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Francisco Cabrera - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Metal accumulation in soil after application of municipal solid waste compost under Intensive Farming conditions
Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 2007Co-Authors: F. Madrid, Rafael López, Francisco CabreraAbstract:Intensive Farming generally needs large additions of organic matter (OM) to avoid losses of fertility or low yields. Application of compost is a common source of OM for agricultural soils. Metal accumulation and DTPA-extractability in a sandy soil after three successive applications of municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) under Intensive Farming conditions are described in this paper. MSWC was applied for three consecutive crops in a plot of the soil in a greenhouse at a rate of 2.1, 2.1, and 1.8 kg m-2 on a dry matter basis, respectively. One more crop was planted, but no compost was applied to monitor residual effects of the treatment. A control plot did not receive any compost during the experiment. As is done in actual agricultural practice, a rotation of crops was used during the experiment. Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) was the first crop, followed by zucchini (Cucurbita pepo var. melopepo), green pepper (Capsicum annuum), and finally tomato again. The experiment lasted 2 years and 7 months. Although moderate rates of MSWC were used and metal content of the compost was below the legal limits in Spain, increases in metal contents were observed in the soil, compared with the control treatment without the MSWC. After the second application of compost, increases in aqua regia-extractable (pseudo-total content) Zn and Pb were found in the 0-25 cm layer, and after the third application, Cu and Ni contents were also increased. Furthermore, increases in DTPA-extractable (available content) concentrations of metal contents were observed at higher rates than in aqua-regia extractable contents, suggesting that metals added with compost were more available than native metals in soils. In the 25-50 cm depth in the soil, increases due to MSWC also were found for aqua regia- and DTPA-extractable Zn and Pb after three applications of MSWC. The increases in the available fraction of the metal after MSWC application, the sandy characteristics of the soil, and the high irrigation rate could have favoured metal leaching through the soil profile. The results suggest that Spanish legislation for allowable limits of metals in MSWC is not protective enough, and lower limits in compost are necessary.Peer Reviewe
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Metal accumulation in soil after application of municipal solid waste compost under Intensive Farming conditions
Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 2006Co-Authors: F. Madrid, Rafael López, Francisco CabreraAbstract:Abstract Intensive Farming generally needs large additions of organic matter (OM) to avoid losses of fertility or low yields. Application of compost is a common source of OM for agricultural soils. Metal accumulation and DTPA-extractability in a sandy soil after three successive applications of municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) under Intensive Farming conditions are described in this paper. MSWC was applied for three consecutive crops in a plot of the soil in a greenhouse at a rate of 2.1, 2.1, and 1.8 kg m −2 on a dry matter basis, respectively. One more crop was planted, but no compost was applied to monitor residual effects of the treatment. A control plot did not receive any compost during the experiment. As is done in actual agricultural practice, a rotation of crops was used during the experiment. Tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum ) was the first crop, followed by zucchini ( Cucurbita pepo var. melopepo ), green pepper ( Capsicum annuum ), and finally tomato again. The experiment lasted 2 years and 7 months. Although moderate rates of MSWC were used and metal content of the compost was below the legal limits in Spain, increases in metal contents were observed in the soil, compared with the control treatment without the MSWC. After the second application of compost, increases in aqua regia-extractable (pseudo-total content) Zn and Pb were found in the 0–25 cm layer, and after the third application, Cu and Ni contents were also increased. Furthermore, increases in DTPA-extractable (available content) concentrations of metal contents were observed at higher rates than in aqua-regia extractable contents, suggesting that metals added with compost were more available than native metals in soils. In the 25–50 cm depth in the soil, increases due to MSWC also were found for aqua regia- and DTPA-extractable Zn and Pb after three applications of MSWC. The increases in the available fraction of the metal after MSWC application, the sandy characteristics of the soil, and the high irrigation rate could have favoured metal leaching through the soil profile. The results suggest that Spanish legislation for allowable limits of metals in MSWC is not protective enough, and lower limits in compost are necessary.
F. Madrid - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Metal accumulation in soil after application of municipal solid waste compost under Intensive Farming conditions
Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 2007Co-Authors: F. Madrid, Rafael López, Francisco CabreraAbstract:Intensive Farming generally needs large additions of organic matter (OM) to avoid losses of fertility or low yields. Application of compost is a common source of OM for agricultural soils. Metal accumulation and DTPA-extractability in a sandy soil after three successive applications of municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) under Intensive Farming conditions are described in this paper. MSWC was applied for three consecutive crops in a plot of the soil in a greenhouse at a rate of 2.1, 2.1, and 1.8 kg m-2 on a dry matter basis, respectively. One more crop was planted, but no compost was applied to monitor residual effects of the treatment. A control plot did not receive any compost during the experiment. As is done in actual agricultural practice, a rotation of crops was used during the experiment. Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) was the first crop, followed by zucchini (Cucurbita pepo var. melopepo), green pepper (Capsicum annuum), and finally tomato again. The experiment lasted 2 years and 7 months. Although moderate rates of MSWC were used and metal content of the compost was below the legal limits in Spain, increases in metal contents were observed in the soil, compared with the control treatment without the MSWC. After the second application of compost, increases in aqua regia-extractable (pseudo-total content) Zn and Pb were found in the 0-25 cm layer, and after the third application, Cu and Ni contents were also increased. Furthermore, increases in DTPA-extractable (available content) concentrations of metal contents were observed at higher rates than in aqua-regia extractable contents, suggesting that metals added with compost were more available than native metals in soils. In the 25-50 cm depth in the soil, increases due to MSWC also were found for aqua regia- and DTPA-extractable Zn and Pb after three applications of MSWC. The increases in the available fraction of the metal after MSWC application, the sandy characteristics of the soil, and the high irrigation rate could have favoured metal leaching through the soil profile. The results suggest that Spanish legislation for allowable limits of metals in MSWC is not protective enough, and lower limits in compost are necessary.Peer Reviewe
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Metal accumulation in soil after application of municipal solid waste compost under Intensive Farming conditions
Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 2006Co-Authors: F. Madrid, Rafael López, Francisco CabreraAbstract:Abstract Intensive Farming generally needs large additions of organic matter (OM) to avoid losses of fertility or low yields. Application of compost is a common source of OM for agricultural soils. Metal accumulation and DTPA-extractability in a sandy soil after three successive applications of municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) under Intensive Farming conditions are described in this paper. MSWC was applied for three consecutive crops in a plot of the soil in a greenhouse at a rate of 2.1, 2.1, and 1.8 kg m −2 on a dry matter basis, respectively. One more crop was planted, but no compost was applied to monitor residual effects of the treatment. A control plot did not receive any compost during the experiment. As is done in actual agricultural practice, a rotation of crops was used during the experiment. Tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum ) was the first crop, followed by zucchini ( Cucurbita pepo var. melopepo ), green pepper ( Capsicum annuum ), and finally tomato again. The experiment lasted 2 years and 7 months. Although moderate rates of MSWC were used and metal content of the compost was below the legal limits in Spain, increases in metal contents were observed in the soil, compared with the control treatment without the MSWC. After the second application of compost, increases in aqua regia-extractable (pseudo-total content) Zn and Pb were found in the 0–25 cm layer, and after the third application, Cu and Ni contents were also increased. Furthermore, increases in DTPA-extractable (available content) concentrations of metal contents were observed at higher rates than in aqua-regia extractable contents, suggesting that metals added with compost were more available than native metals in soils. In the 25–50 cm depth in the soil, increases due to MSWC also were found for aqua regia- and DTPA-extractable Zn and Pb after three applications of MSWC. The increases in the available fraction of the metal after MSWC application, the sandy characteristics of the soil, and the high irrigation rate could have favoured metal leaching through the soil profile. The results suggest that Spanish legislation for allowable limits of metals in MSWC is not protective enough, and lower limits in compost are necessary.
Rafael López - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Metal accumulation in soil after application of municipal solid waste compost under Intensive Farming conditions
Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 2007Co-Authors: F. Madrid, Rafael López, Francisco CabreraAbstract:Intensive Farming generally needs large additions of organic matter (OM) to avoid losses of fertility or low yields. Application of compost is a common source of OM for agricultural soils. Metal accumulation and DTPA-extractability in a sandy soil after three successive applications of municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) under Intensive Farming conditions are described in this paper. MSWC was applied for three consecutive crops in a plot of the soil in a greenhouse at a rate of 2.1, 2.1, and 1.8 kg m-2 on a dry matter basis, respectively. One more crop was planted, but no compost was applied to monitor residual effects of the treatment. A control plot did not receive any compost during the experiment. As is done in actual agricultural practice, a rotation of crops was used during the experiment. Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) was the first crop, followed by zucchini (Cucurbita pepo var. melopepo), green pepper (Capsicum annuum), and finally tomato again. The experiment lasted 2 years and 7 months. Although moderate rates of MSWC were used and metal content of the compost was below the legal limits in Spain, increases in metal contents were observed in the soil, compared with the control treatment without the MSWC. After the second application of compost, increases in aqua regia-extractable (pseudo-total content) Zn and Pb were found in the 0-25 cm layer, and after the third application, Cu and Ni contents were also increased. Furthermore, increases in DTPA-extractable (available content) concentrations of metal contents were observed at higher rates than in aqua-regia extractable contents, suggesting that metals added with compost were more available than native metals in soils. In the 25-50 cm depth in the soil, increases due to MSWC also were found for aqua regia- and DTPA-extractable Zn and Pb after three applications of MSWC. The increases in the available fraction of the metal after MSWC application, the sandy characteristics of the soil, and the high irrigation rate could have favoured metal leaching through the soil profile. The results suggest that Spanish legislation for allowable limits of metals in MSWC is not protective enough, and lower limits in compost are necessary.Peer Reviewe
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Metal accumulation in soil after application of municipal solid waste compost under Intensive Farming conditions
Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 2006Co-Authors: F. Madrid, Rafael López, Francisco CabreraAbstract:Abstract Intensive Farming generally needs large additions of organic matter (OM) to avoid losses of fertility or low yields. Application of compost is a common source of OM for agricultural soils. Metal accumulation and DTPA-extractability in a sandy soil after three successive applications of municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) under Intensive Farming conditions are described in this paper. MSWC was applied for three consecutive crops in a plot of the soil in a greenhouse at a rate of 2.1, 2.1, and 1.8 kg m −2 on a dry matter basis, respectively. One more crop was planted, but no compost was applied to monitor residual effects of the treatment. A control plot did not receive any compost during the experiment. As is done in actual agricultural practice, a rotation of crops was used during the experiment. Tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum ) was the first crop, followed by zucchini ( Cucurbita pepo var. melopepo ), green pepper ( Capsicum annuum ), and finally tomato again. The experiment lasted 2 years and 7 months. Although moderate rates of MSWC were used and metal content of the compost was below the legal limits in Spain, increases in metal contents were observed in the soil, compared with the control treatment without the MSWC. After the second application of compost, increases in aqua regia-extractable (pseudo-total content) Zn and Pb were found in the 0–25 cm layer, and after the third application, Cu and Ni contents were also increased. Furthermore, increases in DTPA-extractable (available content) concentrations of metal contents were observed at higher rates than in aqua-regia extractable contents, suggesting that metals added with compost were more available than native metals in soils. In the 25–50 cm depth in the soil, increases due to MSWC also were found for aqua regia- and DTPA-extractable Zn and Pb after three applications of MSWC. The increases in the available fraction of the metal after MSWC application, the sandy characteristics of the soil, and the high irrigation rate could have favoured metal leaching through the soil profile. The results suggest that Spanish legislation for allowable limits of metals in MSWC is not protective enough, and lower limits in compost are necessary.
Adèle Mennerat - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Evolution of virulence under Intensive Farming: salmon lice increase skin lesions and reduce host growth in salmon farms.
Journal of evolutionary biology, 2017Co-Authors: M S Ugelvik, Arne Skorping, O. Moberg, Adèle MenneratAbstract:Parasites rely on resources from a host and are selected to achieve an optimal combination of transmission and virulence. Human-induced changes in parasite ecology, such as Intensive Farming of hosts, might not only favour increased parasite abundances, but also alter the selection acting on parasites and lead to life-history evolution. The trade-off between transmission and virulence could be affected by Intensive Farming practices such as high host density and the use of antiparasitic drugs, which might lead to increased virulence in some host–parasite systems. To test this, we therefore infected Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts with salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) sampled either from wild or farmed hosts in a laboratory experiment. We compared growth and skin damage (i.e. proxies for virulence) of hosts infected with either wild or farmed lice and found that, compared to lice sampled from wild hosts in unfarmed areas, those originating from farmed fish were more harmful; they inflicted more skin damage to their hosts and reduced relative host weight gain to a greater extent. We advocate that more evolutionary studies should be carried out using farmed animals as study species, given the current increase in Intensive food production practices that might be compared to a global experiment in parasite evolution.
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Intensive Farming: Evolutionary Implications for Parasites and Pathogens
Evolutionary Biology, 2010Co-Authors: Adèle Mennerat, Frank Nilsen, Dieter Ebert, Arne SkorpingAbstract:An increasing number of scientists have recently raised concerns about the threat posed by human intervention on the evolution of parasites and disease agents. New parasites (including pathogens) keep emerging and parasites which previously were considered to be ‘under control’ are re-emerging, sometimes in highly virulent forms. This re-emergence may be parasite evolution, driven by human activity, including ecological changes related to modern agricultural practices. Intensive Farming creates conditions for parasite growth and transmission drastically different from what parasites experience in wild host populations and may therefore alter selection on various traits, such as life-history traits and virulence. Although recent epidemic outbreaks highlight the risks associated with Intensive Farming practices, most work has focused on reducing the short-term economic losses imposed by parasites, such as application of chemotherapy. Most of the research on parasite evolution has been conducted using laboratory model systems, often unrelated to economically important systems. Here, we review the possible evolutionary consequences of Intensive Farming by relating current knowledge of the evolution of parasite life-history and virulence with specific conditions experienced by parasites on farms. We show that Intensive Farming practices are likely to select for fast-growing, early-transmitted, and hence probably more virulent parasites. As an illustration, we consider the case of the fish Farming industry, a branch of Intensive Farming which has dramatically expanded recently and present evidence that supports the idea that Intensive Farming conditions increase parasite virulence. We suggest that more studies should focus on the impact of Intensive Farming on parasite evolution in order to build currently lacking, but necessary bridges between academia and decision-makers.
Ugo De Corato - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Agricultural waste recycling in horticultural Intensive Farming systems by on-farm composting and compost-based tea application improves soil quality and plant health: A review under the perspective of a circular economy.
The Science of the total environment, 2020Co-Authors: Ugo De CoratoAbstract:Abstract The vegetables supply chain of Intensive Farming systems has gained huge relevance due to environmental pollution, residual toxicity towards microorganisms and humans, development of plant pathogen resistance, biodiversity loss, and hazard to human health. Studies addressed to clean from misuse of plant fungicides, soil fumigants, and fertilizers have encouraged the search of eco-friendly alternatives. This paper aims to give deeper understand of new insights for on-farm composting and compost-based tea application for soil and plant through the virtuous reuse of agricultural waste. On-farm composting is viable option thanks to benefits on soil quality and plant health which valorize underused biomass. This paper critically discusses and compares the most promising technologies in order to recycle in situ residual biomass into high-value added products for soil amendment (compost) and plant treatment (compost-based tea). Compost contains minerals, heavy metals, humic substances, and endogenous microorganisms to improve soil quality. Compost application had many benefits against plant pathogens and diseases due to innovative tailored formulates. Compost can be employed either alone or in combination with exogenous microbial consortia (protists, fungi, oomycetes, yeast, actinomycetes, and bacteria) acting as biological control agents by fitting the agrochemical market requirements for improving soil quality and plant health. Liquid formulations made of crude compost-based teas and/or tailored mixtures of humic acids, fulvic acids, humin, macro-micronutrients, and endogenous microbiota have many benefits for plant growth and crop health. Nonetheless, the complex European regulations and national laws, manure surplus, variability in availability and transporting of compost, variability in compost quality and feedstock composition, greenhouse gas emissions, and energy requirement were very hard barriers for on-farm composting and compost derivatives application. Recommendations, novelties, innovations, sustainability, and directions of future researches that may help to solve a number of these issues under the new perspective of a circular economy system were presented and discussed.