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Konrad P Weber - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • hierarchical cluster analysis of semicircular canal and otolith deficits in bilateral vestibulopathy
    Frontiers in Neurology, 2018
    Co-Authors: Alexander A Tarnutzer, Christopher J Bockisch, Elena Buffone, Konrad P Weber
    Abstract:

    Background Gait imbalance and oscillopsia are frequent complaints of bilateral vestibular loss (BLV). Video-head-impulse testing (vHIT) of all six semicircular canals (SCCs) has demonstrated varying involvement of the different canals. Sparing of anterior-canal function has been linked to aminoglycoside-related vestibulopathy and Meniere's disease. We hypothesized that utricular and saccular impairment [assessed by vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs)] may be disease-specific also, possibly facilitating the differential diagnosis. Methods We sEarched our vHIT database ( = 3,271) for patients with bilaterally impaired SCC function who also received ocular VEMPs (oVEMPs) and cervical VEMPs (cVEMPs) and identified 101 patients. oVEMP/cVEMP latencies above the 95th percentile and peak-to-peak amplitudes below the 5th percentile of normal were considered abnormal. Frequency of impairment of vestibular end organs (horizontal/anterior/posterior SCC, utriculus/sacculus) was analyzed with hierarchical cluster analysis and correlated with the underlying etiology. Results Rates of utricular and saccular loss of function were similar (87.1 vs. 78.2%,  = 0.136, Fisher's exact test). oVEMP abnormalities were found more frequent in aminoglycoside-related bilateral vestibular loss (BVL) compared with Meniere's disease (91.7 vs. 54.6%,  = 0.039). Hierarchical cluster analysis indicated distinct patterns of vestibular end-organ impairment, showing that the results for the same end-organs on both sides are more similar than to other end-organs. Relative sparing of anterior-canal function was reflected in late merging with the other end-organs, emphasizing their distinct state. An anatomically corresponding pattern of SCC/otolith hypofunction was present in 60.4% (oVEMPs vs. horizontal SCCs), 34.7% (oVEMPs vs. anterior SCCs), and 48.5% (cVEMPs vs. posterior SCCs) of cases. Average (±1 SD) number of damaged sensors was 6.8 ± 2.2 out of 10. Significantly ( < 0.001) more sensors were impaired in patients with aminoglycoside-related BVL (8.1 ± 1.2) or Inner-Ear Infections (8.7 ± 1.8) compared with Meniere-related BVL (5.5 ± 1.5). Discussion Hierarchical cluster analysis may help differentiate characteristic patterns of BVL. With a prevalence of ≈80%, utricular and/or saccular impairment is frequent in BVL. The extent of SCC and otolith impairment was disease-dependent, showing most extensive damage in BVL related to Inner-Ear Infection and aminoglycoside-exposure and more selective impairment in Meniere's disease. Specifically, assessing utricular function may help in the distinction between aminoglycoside-related BVL and bilateral Meniere's disease.

  • Hierarchical Cluster Analysis of Semicircular Canal and Otolith Deficits in Bilateral Vestibulopathy
    Frontiers Media S.A., 2018
    Co-Authors: Alexander A Tarnutzer, Christopher J Bockisch, Elena Buffone, Konrad P Weber
    Abstract:

    BackgroundGait imbalance and oscillopsia are frequent complaints of bilateral vestibular loss (BLV). Video-head-impulse testing (vHIT) of all six semicircular canals (SCCs) has demonstrated varying involvement of the different canals. Sparing of anterior-canal function has been linked to aminoglycoside-related vestibulopathy and Menière’s disease. We hypothesized that utricular and saccular impairment [assessed by vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs)] may be disease-specific also, possibly facilitating the differential diagnosis.MethodsWe sEarched our vHIT database (n = 3,271) for patients with bilaterally impaired SCC function who also received ocular VEMPs (oVEMPs) and cervical VEMPs (cVEMPs) and identified 101 patients. oVEMP/cVEMP latencies above the 95th percentile and peak-to-peak amplitudes below the 5th percentile of normal were considered abnormal. Frequency of impairment of vestibular end organs (horizontal/anterior/posterior SCC, utriculus/sacculus) was analyzed with hierarchical cluster analysis and correlated with the underlying etiology.ResultsRates of utricular and saccular loss of function were similar (87.1 vs. 78.2%, p = 0.136, Fisher’s exact test). oVEMP abnormalities were found more frequent in aminoglycoside-related bilateral vestibular loss (BVL) compared with Menière’s disease (91.7 vs. 54.6%, p = 0.039). Hierarchical cluster analysis indicated distinct patterns of vestibular end-organ impairment, showing that the results for the same end-organs on both sides are more similar than to other end-organs. Relative sparing of anterior-canal function was reflected in late merging with the other end-organs, emphasizing their distinct state. An anatomically corresponding pattern of SCC/otolith hypofunction was present in 60.4% (oVEMPs vs. horizontal SCCs), 34.7% (oVEMPs vs. anterior SCCs), and 48.5% (cVEMPs vs. posterior SCCs) of cases. Average (±1 SD) number of damaged sensors was 6.8 ± 2.2 out of 10. Significantly (p < 0.001) more sensors were impaired in patients with aminoglycoside-related BVL (8.1 ± 1.2) or Inner-Ear Infections (8.7 ± 1.8) compared with Menière-related BVL (5.5 ± 1.5).DiscussionHierarchical cluster analysis may help differentiate characteristic patterns of BVL. With a prevalence of ≈80%, utricular and/or saccular impairment is frequent in BVL. The extent of SCC and otolith impairment was disease-dependent, showing most extensive damage in BVL related to Inner-Ear Infection and aminoglycoside-exposure and more selective impairment in Menière’s disease. Specifically, assessing utricular function may help in the distinction between aminoglycoside-related BVL and bilateral Menière’s disease

Alexander A Tarnutzer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • hierarchical cluster analysis of semicircular canal and otolith deficits in bilateral vestibulopathy
    Frontiers in Neurology, 2018
    Co-Authors: Alexander A Tarnutzer, Christopher J Bockisch, Elena Buffone, Konrad P Weber
    Abstract:

    Background Gait imbalance and oscillopsia are frequent complaints of bilateral vestibular loss (BLV). Video-head-impulse testing (vHIT) of all six semicircular canals (SCCs) has demonstrated varying involvement of the different canals. Sparing of anterior-canal function has been linked to aminoglycoside-related vestibulopathy and Meniere's disease. We hypothesized that utricular and saccular impairment [assessed by vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs)] may be disease-specific also, possibly facilitating the differential diagnosis. Methods We sEarched our vHIT database ( = 3,271) for patients with bilaterally impaired SCC function who also received ocular VEMPs (oVEMPs) and cervical VEMPs (cVEMPs) and identified 101 patients. oVEMP/cVEMP latencies above the 95th percentile and peak-to-peak amplitudes below the 5th percentile of normal were considered abnormal. Frequency of impairment of vestibular end organs (horizontal/anterior/posterior SCC, utriculus/sacculus) was analyzed with hierarchical cluster analysis and correlated with the underlying etiology. Results Rates of utricular and saccular loss of function were similar (87.1 vs. 78.2%,  = 0.136, Fisher's exact test). oVEMP abnormalities were found more frequent in aminoglycoside-related bilateral vestibular loss (BVL) compared with Meniere's disease (91.7 vs. 54.6%,  = 0.039). Hierarchical cluster analysis indicated distinct patterns of vestibular end-organ impairment, showing that the results for the same end-organs on both sides are more similar than to other end-organs. Relative sparing of anterior-canal function was reflected in late merging with the other end-organs, emphasizing their distinct state. An anatomically corresponding pattern of SCC/otolith hypofunction was present in 60.4% (oVEMPs vs. horizontal SCCs), 34.7% (oVEMPs vs. anterior SCCs), and 48.5% (cVEMPs vs. posterior SCCs) of cases. Average (±1 SD) number of damaged sensors was 6.8 ± 2.2 out of 10. Significantly ( < 0.001) more sensors were impaired in patients with aminoglycoside-related BVL (8.1 ± 1.2) or Inner-Ear Infections (8.7 ± 1.8) compared with Meniere-related BVL (5.5 ± 1.5). Discussion Hierarchical cluster analysis may help differentiate characteristic patterns of BVL. With a prevalence of ≈80%, utricular and/or saccular impairment is frequent in BVL. The extent of SCC and otolith impairment was disease-dependent, showing most extensive damage in BVL related to Inner-Ear Infection and aminoglycoside-exposure and more selective impairment in Meniere's disease. Specifically, assessing utricular function may help in the distinction between aminoglycoside-related BVL and bilateral Meniere's disease.

  • Hierarchical Cluster Analysis of Semicircular Canal and Otolith Deficits in Bilateral Vestibulopathy
    Frontiers Media S.A., 2018
    Co-Authors: Alexander A Tarnutzer, Christopher J Bockisch, Elena Buffone, Konrad P Weber
    Abstract:

    BackgroundGait imbalance and oscillopsia are frequent complaints of bilateral vestibular loss (BLV). Video-head-impulse testing (vHIT) of all six semicircular canals (SCCs) has demonstrated varying involvement of the different canals. Sparing of anterior-canal function has been linked to aminoglycoside-related vestibulopathy and Menière’s disease. We hypothesized that utricular and saccular impairment [assessed by vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs)] may be disease-specific also, possibly facilitating the differential diagnosis.MethodsWe sEarched our vHIT database (n = 3,271) for patients with bilaterally impaired SCC function who also received ocular VEMPs (oVEMPs) and cervical VEMPs (cVEMPs) and identified 101 patients. oVEMP/cVEMP latencies above the 95th percentile and peak-to-peak amplitudes below the 5th percentile of normal were considered abnormal. Frequency of impairment of vestibular end organs (horizontal/anterior/posterior SCC, utriculus/sacculus) was analyzed with hierarchical cluster analysis and correlated with the underlying etiology.ResultsRates of utricular and saccular loss of function were similar (87.1 vs. 78.2%, p = 0.136, Fisher’s exact test). oVEMP abnormalities were found more frequent in aminoglycoside-related bilateral vestibular loss (BVL) compared with Menière’s disease (91.7 vs. 54.6%, p = 0.039). Hierarchical cluster analysis indicated distinct patterns of vestibular end-organ impairment, showing that the results for the same end-organs on both sides are more similar than to other end-organs. Relative sparing of anterior-canal function was reflected in late merging with the other end-organs, emphasizing their distinct state. An anatomically corresponding pattern of SCC/otolith hypofunction was present in 60.4% (oVEMPs vs. horizontal SCCs), 34.7% (oVEMPs vs. anterior SCCs), and 48.5% (cVEMPs vs. posterior SCCs) of cases. Average (±1 SD) number of damaged sensors was 6.8 ± 2.2 out of 10. Significantly (p < 0.001) more sensors were impaired in patients with aminoglycoside-related BVL (8.1 ± 1.2) or Inner-Ear Infections (8.7 ± 1.8) compared with Menière-related BVL (5.5 ± 1.5).DiscussionHierarchical cluster analysis may help differentiate characteristic patterns of BVL. With a prevalence of ≈80%, utricular and/or saccular impairment is frequent in BVL. The extent of SCC and otolith impairment was disease-dependent, showing most extensive damage in BVL related to Inner-Ear Infection and aminoglycoside-exposure and more selective impairment in Menière’s disease. Specifically, assessing utricular function may help in the distinction between aminoglycoside-related BVL and bilateral Menière’s disease

Christopher J Bockisch - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • hierarchical cluster analysis of semicircular canal and otolith deficits in bilateral vestibulopathy
    Frontiers in Neurology, 2018
    Co-Authors: Alexander A Tarnutzer, Christopher J Bockisch, Elena Buffone, Konrad P Weber
    Abstract:

    Background Gait imbalance and oscillopsia are frequent complaints of bilateral vestibular loss (BLV). Video-head-impulse testing (vHIT) of all six semicircular canals (SCCs) has demonstrated varying involvement of the different canals. Sparing of anterior-canal function has been linked to aminoglycoside-related vestibulopathy and Meniere's disease. We hypothesized that utricular and saccular impairment [assessed by vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs)] may be disease-specific also, possibly facilitating the differential diagnosis. Methods We sEarched our vHIT database ( = 3,271) for patients with bilaterally impaired SCC function who also received ocular VEMPs (oVEMPs) and cervical VEMPs (cVEMPs) and identified 101 patients. oVEMP/cVEMP latencies above the 95th percentile and peak-to-peak amplitudes below the 5th percentile of normal were considered abnormal. Frequency of impairment of vestibular end organs (horizontal/anterior/posterior SCC, utriculus/sacculus) was analyzed with hierarchical cluster analysis and correlated with the underlying etiology. Results Rates of utricular and saccular loss of function were similar (87.1 vs. 78.2%,  = 0.136, Fisher's exact test). oVEMP abnormalities were found more frequent in aminoglycoside-related bilateral vestibular loss (BVL) compared with Meniere's disease (91.7 vs. 54.6%,  = 0.039). Hierarchical cluster analysis indicated distinct patterns of vestibular end-organ impairment, showing that the results for the same end-organs on both sides are more similar than to other end-organs. Relative sparing of anterior-canal function was reflected in late merging with the other end-organs, emphasizing their distinct state. An anatomically corresponding pattern of SCC/otolith hypofunction was present in 60.4% (oVEMPs vs. horizontal SCCs), 34.7% (oVEMPs vs. anterior SCCs), and 48.5% (cVEMPs vs. posterior SCCs) of cases. Average (±1 SD) number of damaged sensors was 6.8 ± 2.2 out of 10. Significantly ( < 0.001) more sensors were impaired in patients with aminoglycoside-related BVL (8.1 ± 1.2) or Inner-Ear Infections (8.7 ± 1.8) compared with Meniere-related BVL (5.5 ± 1.5). Discussion Hierarchical cluster analysis may help differentiate characteristic patterns of BVL. With a prevalence of ≈80%, utricular and/or saccular impairment is frequent in BVL. The extent of SCC and otolith impairment was disease-dependent, showing most extensive damage in BVL related to Inner-Ear Infection and aminoglycoside-exposure and more selective impairment in Meniere's disease. Specifically, assessing utricular function may help in the distinction between aminoglycoside-related BVL and bilateral Meniere's disease.

  • Hierarchical Cluster Analysis of Semicircular Canal and Otolith Deficits in Bilateral Vestibulopathy
    Frontiers Media S.A., 2018
    Co-Authors: Alexander A Tarnutzer, Christopher J Bockisch, Elena Buffone, Konrad P Weber
    Abstract:

    BackgroundGait imbalance and oscillopsia are frequent complaints of bilateral vestibular loss (BLV). Video-head-impulse testing (vHIT) of all six semicircular canals (SCCs) has demonstrated varying involvement of the different canals. Sparing of anterior-canal function has been linked to aminoglycoside-related vestibulopathy and Menière’s disease. We hypothesized that utricular and saccular impairment [assessed by vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs)] may be disease-specific also, possibly facilitating the differential diagnosis.MethodsWe sEarched our vHIT database (n = 3,271) for patients with bilaterally impaired SCC function who also received ocular VEMPs (oVEMPs) and cervical VEMPs (cVEMPs) and identified 101 patients. oVEMP/cVEMP latencies above the 95th percentile and peak-to-peak amplitudes below the 5th percentile of normal were considered abnormal. Frequency of impairment of vestibular end organs (horizontal/anterior/posterior SCC, utriculus/sacculus) was analyzed with hierarchical cluster analysis and correlated with the underlying etiology.ResultsRates of utricular and saccular loss of function were similar (87.1 vs. 78.2%, p = 0.136, Fisher’s exact test). oVEMP abnormalities were found more frequent in aminoglycoside-related bilateral vestibular loss (BVL) compared with Menière’s disease (91.7 vs. 54.6%, p = 0.039). Hierarchical cluster analysis indicated distinct patterns of vestibular end-organ impairment, showing that the results for the same end-organs on both sides are more similar than to other end-organs. Relative sparing of anterior-canal function was reflected in late merging with the other end-organs, emphasizing their distinct state. An anatomically corresponding pattern of SCC/otolith hypofunction was present in 60.4% (oVEMPs vs. horizontal SCCs), 34.7% (oVEMPs vs. anterior SCCs), and 48.5% (cVEMPs vs. posterior SCCs) of cases. Average (±1 SD) number of damaged sensors was 6.8 ± 2.2 out of 10. Significantly (p < 0.001) more sensors were impaired in patients with aminoglycoside-related BVL (8.1 ± 1.2) or Inner-Ear Infections (8.7 ± 1.8) compared with Menière-related BVL (5.5 ± 1.5).DiscussionHierarchical cluster analysis may help differentiate characteristic patterns of BVL. With a prevalence of ≈80%, utricular and/or saccular impairment is frequent in BVL. The extent of SCC and otolith impairment was disease-dependent, showing most extensive damage in BVL related to Inner-Ear Infection and aminoglycoside-exposure and more selective impairment in Menière’s disease. Specifically, assessing utricular function may help in the distinction between aminoglycoside-related BVL and bilateral Menière’s disease

Tiziana Lazzarotto - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • human fetal Inner Ear involvement in congenital cytomegalovirus Infection
    Acta neuropathologica communications, 2013
    Co-Authors: Liliana Gabrielli, Maria Paola Bonasoni, Donatella Santini, Giulia Piccirilli, Angela Chiereghin, Brunella Guerra, Maria Paola Landini, Maria Grazia Capretti, Marcello Lanari, Tiziana Lazzarotto
    Abstract:

    Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) Infection is a leading cause of sensorineural hEaring loss (SNHL). The mechanisms of pathogenesis of CMV-related SNHL are still unclEar. The aim is to study congenital CMV-related damage in the fetal Inner Ear, in order to better understand the underlying pathophysiology behind CMV-SNHL. We studied Inner Ears and brains of 20 human fetuses, all at 21 week gestational age, with a high viral load in the amniotic fluid, with and without ultrasound (US) brain abnormalities. We evaluated histological brain damage, Inner Ear Infection, local inflammatory response and tissue viral load. Immunohistochemistry revealed that CMV was positive in 14/20 brains (70%) and in the Inner Ears of 9/20 fetuses (45%). In the cases with Inner Ear Infection, the marginal cell layer of the stria vascularis was always infected, followed by Infection in the Reissner’s membrane. The highest tissue viral load was observed in the Inner Ear with infected Organ of Corti. Vestibular labyrinth showed CMV Infection of sensory cells in the utricle and in the crista ampullaris. US cerebral anomalies were detected in 6 cases, and in all those cases, the Inner Ear was always involved. In the other 14 cases with normal brain scan, histological brain damage was present in 8 fetuses and 3 of them presented Inner Ear Infection. CMV-Infection of the marginal cell layer of the stria vascularis may alter potassium and ion circulation, dissipating the endocochlEar potential with consequent SNHL. Although abnormal cerebral US is highly predictive of brain and Inner Ear damage, normal US findings cannot exclude them either.

Elena Buffone - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • hierarchical cluster analysis of semicircular canal and otolith deficits in bilateral vestibulopathy
    Frontiers in Neurology, 2018
    Co-Authors: Alexander A Tarnutzer, Christopher J Bockisch, Elena Buffone, Konrad P Weber
    Abstract:

    Background Gait imbalance and oscillopsia are frequent complaints of bilateral vestibular loss (BLV). Video-head-impulse testing (vHIT) of all six semicircular canals (SCCs) has demonstrated varying involvement of the different canals. Sparing of anterior-canal function has been linked to aminoglycoside-related vestibulopathy and Meniere's disease. We hypothesized that utricular and saccular impairment [assessed by vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs)] may be disease-specific also, possibly facilitating the differential diagnosis. Methods We sEarched our vHIT database ( = 3,271) for patients with bilaterally impaired SCC function who also received ocular VEMPs (oVEMPs) and cervical VEMPs (cVEMPs) and identified 101 patients. oVEMP/cVEMP latencies above the 95th percentile and peak-to-peak amplitudes below the 5th percentile of normal were considered abnormal. Frequency of impairment of vestibular end organs (horizontal/anterior/posterior SCC, utriculus/sacculus) was analyzed with hierarchical cluster analysis and correlated with the underlying etiology. Results Rates of utricular and saccular loss of function were similar (87.1 vs. 78.2%,  = 0.136, Fisher's exact test). oVEMP abnormalities were found more frequent in aminoglycoside-related bilateral vestibular loss (BVL) compared with Meniere's disease (91.7 vs. 54.6%,  = 0.039). Hierarchical cluster analysis indicated distinct patterns of vestibular end-organ impairment, showing that the results for the same end-organs on both sides are more similar than to other end-organs. Relative sparing of anterior-canal function was reflected in late merging with the other end-organs, emphasizing their distinct state. An anatomically corresponding pattern of SCC/otolith hypofunction was present in 60.4% (oVEMPs vs. horizontal SCCs), 34.7% (oVEMPs vs. anterior SCCs), and 48.5% (cVEMPs vs. posterior SCCs) of cases. Average (±1 SD) number of damaged sensors was 6.8 ± 2.2 out of 10. Significantly ( < 0.001) more sensors were impaired in patients with aminoglycoside-related BVL (8.1 ± 1.2) or Inner-Ear Infections (8.7 ± 1.8) compared with Meniere-related BVL (5.5 ± 1.5). Discussion Hierarchical cluster analysis may help differentiate characteristic patterns of BVL. With a prevalence of ≈80%, utricular and/or saccular impairment is frequent in BVL. The extent of SCC and otolith impairment was disease-dependent, showing most extensive damage in BVL related to Inner-Ear Infection and aminoglycoside-exposure and more selective impairment in Meniere's disease. Specifically, assessing utricular function may help in the distinction between aminoglycoside-related BVL and bilateral Meniere's disease.

  • Hierarchical Cluster Analysis of Semicircular Canal and Otolith Deficits in Bilateral Vestibulopathy
    Frontiers Media S.A., 2018
    Co-Authors: Alexander A Tarnutzer, Christopher J Bockisch, Elena Buffone, Konrad P Weber
    Abstract:

    BackgroundGait imbalance and oscillopsia are frequent complaints of bilateral vestibular loss (BLV). Video-head-impulse testing (vHIT) of all six semicircular canals (SCCs) has demonstrated varying involvement of the different canals. Sparing of anterior-canal function has been linked to aminoglycoside-related vestibulopathy and Menière’s disease. We hypothesized that utricular and saccular impairment [assessed by vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs)] may be disease-specific also, possibly facilitating the differential diagnosis.MethodsWe sEarched our vHIT database (n = 3,271) for patients with bilaterally impaired SCC function who also received ocular VEMPs (oVEMPs) and cervical VEMPs (cVEMPs) and identified 101 patients. oVEMP/cVEMP latencies above the 95th percentile and peak-to-peak amplitudes below the 5th percentile of normal were considered abnormal. Frequency of impairment of vestibular end organs (horizontal/anterior/posterior SCC, utriculus/sacculus) was analyzed with hierarchical cluster analysis and correlated with the underlying etiology.ResultsRates of utricular and saccular loss of function were similar (87.1 vs. 78.2%, p = 0.136, Fisher’s exact test). oVEMP abnormalities were found more frequent in aminoglycoside-related bilateral vestibular loss (BVL) compared with Menière’s disease (91.7 vs. 54.6%, p = 0.039). Hierarchical cluster analysis indicated distinct patterns of vestibular end-organ impairment, showing that the results for the same end-organs on both sides are more similar than to other end-organs. Relative sparing of anterior-canal function was reflected in late merging with the other end-organs, emphasizing their distinct state. An anatomically corresponding pattern of SCC/otolith hypofunction was present in 60.4% (oVEMPs vs. horizontal SCCs), 34.7% (oVEMPs vs. anterior SCCs), and 48.5% (cVEMPs vs. posterior SCCs) of cases. Average (±1 SD) number of damaged sensors was 6.8 ± 2.2 out of 10. Significantly (p < 0.001) more sensors were impaired in patients with aminoglycoside-related BVL (8.1 ± 1.2) or Inner-Ear Infections (8.7 ± 1.8) compared with Menière-related BVL (5.5 ± 1.5).DiscussionHierarchical cluster analysis may help differentiate characteristic patterns of BVL. With a prevalence of ≈80%, utricular and/or saccular impairment is frequent in BVL. The extent of SCC and otolith impairment was disease-dependent, showing most extensive damage in BVL related to Inner-Ear Infection and aminoglycoside-exposure and more selective impairment in Menière’s disease. Specifically, assessing utricular function may help in the distinction between aminoglycoside-related BVL and bilateral Menière’s disease