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Fritz Breuss - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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What Has Determined the Rapid Post-War Growth of Intra-EU Trade?
Social Science Research Network, 2004Co-Authors: Fritz Breuss, Harald BadingerAbstract:Based on the gravity model by Baier and Bergstrand (2001), we use a static and dynamic panel approach to estimate the determinants of the growth of Intra-EU Trade from 1960 to 2000. The results suggest that income growth was the major force, accounting for approximately two-thirds of total growth. Trade liberalization still had a sizeable effect, while other factors had only a little impact (income convergence, real effective exchange rate changes) or played no role (Trade costs). Our estimation results for Intra-EU Trade, using a variety of extensions, underline the robustness of the Baier-Bergstrand cross-section findings for world Trade.
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What has determined the rapid post-war growth of Intra-EU Trade?
Review of World Economics, 2004Co-Authors: Harald Badinger, Fritz BreussAbstract:Based on the gravity model by Baier and Bergstrand (2001), we use a static and dynamic panel approach to estimate the determinants of the growth of Intra-EU Trade from 1960 to 2000. The results suggest that income growth was the major force, accounting for approximately two-thirds of total growth. Trade liberalization still had a sizeable effect, while other factors had only a little impact (income convergence, real effective exchange rate changes) or played no role (Trade costs). Our estimation results for Intra-EU Trade, using a variety of extensions, underline the robustness of the Baier-Bergstrand cross-section findings for world Trade. JEL no. C23, F12, F14, F15
Harald Badinger - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Aggregravity: estimating gravity models from aggregate data
Applied Economics, 2015Co-Authors: Harald Badinger, Jesus Crespo CuaresmaAbstract:This article considers alternative methods to estimate econometric models based on bilateral data when only aggregate information on the dependent variable is available. Such methods can be used to obtain an indication of the sign and magnitude of bilateral model parameters and, more importantly, to decompose aggregate into bilateral data, which can then be used as proxy variables in further empirical analyses. We perform a Monte Carlo study and carry out a simple real world application using Intra-EU Trade and capital flows, showing that the methods considered work reasonably well and are worthwhile being considered in the absence of bilateral data.
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Aggregravity: Estimating Gravity Models from Aggregate Data
Research Papers in Economics, 2014Co-Authors: Harald Badinger, Jesus Crespo CuaresmaAbstract:This paper considers alternative methods to estimate econometric models based on bilateral data when only aggregate information on the dependent variable is available. Such methods can be used to obtain an indication of the sign and magnitude of bilateral model parameters and, more importantly, to decompose aggregate into bilateral data, which can then be used as proxy variables in further empirical analysis. We perform a Monte Carlo study and carry out a simple real world application using Intra-EU Trade and capital flows, showing that the methods considered work reasonably well and are worthwhile being considered in the absence of bilateral data.
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What Has Determined the Rapid Post-War Growth of Intra-EU Trade?
Social Science Research Network, 2004Co-Authors: Fritz Breuss, Harald BadingerAbstract:Based on the gravity model by Baier and Bergstrand (2001), we use a static and dynamic panel approach to estimate the determinants of the growth of Intra-EU Trade from 1960 to 2000. The results suggest that income growth was the major force, accounting for approximately two-thirds of total growth. Trade liberalization still had a sizeable effect, while other factors had only a little impact (income convergence, real effective exchange rate changes) or played no role (Trade costs). Our estimation results for Intra-EU Trade, using a variety of extensions, underline the robustness of the Baier-Bergstrand cross-section findings for world Trade.
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What has determined the rapid post-war growth of Intra-EU Trade?
Review of World Economics, 2004Co-Authors: Harald Badinger, Fritz BreussAbstract:Based on the gravity model by Baier and Bergstrand (2001), we use a static and dynamic panel approach to estimate the determinants of the growth of Intra-EU Trade from 1960 to 2000. The results suggest that income growth was the major force, accounting for approximately two-thirds of total growth. Trade liberalization still had a sizeable effect, while other factors had only a little impact (income convergence, real effective exchange rate changes) or played no role (Trade costs). Our estimation results for Intra-EU Trade, using a variety of extensions, underline the robustness of the Baier-Bergstrand cross-section findings for world Trade. JEL no. C23, F12, F14, F15
Maria Helena Guimarães - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Single Market Non-Compliance: How Relevant is the Institutional Setting?
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2013Co-Authors: Natália Barbosa, Maria Helena Guimarães, Ana Paula FariaAbstract:This paper investigates the role of the national institutional setting of EU member states in explaining Single Market non-compliance regarding non-tariff barriers in Intra-EU Trade. This study uses data on infringements to Single Market law on the free movement of goods. After controlling for country and industry-specific factors, we show that domestic institutional characteristics are relevant to explain non- compliance ensuing from Trade protection measures implemented by EU countries. While government independence from political pressures and higher levels of representativeness and accountability reduce the propensity of member states to infringe upon Single Market laws on the free movement of goods, better regulatory quality increases the probability of non-compliance at industry level, suggesting that increases in competition generate protectionist measures that violate Single Market law.
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Non-Tariff Measures in The European Union: Evidence from the Agri-Food Sector
Agricultural Economics Review, 2012Co-Authors: Maria Helena GuimarãesAbstract:Despite EU regulatory harmonisation and the principle of mutual recognition, �onTariff Measures in cross-border Trade of agri-food products often violate the EU acquis on the free movement of goods. This paper assesses the pervasiveness and main features of these measures in Intra-EU Trade of the agri-food sector between 1961 and 2002. It also focuses on procedural and enforcement issues related to how EU member states solve the infringement proceedings opened by the EU Commission to remove agri-food �TMs. The study is based on a unique large dataset on compliance with EU law and
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Non-Tariff Measures in the European Union: Evidence from the Agri-Food Sector
Social Science Research Network, 2012Co-Authors: Maria Helena GuimarãesAbstract:Despite EU regulatory harmonisation and the principle of mutual recognition, Non-Tariff Measures in cross-border Trade of agri-food products often violate the EU acquis on the free movement of goods. This paper assesses the pervasiveness and main features of these measures in Intra-EU Trade of the agri-food sector between 1961 and 2002. It also focuses on procedural and enforcement issues related to how EU member states solve the infringement proceedings opened by the EU Commission to remove agri-food NTMs. The study is based on a unique large dataset on compliance with EU law and provides a comprehensive sector-specific assessment of NTMs in Intra-EU Trade.
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How Pervasive are National Regulations in Intra-EU Trade?
The International Trade Journal, 2010Co-Authors: Maria Helena GuimarãesAbstract:The use of national regulations in the Internal Market for goods provides a relevant illustration of the nature of product market liberalization in the EU. This study shows that the number of national regulations has been increasing, that all EU Member States resort to them, and that their pervasiveness differs across countries and industries. We argue that national regulations are a form of “renationalizing” the Community initiative of market liberalization, as they are intended to protect the economic interests of Member States. Additionally, it is suggested that as further EU market liberalization comes about, EU Member States will continue to defend their national preferences by resorting to national regulations.
Piet N.l. Lens - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Recycling of European plastic is a pathway for plastic debris in the ocean.
Environment international, 2020Co-Authors: George Bishop, David Styles, Piet N.l. LensAbstract:Abstract Polyethylene (PE) is one of the most common types of plastic. Whilst an increasing share of post-consumer plastic waste from Europe is collected for recycling, 46% of separated PE waste is exported outside of the source country (including Intra-EU Trade). The fate of this exported European plastic is not well known. This study integrated data on PE waste flows in 2017 from UN ComTrade, an open repository providing detailed international Trade data, with best available information on waste management in destination countries, to model the fate of PE exported for recycling from Europe (EU-28, Norway and Switzerland) into: recycled high-density PE (HDPE) and low-density PE (LDPE) resins, “landfill”, incineration and ocean debris. Data uncertainty was reflected in three scenarios representing high, low and average recovery efficiency factors in material recovery facilities and reprocessing facilities, and different ocean debris fate factors. The fates of exported PE were then linked back to the individual European countries of export. Our study estimated that 83,187 Mg (tonnes) (range: 32,115–180,558 Mg), or 3% (1–7%) of exported European PE in 2017 ended up in the ocean, indicating an important and hitherto undocumented pathway of plastic debris entering the oceans. The countries with the greatest percentage of exported PE ending up as recycled HDPE or LDPE were Luxembourg and Switzerland (90% recycled for all scenarios), whilst the country with the lowest share of exported PE being recycled was the United Kingdom (59–80%, average 69% recycled). The results showed strong, significant positive relationships between the percentage of PE exported out of Europe and the percentage of exports which potentially end up as ocean debris. Export countries may not be the ultimate countries of origin owing to complex Intra-EU Trade in PE waste. Although somewhat uncertain, these mass flows provide pertinent new evidence on the efficacy and risks of current plastic waste management practices pertinent to emerging regulations around Trade in plastic waste, and to the development of a more circular economy.
Eric Neumayer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Do Membership Benefits Buy Regulatory Compliance?
European Union Politics, 2007Co-Authors: Richard Perkins, Eric NeumayerAbstract:Underlying several theories of European integration is the idea that countries' willingness to sign up to supranational rules is dependent on the expectation and/or realization of various benefits. In this paper, we explore whether such benefits also affect member states' implementation of these rules. Using econometric techniques, we estimate the influence of several measures of membership benefits on the annual number of legal infringements received by 15 member states over the period from 1978 to 1999. Our results provide qualified support for the idea that benefits positively influence compliance. We find that greater Intra-EU Trade dependence and voting power in European institutions relative to population size are negatively associated with legal infringements. Yet, contrary to a priori expectations, net fiscal transfers are positively correlated with infringements.
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Do membership benefits buy regulatory compliance?: an empirical analysis of EU directives 1978-1999
Research Papers in Economics, 2007Co-Authors: Richard Perkins, Eric NeumayerAbstract:Underlying several theories of European integration is the idea that countries' willingness to sign up to supranational rules is dependent on the expectation and/or realization of various benefits. In this paper, we explore whether such benefits also affect member states' implementation of these rules. Using econometric techniques, we estimate the influence of several measures of membership benefits on the annual number of legal infringements received by 15 member states over the period from 1978 to 1999. Our results provide qualified support for the idea that benefits positively influence compliance. We find that greater Intra-EU Trade dependence and voting power in European institutions relative to population size are negatively associated with legal infringements. Yet, contrary to a priori expectations, net fiscal transfers are positively correlated with infringements.
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Do Membership Benefits Buy Regulatory Compliance? An Empirical Analysis of EU Directives 1978—99
European Union Politics, 2007Co-Authors: Richard Perkins, Eric NeumayerAbstract:Underlying several theories of European integration is the idea that countries' willingness to sign up to supranational rules is dependent on the expectation and/or realization of various benefits. In this paper, we explore whether such benefits also affect member states' implementation of these rules. Using econometric techniques, we estimate the influence of several measures of membership benefits on the annual number of legal infringements received by 15 member states over the period from 1978 to 1999. Our results provide qualified support for the idea that benefits positively influence compliance. We find that greater Intra-EU Trade dependence and voting power in European institutions relative to population size are negatively associated with legal infringements. Yet, contrary to a priori expectations, net fiscal transfers are positively correlated with infringements.
