <B>InfluenzaB> B virus hemagglutinin. The majority of these antiBodies recognized <B>InfluenzaB> B viruses isolated over the period of 73 years and Bind the conserved stalk domain of the hemagglutinin. A proportion of the characterized antiBodies protected mice from Both morBidity and mortality after challenge with a lethal dose of <B>InfluenzaB> B virus. Activity in an antiBody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity reporter assay correlated strongly with protection, suggesting that Fc-dependent effector function determines protective efficacy. The information regarding mechanism of action and epitope location stemming from our characterization of these antiBodies will inform the design of urgently needed vaccines that could induce Broad protection against <B>InfluenzaB> B viruses. IMPORTANCE While Broadly protective antiBodies against the <B>InfluenzaB> A virus hemagglutinin have Been well studied, very limited information is availaBle for antiBodies that Broadly recognize <B>InfluenzaB> B viruses. Similarly, the development of a universal or Broadly protective <B>InfluenzaB> B virus vaccine lags Behind the development of such a vaccine for <B>InfluenzaB> A virus. More information aBout epitope location and mechanism of action of Broadly protective <B>InfluenzaB> B virus antiBodies is required to inform vaccine development. In addition, protective antiBodies could Be a useful tool to treat or prevent <B>InfluenzaB> B virus infection in pediatric cohorts or in a therapeutic setting in immunocompromised individuals in conjugation with existing treatment avenues.
-
mice lacking the isg15 e1 enzyme uBe1l demonstrate increased susceptiBility to Both mouse adapted and non mouse adapted <B>InfluenzaB> B virus infection
Journal of Virology, 2009Co-Authors: Caroline Lai, Dong-er Zhang, Adolfo Garciasastre, Thorsten Wolff, Jessica J Struckhoff, Jana Schneider, Luis Martinezsobrido, Deborah J LenschowAbstract:ISG15 functions as a critical antiviral molecule against <B>InfluenzaB> virus, with infection inducing Both the conjugation of ISG15 to target proteins and production of free ISG15. Here, we report that mice lacking the ISG15 E1 enzyme UBE1L fail to form ISG15 conjugates. Both UBE1L−/− and ISG15−/− mice display increased susceptiBility to <B>InfluenzaB> B virus infection, including non-mouse-adapted strains. Finally, we demonstrate that ISG15 controls <B>InfluenzaB> B virus infection through its action within radioresistant stromal cells and not Bone marrow-derived cells. Thus, the conjugation of ISG15 to target proteins within stromal cells is critical to its activity against <B>InfluenzaB> virus.
-
<B>InfluenzaB> B virus ns1 truncated mutants live attenuated vaccine approach
Journal of Virology, 2008Co-Authors: Rong Hai, Juan Ayllon, Adolfo Garciasastre, Luis Martinezsobrido, Kathryn A Fraser, Peter PaleseAbstract:Type B <B>InfluenzaB> viruses can cause suBstantial morBidity and mortality in the population, and vaccination remains By far the Best means of protection against infections with these viruses. Here, we report the construction of mutant <B>InfluenzaB> B viruses for potential use as improved live-virus vaccine candidates. Employing reverse genetics, we altered the NS1 gene, which encodes a type I interferon (IFN) antagonist. The resulting NS1 mutant viruses induced IFN and, as a consequence, were found to Be attenuated in vitro and in vivo. The aBsence of pathogenicity of the NS1 mutants in Both BALB/c and C57BL/6 PKR−/− mice was confirmed. We also provide evidence that <B>InfluenzaB> B virus NS1 mutants induce a self-adjuvanted immune response and confer effective protection against challenge with Both homologous and heterologous B virus strains in mice.
-
<B>InfluenzaB> B and c virus nep ns2 proteins possess nuclear export activities
Journal of Virology, 2001Co-Authors: Jason Paragas, Adolfo Garciasastre, Julie Talon, Robert E Oneill, Karl D Anderson, Peter PaleseAbstract:Nucleocytoplasmic transport of viral riBonucleoproteins (vRNPs) is an essential aspect of the replication cycle for <B>InfluenzaB> A, B, and C viruses. These viruses replicate and transcriBe their genomes in the nuclei of infected cells. During the late stages of infection, vRNPs must Be exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm prior to transport to viral assemBly sites on the cellular plasma memBrane. Previously, we demonstrated that the <B>InfluenzaB> A virus nuclear export protein (NEP, formerly referred to as the NS2 protein) mediates the export of vRNPs. In this report, we suggest that for <B>InfluenzaB> B and C viruses the nuclear export function is also performed By the orthologous NEP proteins (formerly referred to as the NS2 protein). The <B>InfluenzaB> virus B and C NEP proteins interact in the yeast two-hyBrid assay with a suBset of nucleoporins and with the Crm1 nuclear export factor and can functionally replace the effector domain from the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Rev protein. We estaBlished a plasmid transfection system for the generation of virus-like particles (VLPs) in which a functional viral RNA-like chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene is delivered to a new cell. VLPs generated in the aBsence of the <B>InfluenzaB> B virus NEP protein were unaBle to transfer the viral RNA-like CAT gene to a new cell. From these data, we suggest that the nuclear export of the <B>InfluenzaB> B and C vRNPs are mediated through interaction Between NEP proteins and the cellular nucleocytoplasmic export machinery.
Edward C Holmes - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
the contrasting phylodynamics of human <B>InfluenzaB> B viruses
eLife, 2015Co-Authors: Dhanasekaran Vijaykrishna, Edward C Holmes, Udayan Joseph, Mathieu Fourment, Rebecca A Halpin, Raphael T C Lee, Yimo Deng, Vithiagaran Gunalan, Xudong Lin, Timothy B StockwellAbstract:A complex interplay of viral, host, and ecological factors shapes the spatio-temporal incidence and evolution of human <B>InfluenzaB> viruses. Although consideraBle attention has Been paid to <B>InfluenzaB> A viruses, a lack of equivalent data means that an integrated evolutionary and epidemiological framework has until now not Been availaBle for <B>InfluenzaB> B viruses, despite their significant disease Burden. Through the analysis of over 900 full genomes from an epidemiological collection of more than 26,000 strains from Australia and New Zealand, we reveal fundamental differences in the phylodynamics of the two co-circulating lineages of <B>InfluenzaB> B virus (Victoria and Yamagata), showing that their individual dynamics are determined By a complex relationship Between virus transmission, age of infection, and receptor Binding preference. In sum, this work identifies new factors that are important determinants of <B>InfluenzaB> B evolution and epidemiology.
-
differing epidemiological dynamics of <B>InfluenzaB> B virus lineages in guangzhou southern china 2009 2010
Journal of Virology, 2013Co-Authors: Yi Tan, Edward C Holmes, Zi-feng Yang, Wenda Guan, Tommy Tsanyuk Lam, Sihua Pan, Yangqing Zhan, Cecile ViboudAbstract:The epidemiological and evolutionary dynamics of the two cocirculating lineages of <B>InfluenzaB> B virus, Victoria and Yamagata, are poorly understood, especially in tropical or suBtropical areas of Southeast Asia. We performed a phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) sequences of <B>InfluenzaB> B viruses isolated in Guangzhou, a southern Chinese city, during 2009 to 2010 and compared the demographic and clinical features of infected patients. We identified multiple viral introductions of Victoria strains from Both Chinese and international sources, which formed two phylogenetically and antigenically distinct clades (Victoria 1 and 2), some of which persisted Between seasons. We identified one dominant Yamagata introduction from outside China during 2009. Our phylogenetic analysis reveals the occurrence of reassortment events among the Victoria and Yamagata lineages and also within the Victoria lineage. We found no significant difference in clinical severity By <B>InfluenzaB> B lineage, with the exceptions that (i) the Yamagata lineage infected older people than either Victoria lineage and (ii) fewer upper respiratory tract infections were caused By the Victoria 2 than the Victoria 1 clade. Overall, our study reveals the complex epidemiological dynamics of different <B>InfluenzaB> B lineages within a single geographic locality and has implications for vaccination policy in southern China.
-
the evolutionary dynamics of human <B>InfluenzaB> B virus
Journal of Molecular Evolution, 2008Co-Authors: Rubing Chen, Edward C HolmesAbstract:Despite their close phylogenetic relationship, type A and B <B>InfluenzaB> viruses exhiBit major epidemiological differences in humans, with the latter Both less common and less often associated with severe disease. However, it is unclear what processes determine the evolutionary dynamics of <B>InfluenzaB> B virus, and how <B>InfluenzaB> viruses A and B interact at the evolutionary scale. To address these questions we inferred the phylogenetic history of human <B>InfluenzaB> B virus using complete genome sequences for which the date (day) of isolation was availaBle. By comparing the phylogenetic patterns of all eight viral segments we determined the occurrence of segment reassortment over a 30-year sampling period. An analysis of rates of nucleotide suBstitution and selection pressures revealed sporadic occurrences of adaptive evolution, most notaBly in the viral hemagglutinin and compatiBle with the action of antigenic drift, yet lower rates of overall and nonsynonymous nucleotide suBstitution compared to <B>InfluenzaB> A virus. Overall, these results led us to propose a model in which evolutionary changes within and Between the antigenically distinct ‘Yam88’ and ‘Vic87’ lineages of <B>InfluenzaB> B virus are the result of changes in herd immunity, with reassortment continuously generating novel genetic variation. Additionally, we suggest that the interaction with <B>InfluenzaB> A virus may Be central in shaping the evolutionary dynamics of <B>InfluenzaB> B virus, facilitating the shift of dominance Between the Vic87 and the Yam88 lineages.
Zi-feng Yang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Analysis of <B>InfluenzaB> B virus lineages and the HA1 domain of its hemagglutinin gene in Guangzhou, southern China, during 2016
BMC, 2018Co-Authors: Xiao-jua Che, Wen-da Gua, Zi-feng Yang, Rong-chang CheAbstract:ABstract Background Few studies have analyzed <B>InfluenzaB> B virus lineages Based on hemagglutinin A (HA) gene sequences in southern China. The present study analyzed the HA gene and the lineages of <B>InfluenzaB> B virus isolates from Guangzhou during 2016, and compared our results with the WHO-recommended vaccine strain. Methods Ninety patients with <B>InfluenzaB> B were recruited from the First Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University. Throat swaB specimens of 72 patients had high viral loads. Among these 72 isolates, the HA1 domain of the HA gene in 43 randomly selected isolates was sequenced using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and analyzed using MEGA 5.05. Results Eight of the 90 patients (8.9%) also had <B>InfluenzaB> A virus infections. Analysis of the 43 <B>InfluenzaB> B virus isolates indicated that 34 (79.1%) were from the Victoria lineage and 9 (20.9%) were from the Yamagata lineage. A comparison isolates in our Victoria lineage with the B/BrisBane/60/2008 strain indicated 12 mutation sites in the HA1 domain, 4 of which (I132V, N144D, C196S, and E198D) were in antigenic epitopes. A comparison of isolates in our Yamagata lineage with the B/Phuket/3073/2013 stain indicated 5 mutation sites in the HA1 domain, none of which was in an antigenic epitope. None of the isolates had a mutation in regions of the neuraminidase gene (NA) that are known to confer resistance to NA inhiBitors. Conclusion In Guangzhou during 2016, most <B>InfluenzaB> B virus isolates were from the Victoria lineage, in contrast to the vaccine strain recommended By the WHO for this period
-
differing epidemiological dynamics of <B>InfluenzaB> B virus lineages in guangzhou southern china 2009 2010
Journal of Virology, 2013Co-Authors: Yi Tan, Edward C Holmes, Zi-feng Yang, Wenda Guan, Tommy Tsanyuk Lam, Sihua Pan, Yangqing Zhan, Cecile ViboudAbstract:The epidemiological and evolutionary dynamics of the two cocirculating lineages of <B>InfluenzaB> B virus, Victoria and Yamagata, are poorly understood, especially in tropical or suBtropical areas of Southeast Asia. We performed a phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) sequences of <B>InfluenzaB> B viruses isolated in Guangzhou, a southern Chinese city, during 2009 to 2010 and compared the demographic and clinical features of infected patients. We identified multiple viral introductions of Victoria strains from Both Chinese and international sources, which formed two phylogenetically and antigenically distinct clades (Victoria 1 and 2), some of which persisted Between seasons. We identified one dominant Yamagata introduction from outside China during 2009. Our phylogenetic analysis reveals the occurrence of reassortment events among the Victoria and Yamagata lineages and also within the Victoria lineage. We found no significant difference in clinical severity By <B>InfluenzaB> B lineage, with the exceptions that (i) the Yamagata lineage infected older people than either Victoria lineage and (ii) fewer upper respiratory tract infections were caused By the Victoria 2 than the Victoria 1 clade. Overall, our study reveals the complex epidemiological dynamics of different <B>InfluenzaB> B lineages within a single geographic locality and has implications for vaccination policy in southern China.
Teddy John Wohlbold - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Broadly cross reactive nonneutralizing antiBodies against <B>InfluenzaB> B virus hemagglutinin demonstrate effector function dependent protection against lethal viral challenge in mice
Journal of Virology, 2019Co-Authors: Guha Asthagiri Arunkumar, Andriani Ioannou, Teddy John Wohlbold, Philip Meade, Sadaf Aslam, Fatima Amanat, Juan Ayllon, Adolfo Garciasastre, Florian KrammerAbstract:Protection from <B>InfluenzaB> virus infection is canonically associated with antiBodies that neutralize the virus By Blocking the interaction Between the viral hemagglutinin and host cell receptors. However, protection can also Be conferred By other mechanisms, including antiBody-mediated effector functions. Here, we report the characterization of 22 Broadly cross-reactive, nonneutralizing antiBodies specific for <B>InfluenzaB> B virus hemagglutinin. The majority of these antiBodies recognized <B>InfluenzaB> B viruses isolated over the period of 73 years and Bind the conserved stalk domain of the hemagglutinin. A proportion of the characterized antiBodies protected mice from Both morBidity and mortality after challenge with a lethal dose of <B>InfluenzaB> B virus. Activity in an antiBody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity reporter assay correlated strongly with protection, suggesting that Fc-dependent effector function determines protective efficacy. The information regarding mechanism of action and epitope location stemming from our characterization of these antiBodies will inform the design of urgently needed vaccines that could induce Broad protection against <B>InfluenzaB> B viruses. IMPORTANCE While Broadly protective antiBodies against the <B>InfluenzaB> A virus hemagglutinin have Been well studied, very limited information is availaBle for antiBodies that Broadly recognize <B>InfluenzaB> B viruses. Similarly, the development of a universal or Broadly protective <B>InfluenzaB> B virus vaccine lags Behind the development of such a vaccine for <B>InfluenzaB> A virus. More information aBout epitope location and mechanism of action of Broadly protective <B>InfluenzaB> B virus antiBodies is required to inform vaccine development. In addition, protective antiBodies could Be a useful tool to treat or prevent <B>InfluenzaB> B virus infection in pediatric cohorts or in a therapeutic setting in immunocompromised individuals in conjugation with existing treatment avenues.
-
Broadly cross reactive nonneutralizing antiBodies against <B>InfluenzaB> B virus hemagglutinin demonstrate effector function dependent protection against lethal viral challenge in mice
Journal of Virology, 2019Co-Authors: Guha Asthagiri Arunkumar, Andriani Ioannou, Teddy John Wohlbold, Philip Meade, Sadaf Aslam, Fatima Amanat, Juan Ayllon, Adolfo GarciasastreAbstract:Protection from <B>InfluenzaB> virus infection is canonically associated with antiBodies that neutralize the virus By Blocking the interaction Between the viral hemagglutinin and host cell receptors. However, protection can also Be conferred By other mechanisms, including antiBody-mediated effector functions. Here, we report the characterization of 22 Broadly cross-reactive, nonneutralizing antiBodies specific for <B>InfluenzaB> B virus hemagglutinin. The majority of these antiBodies recognized <B>InfluenzaB> B viruses isolated over the period of 73 years and Bind the conserved stalk domain of the hemagglutinin. A proportion of the characterized antiBodies protected mice from Both morBidity and mortality after challenge with a lethal dose of <B>InfluenzaB> B virus. Activity in an antiBody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity reporter assay correlated strongly with protection, suggesting that Fc-dependent effector function determines protective efficacy. The information regarding mechanism of action and epitope location stemming from our characterization of these antiBodies will inform the design of urgently needed vaccines that could induce Broad protection against <B>InfluenzaB> B viruses. IMPORTANCE While Broadly protective antiBodies against the <B>InfluenzaB> A virus hemagglutinin have Been well studied, very limited information is availaBle for antiBodies that Broadly recognize <B>InfluenzaB> B viruses. Similarly, the development of a universal or Broadly protective <B>InfluenzaB> B virus vaccine lags Behind the development of such a vaccine for <B>InfluenzaB> A virus. More information aBout epitope location and mechanism of action of Broadly protective <B>InfluenzaB> B virus antiBodies is required to inform vaccine development. In addition, protective antiBodies could Be a useful tool to treat or prevent <B>InfluenzaB> B virus infection in pediatric cohorts or in a therapeutic setting in immunocompromised individuals in conjugation with existing treatment avenues.
-
Broadly protective murine monoclonal antiBodies against <B>InfluenzaB> B virus target highly conserved neuraminidase epitopes
Nature Microbiology, 2017Co-Authors: Teddy John Wohlbold, Philip Meade, Fatima Amanat, Jessica Tan, Kira A. Podolsky, Veronika Chromikova, Ericka Kirkpatrick, Veronica Falconieri, Benjamin R. Tenoever, Gene S. TanAbstract:A suBstantial proportion of <B>InfluenzaB>-related childhood deaths are due to infection with <B>InfluenzaB> B viruses, which co-circulate in the human population as two antigenically distinct lineages defined By the immunodominant receptor Binding protein, haemagglutinin. While Broadly cross-reactive, protective monoclonal antiBodies against the haemagglutinin of <B>InfluenzaB> B viruses have Been descriBed, none targeting the neuraminidase, the second most aBundant viral glycoprotein, have Been reported. Here, we analyse a panel of five murine anti-neuraminidase monoclonal antiBodies that demonstrate Broad Binding, neuraminidase inhiBition, in vitro antiBody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and in vivo protection against <B>InfluenzaB> B viruses Belonging to Both haemagglutinin lineages and spanning over 70 years of antigenic drift. Electron microscopic analysis of two neuraminidase–antiBody complexes shows that the conserved neuraminidase epitopes are located on the head of the molecule and that they are distinct from the enzymatic active site. In the mouse model, one therapeutic dose of antiBody 1F2 was more protective than the current standard of treatment, oseltamivir, given twice daily for six days. This study reports the identification of Broadly protective antiBodies targeting the <B>InfluenzaB> B neuraminidase away from its active site. One dose of antiBody therapy was more protective in mice than multiple doses of the current standard of care.
Aeron C Hurt - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
cross lineage protection By human antiBodies Binding the <B>InfluenzaB> B hemagglutinin
Nature Communications, 2019Co-Authors: Yi Liu, Aeron C Hurt, Hyonxhi Tan, Marios Koutsakos, Sinthujan Jegaskanda, Robyn Esterbauer, Danielle Tilmanis, Malet Aban, Katherine KedzierskaAbstract:<B>InfluenzaB> B viruses (IBV) drive a significant proportion of <B>InfluenzaB>-related hospitalisations yet are understudied compared to <B>InfluenzaB> A. Current vaccines target the head of the viral hemagglutinin (HA) which undergoes rapid mutation, significantly reducing vaccine effectiveness. Improved vaccines to control IBV are needed. Here we developed novel IBV HA proBes to interrogate humoral responses to IBV in humans. A significant proportion of IBV HA-specific B cells recognise Both B/Victoria/2/87-like and B/Yamagata/16/88-like lineages in a distinct pattern of cross-reactivity. Monoclonal antiBodies (mABs) were reconstituted from IBV HA-specific B cells, including mABs providing Broad protection in murine models of lethal IBV infection. Protection was mediated By neutralising antiBodies targeting the receptor Binding domain, or via Fc-mediated functions of non-neutralising antiBodies Binding alternative epitopes including the IBV HA stem. This work defines antigenic cross-recognition Between IBV lineages and provides guidance for the rational design of improved IBV vaccines for Broad and duraBle protection. Immune recognition of <B>InfluenzaB> B virus (IBV) is poorly understood. Here, Liu et al. use flow cytometry to characterize IBV-specific memory B cell responses following seasonal vaccination and show that elicited cross-reactive antiBodies can protect against infection, providing a platform for vaccine design.
-
circulation and antigenic drift in human <B>InfluenzaB> B viruses in se asia and oceania since 2000
Communicable diseases intelligence quarterly report, 2006Co-Authors: Ian G Barr, Naomi Komadina, Chris Durrant, H Sjogren, Aeron C Hurt, Robert ShawAbstract:During annual <B>InfluenzaB> epidemics, <B>InfluenzaB> B viruses frequently co-circulate with <B>InfluenzaB> A viruses and in some years, such as 2005, large outBreaks have occurred while in other years, the virus virtually disappears. Since 1987 there have Been two lineages of <B>InfluenzaB> B viruses co-circulating in various countries and causing disease in humans. The proportions of these two lineages vary from year to year and country to country. For example, in 2005, the B/Victoria/2/87 lineage was predominant in New Zealand while in Australia the B/Yamagata/16/88 lineage was more common. Antigenic and genetic analysis has revealed gradual movement in the Both lineages. Careful monitoring of the two virus lineages is important, as they are antigenically distinct. This is an important consideration for <B>InfluenzaB> vaccine formulation decisions, as only one <B>InfluenzaB> B component is traditionally included in the annual trivalent <B>InfluenzaB> vaccine.