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Peter Goldblatt - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Nomenclatural adjustments in African plants 2
AOSIS, 2016Co-Authors: John Manning, Peter GoldblattAbstract:Background: Ongoing systematic studies in the African flora necessitate periodic nomenclatural adjustments and corrections. Objectives: To effect requisite nomenclatural changes. Method: Relevant literature was surveyed and type material located and examined. Results: Nomenclatural corrections are published in Mairia Nees (Asteraceae) and Psilosiphon Welw. ex Goldblatt & J.C.Manning, nom illeg. (Iridaceae). Conclusions: Cineraria purpurata L. (1771) (Asteraceae) is recognised as the earliest name for Mairia hirsuta DC. (1836) and the new combination M. purpurata (L.) J.C.Manning is provided for the species. Psilosiphon Welw. ex Goldblatt & J.C.Manning (2015) (Iridaceae) is a later homonym for Psilosiphon Entwisle (1989). The replacement name Afrosolen Goldblatt & J.C.Manning is proposed and the necessary new combinations for the 16 taxa currently recognised in the genus are provided
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Iridaceae out of australasia phylogeny biogeography and divergence time based on plastid dna sequences
Systematic Botany, 2008Co-Authors: Peter Goldblatt, J C Manning, Jonathan T Davies, Aaron Rodriguez, Martyn P Powell, M Van Der Bank, Vincent SavolainenAbstract:Abstract The current infrafamilial taxonomy of the Iridaceae recognizes four subfamilies; Isophysidoideae (1: 1); Nivenioideae (6: ca. 92), Iridoideae (29: 890), and Crocoideae (29: 1032). Phylogenetic analyses of sequences of five plastid DNA regions, rbcL, rps4, trnL–F, matK, and rps16, confirm most aspects of this classification and the evolutionary patterns that they imply, importantly the sisiter relationship of Isophysidoideae to the remainder of the family and the monophyly of Iridoideae. Subfamily Nivenioideae is, however, paraphyletic; Crocoideae is consistently found nested within it, sister to the core Nivenioideae, the woody Klattia, Nivenia, and Witsenia. This clade is sister to Aristea, which in turn is sister to the Madagascan Geosiris, and then to the Australasian Patersonia. We treat Aristea, Geosiris, and Patersonia as separate subfamilies, Aristeoideae and the new GeosIridaceae and Patersonioideae, rendering Nivenioideae and Crocoideae monophyletic. The alternative, uniting a widely cir...
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new species and notes on hesperantha Iridaceae in southern africa
Bothalia, 2007Co-Authors: Peter Goldblatt, J C ManningAbstract:Field studies of the sub-Saharan African and largely southern African Hesperantha conducted since 2003 have resulted in the discovery of three new species in this genus, bringing the total to 82. Hesperantha longistyla J.C.Manning & Goldblatt. known from one collection from the mountains of SW Namibia, is a dwarf plant with moderately long-tubed, purple flowers and unusually long style branches, possibly allied to the Kamiesberg species, H. latifolia . A second species, H. helmei Goldblatt & J.C.Manning, also known from a single collection from the interior mountains of Eastern Cape near Graaff- Reinet, has terete leaves and small flowers with tepals ± 8 x 2.5 mm, about as long as the perianth tube. It is apparently most closely allied to the Roggeveld species, H. cliolata. A third novelty, H. lithicola J.C.Manning & Goldblatt. restricted to the Swartruggens range in the eastern Cold Bokkeveld, has bell-shaped corms with toothed margins, leaves 1-2 mm wide, and white flowers with a tube 10-12 mm long, and appears most closely allied to the widespread H. falcata. A new collection of H karooica from northeast of the Hantamsberg represents a small but significant range extension for this local endemic previously known from just two collections near Calvinia, south of these mountains. The flower size, especially dimensions of the tepals, confirms its status as a separate species allied to H. vaginata. Lastly, new collections o f the relatively uncommon, yellow-flowered variant of H. acuta show that this plant, confined to the eastem portion of the range of the species, differs consistently from the white-flowered form in several floral features, and it is raised to subspecies rank as H. acuta subsp. tugwelliae .
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radiation of pollination systems in the Iridaceae of sub saharan africa
Annals of Botany, 2006Co-Authors: Peter Goldblatt, J C ManningAbstract:� Background Seventeen distinct pollination systems are known for genera of sub-Saharan African Iridaceae and recurrent shifts in pollination system have evolved in those with ten or more species. Pollination by long-tongued anthophorine bees foraging for nectar and coincidentally acquiring pollen on some part of their bodies is the inferred ancestral pollination strategy for most genera of the large subfamilies Iridoideae and Crocoideae and may be ancestral for the latter. Derived strategies include pollination by long-proboscid flies, large butterflies, night-flying hovering and settling moths, hopliine beetles and sunbirds. Bee pollination is diverse, with active pollen collection by female bees occurring in several genera, vibratile systems in a few and non-volatile oil as a reward in one species. Long-proboscid fly pollination, which is apparently restricted to southern Africa, includes four separate syndromes using different sets of flies and plant species in different parts of the subcontinent. Small numbers of species use bibionid flies, short-proboscid flies or wasps for their pollination; only about 2 % of species use multiple pollinators and can be described as generalists. � Scope Using pollination observations for 375 species and based on repeated patterns of floral attractants and rewards, we infer pollination mechanisms for an additional 610 species. Matching pollination system to phylogeny or what is known about species relationships based on shared derived features, we infer repeated shifts in pollination system in some genera, as frequently as one shift for every five or six species of southern African Babiana or Gladiolus. Specialized systems using pollinators of one pollination group, or even a single pollinator species are the rule in the family. Shifts in pollination system are more frequent in genera of Crocoideae that have bilaterally symmetric flowers and a perianth tube, features that promote adaptive radiation by facilitating precise shifts in pollen placement, in conjunction with changes in flower colour, scent and tube length. � Conclusions Diversity of pollination systems explains in part the huge species diversity of Iridaceae in sub-Saharan Africa, and permits species packing locally. Pollination shifts are, however, seen as playing a secondary role in speciation by promoting reproductive isolation in peripheral, ecologically distinct populations in areas of diverse topography, climate and soils. Pollination of Iridaceae in Eurasia and the New World, where the family is also well represented, is poorly studied but appears less diverse, although pollination by both pollen- and oil-collecting bees is frequent and bird pollination rare.
Olivier Chauveau - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Uncovering plant-pollinator interactions and breeding systems of native Brazilian species in Tigridieae (Iridaceae)
2019Co-Authors: Suiane Oleques, Olivier Chauveau, Jefferson N Radaeski, Soraia Bauerman, Tatiana De Souza-chiesAbstract:Iridaceae is one of the largest families of monocots and possesses species with a wide range of flower colors and shapes, which may serve as signals to pollinators. Several South American species of Iridaceae, especially those of Tigridieae, produce floral oils as rewards and are pollinated by oil-collecting bees. The present study aimed to contribute to a deeper understanding of the reproductive biology, pollination ecology and specialization level of interactions of species encompassed in Tigridieae. Data were acquired from breeding and pollination systems of six species native to Southern Brazil. Visitation frequency and pollen load of two functional groups of bees were also investigated. The results strongly suggest that the studied species are distributed along a specialization-generalization continuum. Three oil-producing taxa, namely Cypella herbertii, C. pusilla and C. amplimaculata were pollinated by oil-bees, while in the other two studied species, namely Kelissa brasiliensis, Herbertia pulchella, oil-bees presented a surprisingly distinct behavior which indicate a possible failure as pollinators during oil foraging. New insights into aspects of the pollination systems and breeding systems in this tribe are provided and a continuum of specialization is suggested. This continuum of specialization resulted from the differences in pollinator behavior during oil and pollen foraging at the species studies. Furthermore, the results provide a significant contribution towards a better understanding of specialized plant-pollinator interactions between Iridaceae and oil-collecting bees.
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oil producing flowers within the iridoideae Iridaceae evolutionary trends in the flowers of the new world genera
Annals of Botany, 2012Co-Authors: Olivier Chauveau, Tatiana T Souzachies, Lilian Eggers, Sophie NadotAbstract:† Background and Aims Oil-producing flowers related to oil-bee pollination are a major innovation in Neotropical and Mexican Iridaceae. In this study, phylogenetic relationships were investigated among a wide array of New World genera of the tribes Sisyrinchieae, Trimezieae and Tigridieae (Iridaceae: Iridoideae) and the evolution of floral glandular structures, which are predominantly trichomal elaiophores, was examined in relation to the diversification of New World Iridaceae. † Methods Phylogenetic analyses based on seven molecular markers obtained from 97 species were conducted to produce the first extensive phylogeny of the New World tribes of subfamily Iridoideae. The resulting phylogenetic hypothesis was used to trace the evolutionary history of glandular structures present in the flowers of numerous species in each tribe. Hypotheses of differential diversification rates among lineages were also investigated using both topological and Binary-State Speciation and Extinction methods. † Key Results and Conclusions Floral glandular structures and especially trichomal elaiophores evolved multiple times independently in the American tribes of Iridoideae. The distribution pattern of species displaying glandular trichomes across the phylogeny reveals lability in the pollination system and suggests that these structures may have played a significant role in the diversification of the Iridoideae on the American continent.
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evolution of oil producing trichomes in sisyrinchium Iridaceae insights from the first comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the genus
Annals of Botany, 2011Co-Authors: Olivier Chauveau, Lilian Eggers, Christian Raquin, Adriano Silverio, Spencer Brown, Arnaud Couloux, Corine Cruaud, Eliane Kaltchuksantos, Roxana YocktengAbstract:† Background and Aims Sisyrinchium (Iridaceae: Iridoideae: Sisyrinchieae) is one of the largest, most widespread and most taxonomically complex genera in Iridaceae, with all species except one native to the American continent. Phylogenetic relationships within the genus were investigated and the evolution of oil-producing structures related to specialized oil-bee pollination examined. † Methods Phylogenetic analyses based on eight molecular markers obtained from 101 Sisyrinchium accessions representing 85 species were conducted in the first extensive phylogenetic analysis of the genus. Total evidence analyses confirmed the monophyly of the genus and retrieved nine major clades weakly connected to the subdivisions previously recognized. The resulting phylogenetic hypothesis was used to reconstruct biogeographical patterns, and to trace the evolutionary origin of glandular trichomes present in the flowers of several species. † Key Results and Conclusions Glandular trichomes evolved three times independently in the genus. In two cases, these glandular trichomes are oil-secreting, suggesting that the corresponding flowers might be pollinated by oilbees. Biogeographical patterns indicate expansions from Central America and the northern Andes to the suban
J C Manning - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Iridaceae out of australasia phylogeny biogeography and divergence time based on plastid dna sequences
Systematic Botany, 2008Co-Authors: Peter Goldblatt, J C Manning, Jonathan T Davies, Aaron Rodriguez, Martyn P Powell, M Van Der Bank, Vincent SavolainenAbstract:Abstract The current infrafamilial taxonomy of the Iridaceae recognizes four subfamilies; Isophysidoideae (1: 1); Nivenioideae (6: ca. 92), Iridoideae (29: 890), and Crocoideae (29: 1032). Phylogenetic analyses of sequences of five plastid DNA regions, rbcL, rps4, trnL–F, matK, and rps16, confirm most aspects of this classification and the evolutionary patterns that they imply, importantly the sisiter relationship of Isophysidoideae to the remainder of the family and the monophyly of Iridoideae. Subfamily Nivenioideae is, however, paraphyletic; Crocoideae is consistently found nested within it, sister to the core Nivenioideae, the woody Klattia, Nivenia, and Witsenia. This clade is sister to Aristea, which in turn is sister to the Madagascan Geosiris, and then to the Australasian Patersonia. We treat Aristea, Geosiris, and Patersonia as separate subfamilies, Aristeoideae and the new GeosIridaceae and Patersonioideae, rendering Nivenioideae and Crocoideae monophyletic. The alternative, uniting a widely cir...
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phylogenetically independent associations between autonomous self fertilization and plant invasiveness
The American Naturalist, 2008Co-Authors: Mark Van Kleunen, J C Manning, Vanessa Pasqualetto, Steven D JohnsonAbstract:Abstract: Many plant species have been introduced from their native ranges to new continents, but few have become naturalized or, ultimately, invasive. It has been predicted that species that do not require the presence of compatible mates and the services of pollinators for reproduction will be favored in establishment after long‐distance dispersal. We tested whether this hypothesis, generally referred to as Baker’s law, holds for South African species of Iridaceae (iris family) that have been introduced in other regions for horticultural purposes. Fruit and seed production of flowers from which pollinators had been experimentally excluded was assessed for 10 pairs of species from nine different genera or subgenera. Each species pair comprised one naturalized and one nonnaturalized species, all of which are used in international horticulture. On average, species of Iridaceae that have become naturalized outside their native ranges showed a higher capacity for autonomous fruit and seed production than con...
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new species and notes on hesperantha Iridaceae in southern africa
Bothalia, 2007Co-Authors: Peter Goldblatt, J C ManningAbstract:Field studies of the sub-Saharan African and largely southern African Hesperantha conducted since 2003 have resulted in the discovery of three new species in this genus, bringing the total to 82. Hesperantha longistyla J.C.Manning & Goldblatt. known from one collection from the mountains of SW Namibia, is a dwarf plant with moderately long-tubed, purple flowers and unusually long style branches, possibly allied to the Kamiesberg species, H. latifolia . A second species, H. helmei Goldblatt & J.C.Manning, also known from a single collection from the interior mountains of Eastern Cape near Graaff- Reinet, has terete leaves and small flowers with tepals ± 8 x 2.5 mm, about as long as the perianth tube. It is apparently most closely allied to the Roggeveld species, H. cliolata. A third novelty, H. lithicola J.C.Manning & Goldblatt. restricted to the Swartruggens range in the eastern Cold Bokkeveld, has bell-shaped corms with toothed margins, leaves 1-2 mm wide, and white flowers with a tube 10-12 mm long, and appears most closely allied to the widespread H. falcata. A new collection of H karooica from northeast of the Hantamsberg represents a small but significant range extension for this local endemic previously known from just two collections near Calvinia, south of these mountains. The flower size, especially dimensions of the tepals, confirms its status as a separate species allied to H. vaginata. Lastly, new collections o f the relatively uncommon, yellow-flowered variant of H. acuta show that this plant, confined to the eastem portion of the range of the species, differs consistently from the white-flowered form in several floral features, and it is raised to subspecies rank as H. acuta subsp. tugwelliae .
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radiation of pollination systems in the Iridaceae of sub saharan africa
Annals of Botany, 2006Co-Authors: Peter Goldblatt, J C ManningAbstract:� Background Seventeen distinct pollination systems are known for genera of sub-Saharan African Iridaceae and recurrent shifts in pollination system have evolved in those with ten or more species. Pollination by long-tongued anthophorine bees foraging for nectar and coincidentally acquiring pollen on some part of their bodies is the inferred ancestral pollination strategy for most genera of the large subfamilies Iridoideae and Crocoideae and may be ancestral for the latter. Derived strategies include pollination by long-proboscid flies, large butterflies, night-flying hovering and settling moths, hopliine beetles and sunbirds. Bee pollination is diverse, with active pollen collection by female bees occurring in several genera, vibratile systems in a few and non-volatile oil as a reward in one species. Long-proboscid fly pollination, which is apparently restricted to southern Africa, includes four separate syndromes using different sets of flies and plant species in different parts of the subcontinent. Small numbers of species use bibionid flies, short-proboscid flies or wasps for their pollination; only about 2 % of species use multiple pollinators and can be described as generalists. � Scope Using pollination observations for 375 species and based on repeated patterns of floral attractants and rewards, we infer pollination mechanisms for an additional 610 species. Matching pollination system to phylogeny or what is known about species relationships based on shared derived features, we infer repeated shifts in pollination system in some genera, as frequently as one shift for every five or six species of southern African Babiana or Gladiolus. Specialized systems using pollinators of one pollination group, or even a single pollinator species are the rule in the family. Shifts in pollination system are more frequent in genera of Crocoideae that have bilaterally symmetric flowers and a perianth tube, features that promote adaptive radiation by facilitating precise shifts in pollen placement, in conjunction with changes in flower colour, scent and tube length. � Conclusions Diversity of pollination systems explains in part the huge species diversity of Iridaceae in sub-Saharan Africa, and permits species packing locally. Pollination shifts are, however, seen as playing a secondary role in speciation by promoting reproductive isolation in peripheral, ecologically distinct populations in areas of diverse topography, climate and soils. Pollination of Iridaceae in Eurasia and the New World, where the family is also well represented, is poorly studied but appears less diverse, although pollination by both pollen- and oil-collecting bees is frequent and bird pollination rare.
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phylogeny of Iridaceae subfamily crocoideae based on a combined multigene plastid dna analysis
Aliso, 2006Co-Authors: Peter Goldblatt, J C Manning, Jonathan T Davies, Michelle Van Der Bank, Vincent SavolainenAbstract:The phylogeny of Crocoideae, the largest of four subfamilies currently recognized in Iridaceae, has eluded resolution until sequences of two more plastid DNA regions were added here to a previously published matrix containing sequences from four DNA plastid regions. Sister to the core Nivenioideae, the woody Klattia, Nivenia, and Witsenia, Crocoideae are a climax group in Iridaceae, comprising some 995 species, slightly more than half of the total in the family. Synapomorphies of Crocoideae include pollen exine perforate, pollen aperture operculate, ovule campylotropous (or hypotropous), root xylem vessels with simple perforations, cormous rootstock, inflorescence a spike, and plants deciduous. The six DNA region analysis here that includes examples of 27 of the 28 genera of the subfamily shows the southern African Tritoniopsis sister to the remaining genera, which resolve into four well-supported clusters (bootstrap support >85%). Each of these major clades is treated as a tribe, the synapomorphies of which are discussed in light of the molecular phylogenetic analyses. Original embryological and seed developmental studies largely support the tribal classification. Tritoniopsideae alone has the inner floral bracts not forked apically, and a hypotropous ovule, while this tribe and Watsonieae have axillary corm development. The remaining three tribes have apical corm development, and together with Watsonieae have a campylotropous ovule, and the inner layer of the inner integument crushed at maturity.
Fang Rong Chang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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shedding the light on Iridaceae ethnobotany phytochemistry and biological activity
Industrial Crops and Products, 2016Co-Authors: Abdel Nasser B Singab, Iriny M Ayoub, Mohamed Elshazly, Michal Korinek, Yuanbin Cheng, Fang Rong ChangAbstract:Abstract Iridaceae, the Iris family, is well-known for its magnificent flowers which come in a breathtaking array of colors. Iridaceae is widely used by several cultures as food, condiment or medicinal plants. Members of this family were investigated over the past decades for their chemical composition and pharmacological properties. Iris, Gladiolus and Belamcanda are among the most popular genera of this family. Other well-known genera include Moraea, Eleutherine and Cipura. Numerous novel compounds were isolated and interesting biological activities were reported for plants belonging to Iridaceae. The major secondary metabolites isolated from Iridaceae include isoflavonoids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, quinones, xanthones and simple phenolics. Extracts and pure compounds of the above mentioned genera were reported to possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, phytoestrogenic, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, hypolipidemic, immunomodulating, antimutagenic, antimicrobial, anti-tumor, cytotoxic, antidepressant, anticholinesterase and molluscicidal activities. Hence, this review provides a comprehensive overview on the isolated phytochemicals and reported biological activities for the most popular genera of Iridaceae. Moreover, the large scale cultivation of the economically important members is highlighted herein.
Roxana Yockteng - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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evolution of oil producing trichomes in sisyrinchium Iridaceae insights from the first comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the genus
Annals of Botany, 2011Co-Authors: Olivier Chauveau, Lilian Eggers, Christian Raquin, Adriano Silverio, Spencer Brown, Arnaud Couloux, Corine Cruaud, Eliane Kaltchuksantos, Roxana YocktengAbstract:† Background and Aims Sisyrinchium (Iridaceae: Iridoideae: Sisyrinchieae) is one of the largest, most widespread and most taxonomically complex genera in Iridaceae, with all species except one native to the American continent. Phylogenetic relationships within the genus were investigated and the evolution of oil-producing structures related to specialized oil-bee pollination examined. † Methods Phylogenetic analyses based on eight molecular markers obtained from 101 Sisyrinchium accessions representing 85 species were conducted in the first extensive phylogenetic analysis of the genus. Total evidence analyses confirmed the monophyly of the genus and retrieved nine major clades weakly connected to the subdivisions previously recognized. The resulting phylogenetic hypothesis was used to reconstruct biogeographical patterns, and to trace the evolutionary origin of glandular trichomes present in the flowers of several species. † Key Results and Conclusions Glandular trichomes evolved three times independently in the genus. In two cases, these glandular trichomes are oil-secreting, suggesting that the corresponding flowers might be pollinated by oilbees. Biogeographical patterns indicate expansions from Central America and the northern Andes to the suban
