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Michael A Hogg - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the sage handbook of social psychology
2003Co-Authors: Michael A Hogg, Joel CooperAbstract:Preface and Introduction - Michael A Hogg and Joel Cooper PART ONE: HISTORY AND NATURE OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY A Century of Social Psychology - George R Goethals Individuals, Ideas and Investigations Questions and Comparisons - Phoebe C Ellsworth and Richard Gonzales Methods of Research in Social Psychology Honoring Culture Scientifically When Doing Social Psychology - Peter B Smith and Michael Harris Bond PART TWO: INDIVIDUAL PROCESSES Social Inference and Social Memory - Steven J Sherman et al The Interplay between Systems Stereotyping and Impression Formation - Kimberley A Quinn, C Neil Macrae and Galen V Bodenhausen How Categorical Thinking Shapes Person Perception Portraits of the Self - Constantine Sedikides and Aiden P Gregg Attitudes - Russell H Fazio and Michael A Olson Foundations, Functions and Consequences Affect and Emotion - Joseph P Forgas and Craig A Smith Attribution and Person Perception - Yaccov Trope and Ruth Gaunt PART THREE: INTERPERSONAL PROCESSES Attitude Change - Penny S Visser and Joel Cooper Language and Communication Processes - Kimberly A Noels, Howard Giles and Beth Le Poire Interpersonal Attraction and Intimate Relationships - Julie Fitness, Garth Fletcher and Nickola Overall Altruism and Helping Behavior - C Daniel Batson et al Human Aggression - Craig A Anderson and L Rowell Husemann A Social-Cognitive View PART FOUR: PROCESSES WITHIN GROUPS Social Performance - Kipling D Williams Stephen G Harkins and Steve J Karau Social-Influence Processes of Control and Change - Robin Martin and Miles Hewstone Conformity, Obedience to Authority and Innovation Group Composition - Richard L Moreland and John M Levine Explaining Similarities and Differences among Group Members Group Decision Making - R Scott Tindale, Tatsuya Kameda and Verlin B Hinsz PART FIVE: Intergroup PROCESSES AND SOCIETY Intergroup Behavior and Social Identity - Michael A Hogg and Dominic Abrams The Social Psychology of Cultural Diversity - Stephen C Wright and Donald M Taylor Social Stereotyping, Prejudice and Discrimination Enacting Justice - John Darley, Tom R Tyler and Kenworthey Bliz The Interplay of Individual and Institutional Perspectives Come One, Come All - Stephen Worchel Toward Understanding the Process of Collective Behavior Mental Models of Negotiation - Leigh Thompson and Jeff Loewenstein Descriptive, Prescriptive and Paradigmatic Implications
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Intergroup relations essential readings
2001Co-Authors: Michael A Hogg, Dominic AbramsAbstract:About the Editors. Preface. Acknowledgments. Volume Overview, M. Hogg and D.Abrams. Part 1: Personality and Individual Differences, Personality and Sociocultural Factors in Intergroup Attitudes: A Cross-national Comparison T. Pettigrew. Social Dominance Orientation: A Personality Variable Predicting Social and Political Attitudes, F. Pratto, J. Sidanius, L. M. Stallworth, and B. Malle. Part 2: Goal Relations and Interdependence, Superordinate Goals in the Reduction of Intergroup Conflicts. M. Sherif, Perceptions of Racial Group Competition: Extending Blumer's Theory of Group Position to a Multiracial Social Context, L. Bobo and V. Hutchings. Part 3: Social Identity and Self-Categorization, An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflicts, H. Tajfel and J. Turner, Intergroup Relations and Group Solidarity: Effects of Group Identification and Social Beliefs on Depersonalized Attraction, M. Hogg and S. Hains, Part 4: Intergroup Attitudes and Explanations, Social Stereotypes and Social Groups, H. Tajfel. Affirmative Action, Unintentional Racial Biases, and Intergroup Relations, J. Dovidio and S. Gaertner. The Ultimate Attribution Error: Extending Allport's Cognitive Analysis of Prejudice, T. Pettigrew, Part 5: Intergroup Behavior and Discrimination, Experiments in Intergroup Discimination, H. Tajfel, Intergroup Discrimination in Positive and Negative Outcome Allocations: Impact of Stimulus Valence, Relative Group Status, and Relative Group Size, S. Otten, A. Mummendey, and M. Blanz, Understanding Why the Justice of Group Procedures Matters: A Test of the Psychological Dynamics of the Group-Value Model, T. Tyler, P. DeGoey, and H. Smith. Part 6: Motives for Group Membership and Intergroup Behavior, Comments on the Motivational Status of Self-Esteem in Social Identity and Intergroup, Discrimination, D. Abrams and M. Hogg. The Social Self: On Being the Same and Different at the Same Time, M. Brewer. Negotiating Social Identity When Contexts Change: Maintaining Identification and Responding to Threat, K. Ethier and K. Deaux. Part 7: Influence in Intergroup Context, Knowing What to Think by Knowing Who You Are: Self-Categorization ad the Nature of Norm Function, Conformity, ad Group Polarization, D. Abrams, M. Wetherell, S. Cochrane, M. Hogg, and J. Turner, Studies in Social Influence: V Minority Influence and Conversion Behavior in a Perceptual Task, S. Moscovici and B. Personnaz. Part 8: Disadvantage, Relative Deprivation, and Social Protest, The St. Pauls Riot: An Explanation of the Limits of Crowd Action in Terms of a Social Identity Model, S. D. Reicher. Race and Relative Deprivation in the Urban United States, R. D. Vaneman, and T. Pettigrew. Responding to Membership in a Disadvantaged Group S. Wright, D.M. Taylor, and F. Moghaddam. Part 9: Intergroup Contact and Social Harmony, Reducing Intergroup Bias: The Benefits of Recategorization, S. Gaertner, J.Man, A. Murrell, J. Dovidio, Intergroup Contact: The Typical Member ad the Exception to the Rule, D. Wilder, Dimensions of Contact as Predictors of Intergroup Anxiety, Perceived Outgroup Variability, and Outgroup Attitude: An Integrative Model, M. Rabiul Islam and M. Hewstone, References, Appendix: How to Read a Journal Article in Social Psychology, C. H. Jordan and M. Zanna, Author Index, Subject Index.
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subjective uncertainty reduction through self categorization a motivational theory of social identity processes
European Review of Social Psychology, 2000Co-Authors: Michael A HoggAbstract:A motivational extension of social identity theory is proposed: the uncertainty reduction hypothesis. Building on social identity theory and self-categorization theory, a subjective uncertainty reduction model of motivation associated with social identity process and group and Intergroup Behavior is developed and described. Contextually generated subjective uncertainty about important, usually self-conceptually relevant, matters motivates uncertainty reduction. The processes of self-categorization and prototypical depersonalization responsible for social identification and group Behaviors are well suited to subjective uncertainty reduction; they contextually assimilate self to a prescriptive prototype that guides and consensually validates perception, cognition, affect and Behavior. Group membership, social category-based self-conceptualization, group Behavior, and Intergroup relations are motivated by uncertainty reduction. Contextual uncertainty can be reduced by group membership and group action. This ...
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a tale of two theories a critical comparison of identity theory with social identity theory
Social Psychology Quarterly, 1995Co-Authors: Michael A Hogg, Deborah J Terry, Katherine M WhiteAbstract:Identity theory and social identity theory are two remarkably similar perspectives on the dynamic mediation of the socially constructed self between individual Behavior and social structure. Yet there is almost no systematic communication between these two perspectivies; they occupy parallel bur separate universes. This article describes both theories, summarizes their similarities, critically discusses their differences and outlines some research directions. Against a background of metatheoretical similarity, we find marked differences in terms of 1) level of analysis, 2) the role of Intergroup Behavior, 3) the relationship between roles and groups, and 4) salience of social context and identity. Differences can be traced largely to the microsociological roots of identity theory and the psychological roots of social identity theory. Identiy theory may be more effective in dealing with chronic identities and with interpersonal social interaction, while social identity theory may be more useful in exploring Intergroup dimensions and in specifying the sociocognitive generative details of identity dynamics.
Mahzarin R Banaji - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Specificity and incremental predictive validity of implicit attitudes: studies of a race-based phenotype
'Springer Science and Business Media LLC', 2021Co-Authors: Benedek Kurdi, Timothy J Carroll, Mahzarin R BanajiAbstract:Abstract Four studies involving 2552 White American participants were conducted to investigate bias based on the race-based phenotype of hair texture. Specifically, we probed the existence and magnitude of bias in favor of Eurocentric (straight) over Afrocentric (curly) hair and its specificity in predicting responses to a legal decision involving the phenotype. Study 1 revealed an implicit preference, measured by an Implicit Association Test (IAT), favoring Eurocentric over Afrocentric hair texture among White Americans. This effect was not reducible to a Black/White implicit race attitude nor to mere perceptual preference favoring straight over curly hair. In Study 2, the phenotype (hair) IAT significantly and uniquely predicted expressions of support in response to an actual legal case that involved discrimination on the basis of Afrocentric hair texture. Beyond replicating this result, Studies 3 and 4 (the latter preregistered) provided further, and even more stringent, evidence for incremental predictive validity: in both studies, the phenotype IAT was associated with support for a Black plaintiff above and beyond the effects of two parallel explicit scales and, additionally, a race attitude IAT. Overall, these studies support the idea that race bias may be uniquely detected by examining implicit attitudes elicited by group-based phenotypicality, such as hair texture. Moreover, the present results inform theoretical investigations of the correspondence principle in the context of implicit social cognition: they suggest that tailoring IATs to index specific aspects of an attitude object (e.g., by decomposition of phenotypes) can improve prediction of Intergroup Behavior
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relationship between the implicit association test and Intergroup Behavior a meta analysis
American Psychologist, 2019Co-Authors: Benedek Kurdi, Allison E Seitchik, Jordan Axt, Timothy J Carroll, Arpi Karapetyan, Neela Kaushik, Diana Tomezsko, Anthony G Greenwald, Mahzarin R BanajiAbstract:Using data from 217 research reports (N = 36,071, compared to 3,471 and 5,433 in previous meta-analyses), this meta-analysis investigated the conceptual and methodological conditions under which Implicit Association Tests (IATs) measuring attitudes, stereotypes, and identity correlate with criterion measures of Intergroup Behavior. We found significant implicit-criterion correlations (ICCs) and explicit-criterion correlations (ECCs), with unique contributions of implicit (β = .14) and explicit measures (β = .11) revealed by structural equation modeling. ICCs were found to be highly heterogeneous, making moderator analyses necessary. Basic study features or conceptual variables did not account for any heterogeneity: Unlike explicit measures, implicit measures predicted for all target groups and types of Behavior, and implicit, but not explicit, measures were equally associated with Behaviors varying in controllability and conscious awareness. However, ICCs differed greatly by methodological features: Studies with a declared focus on ICCs, standard IATs rather than variants, high-polarity attributes, Behaviors measured in a relative (two categories present) rather than absolute manner (single category present), and high implicit-criterion correspondence (k = 13) produced a mean ICC of r = .37. Studies scoring low on these variables (k = 6) produced an ICC of r = .02. Examination of methodological properties-a novelty of this meta-analysis-revealed that most studies were vastly underpowered and analytic strategies regularly ignored measurement error. Recommendations, along with online applications for calculating statistical power and internal consistency are provided to improve future studies on the implicit-criterion relationship. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Geoffrey J Leonardelli - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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social categorization in Intergroup contexts three kinds of self categorization
Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2015Co-Authors: Geoffrey J LeonardelliAbstract:In reviewing self-categorization theory and the literature upon which it is based, we conclude that individuals' attempts to form social categories could lead to three kinds of self-categorization. We label them Intergroup categorization, ingroup categorization, and outgroup categorization. We review literature supporting these three types and argue that they can help to explain and organize the existing evidence. Moreover, we conclude that distinguishing these three kinds of self-categorization lead to novel predictions regarding social identity, social cognition, and groups. We offer some of those predictions by discussing their potential causes (building from optimal distinctiveness and security seeking literatures) and implications (on topics including prototype complexity, self-stereotyping, stereotype formation, Intergroup Behavior, dual identity, conformity, and the psychological implications of perceiving uncategorized collections of people). This paper offers a platform from which to build theoretical and empirical advances in social identity, social cognition, and Intergroup relations.
Tania Gottschalk - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Silos and Social Identity: The Social Identity Approach as a Framework for Understanding and Overcoming Divisions in Health Care
Milbank Quarterly, 2012Co-Authors: Sara Adi Kreindler, Damien A. Dowd, Noah Dana Star, Tania GottschalkAbstract:The achievement of integration and collaboration among different providers of care is one of the foremost challenges facing today's health care system. The theme of overcoming disciplinary, sectoral, and institutional “silos” is echoed in almost every area of health-services research, from primary-care reform to patient safety, chronic-disease management to cost containment (e.g., Clancy 2006; Mann 2005; McDonald et al. 2007). The urgency of the problem has increased in the current policy context, where it can be argued that the success of health reform stands or falls on the ability of delivery system reform to replace fragmentation and waste with coordination and cost-effectiveness. Strategies for achieving this—from the micro level of interprofessional teams and primary care medical homes, to the macro level of accountable care organizations—are fundamentally about collaboration across silos. Indeed, while serving as administrator of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, Donald Berwick placed the elimination of silos at the top of a list of values needed to improve American health care (Schaeffer 2011). Interest in teamwork and integration, and in the organizational changes that may foster them, is equally strong internationally (Finn, Currie, and Martin 2010; Mann 2005). Yet earlier reviews, albeit extensive (e.g., Oandasan et al. 2006), have not offered a theory of what makes cross-silo relationships flourish or decay. Part of the problem may be that although such relationships clearly constitute an Intergroup issue, the theme of group dynamics is frequently ignored. Most of the literature does not focus on the group level, but on the individual and interpersonal (e.g., what traits, skills, and processes facilitate teamwork) or the operational and systemic (e.g., what structures and resources promote integration). To amend this gap, we seek out literature that addresses the neglected group level and examine this body of literature through the lens of a general theory of group processes: the social identity approach (SIA), which comprises social identity theory (SIT; see Tajfel and Turner 1979) and its extension, self-categorization theory (Turner et al. 1987). There is increasing recognition of the value of theory in guiding health-services and policy research (Grol et al. 2007). However, researchers have also cautioned that a proliferation of theoretical constructs promotes confusion, not understanding (Michie et al. 2005). Whereas one popular approach is to devise frameworks by combining theories, thus risking a fragmented analysis that lacks conceptual coherence, this article explores the integrative potential of a single theory that is sufficiently broad and multifaceted for the task. In doing so, it seeks not to diminish the value of other theoretical approaches, but to highlight the SIA's capacity to synthesize findings and insights from disparate traditions. The SIA arose from the recognition that group memberships form an important part of the individual's self-concept. Focusing on the nexus between the individual and the group, this approach explores how seeing ourselves and others in terms of social categories affects our perceptions, attitudes, and Behavior. The SIA encompasses five key dimensions: Social identity. People categorize themselves and others as members of an in-group (“us”) or an out-group (“them”), because (a) being part of a positively valued group enhances self-esteem and (b) categorization offers a meaningful way to organize the social world (Tajfel and Turner 1979; Turner et al. 1987). People also compare their group with others, often striving to maximize the positive distinctiveness of their own. When social identity is salient, people focus more on the shared attributes uniting group members than on the personal characteristics differentiating them. These perceptions engender group Behavior, which, depending on the context, can be either positive (e.g., cooperation) or negative (e.g., discrimination). Social structure. Structural relations among groups, notably Intergroup differences in status and power (especially if seen as unstable and illegitimate), can make the difference between conflict and peaceful coexistence (Tajfel and Turner 1979). Groups can alter structural relations when they take collective action on the basis of their social identity. Identity content. The identities we value are defined by specific norms and attributes. Members internalize group norms and use them to guide Behavior (including Intergroup Behavior) and to evaluate other members, including leaders (Haslam 2004; Jetten, Spears, and Manstead 1996). Members also mobilize in support of, or to combat threats to, these shared norms (Ellemers, Spears, and Branscombe 1999). Strength of identification. Individuals typically belong to many groups, but tend to identify strongly with some and weakly with others. Group identification amplifies both positive and negative social Behavior (Ellemers, Spears, and Doosje 2002); high identifiers are more likely to take action in the service of group goals and to fight to protect the group from perceived threats to its status, distinctiveness, or norms. Context. The relative prominence of an individual's multiple identities is not fixed but changes with the social context (Turner et al. 1987). This fluidity of social identity—well demonstrated in empirical studies (e.g., Levine and Reicher 1996)—provides hope that by modifying the context, we can change group Behavior. The SIA has three major strengths: (1) as a general theory of group processes and Intergroup relations, it enables the transfer of insights across levels (e.g., interprofessional to interorganizational) and domains (e.g., non–health care to health care); (2) as a multidimensional theory, it allows researchers and decision makers to consider multiple influences on (inter)group dynamics; and (3) as a well-established theory that has continued to develop over three decades, it has a strong empirical foundation in both basic and applied research (Ellemers, Spears, and Doosje 2002). Haslam (2004) extensively reviewed the SIA's contribution to organizational psychology, presenting evidence that adumbrates social identity's important role in myriad phenomena, including leadership, employee motivation and commitment, communication, group performance, Intergroup negotiation, group decision making, and response to stress. Among the relevant findings: leaders are more likely to win support when they belong to a valued in-group, advance its interests, and endorse its norms—indeed, members tend to prefer leaders whose characteristics differentiate them from an out-group, even when such characteristics are objectively undesirable (Haslam, Reicher, and Platow 2011); organizational identification reliably outperforms job satisfaction as a predictor of an employee's intent to stay (Randsley de Moura et al. 2009); and shared social identity underpins effective communication—not only does information flow less readily across salient Intergroup boundaries (Agama 1997), but we are more receptive to influence from in-group members, as we assume that they see the world as we do (Abrams et al. 1990). We investigated both what the SIA has already contributed and what it can contribute to an understanding of intra- and Intergroup relationships among health care providers. Our review questions were (1) To what extent, and how accurately, has the SIA been applied? and (2) How does the overall literature on health care groups (including non-SIA-citing sources) address the five SIA dimensions? The first question required a critical analysis of sources citing social identity; the second demanded a broader exploration of the perspectives from which health care groups have been examined. We describe our approach as a “critical scoping review”—a combination of scoping review (Arksey and O’Malley 2005) and theory-based synthesis.
Benedek Kurdi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Specificity and incremental predictive validity of implicit attitudes: studies of a race-based phenotype
'Springer Science and Business Media LLC', 2021Co-Authors: Benedek Kurdi, Timothy J Carroll, Mahzarin R BanajiAbstract:Abstract Four studies involving 2552 White American participants were conducted to investigate bias based on the race-based phenotype of hair texture. Specifically, we probed the existence and magnitude of bias in favor of Eurocentric (straight) over Afrocentric (curly) hair and its specificity in predicting responses to a legal decision involving the phenotype. Study 1 revealed an implicit preference, measured by an Implicit Association Test (IAT), favoring Eurocentric over Afrocentric hair texture among White Americans. This effect was not reducible to a Black/White implicit race attitude nor to mere perceptual preference favoring straight over curly hair. In Study 2, the phenotype (hair) IAT significantly and uniquely predicted expressions of support in response to an actual legal case that involved discrimination on the basis of Afrocentric hair texture. Beyond replicating this result, Studies 3 and 4 (the latter preregistered) provided further, and even more stringent, evidence for incremental predictive validity: in both studies, the phenotype IAT was associated with support for a Black plaintiff above and beyond the effects of two parallel explicit scales and, additionally, a race attitude IAT. Overall, these studies support the idea that race bias may be uniquely detected by examining implicit attitudes elicited by group-based phenotypicality, such as hair texture. Moreover, the present results inform theoretical investigations of the correspondence principle in the context of implicit social cognition: they suggest that tailoring IATs to index specific aspects of an attitude object (e.g., by decomposition of phenotypes) can improve prediction of Intergroup Behavior
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relationship between the implicit association test and Intergroup Behavior a meta analysis
American Psychologist, 2019Co-Authors: Benedek Kurdi, Allison E Seitchik, Jordan Axt, Timothy J Carroll, Arpi Karapetyan, Neela Kaushik, Diana Tomezsko, Anthony G Greenwald, Mahzarin R BanajiAbstract:Using data from 217 research reports (N = 36,071, compared to 3,471 and 5,433 in previous meta-analyses), this meta-analysis investigated the conceptual and methodological conditions under which Implicit Association Tests (IATs) measuring attitudes, stereotypes, and identity correlate with criterion measures of Intergroup Behavior. We found significant implicit-criterion correlations (ICCs) and explicit-criterion correlations (ECCs), with unique contributions of implicit (β = .14) and explicit measures (β = .11) revealed by structural equation modeling. ICCs were found to be highly heterogeneous, making moderator analyses necessary. Basic study features or conceptual variables did not account for any heterogeneity: Unlike explicit measures, implicit measures predicted for all target groups and types of Behavior, and implicit, but not explicit, measures were equally associated with Behaviors varying in controllability and conscious awareness. However, ICCs differed greatly by methodological features: Studies with a declared focus on ICCs, standard IATs rather than variants, high-polarity attributes, Behaviors measured in a relative (two categories present) rather than absolute manner (single category present), and high implicit-criterion correspondence (k = 13) produced a mean ICC of r = .37. Studies scoring low on these variables (k = 6) produced an ICC of r = .02. Examination of methodological properties-a novelty of this meta-analysis-revealed that most studies were vastly underpowered and analytic strategies regularly ignored measurement error. Recommendations, along with online applications for calculating statistical power and internal consistency are provided to improve future studies on the implicit-criterion relationship. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).