Irrigation Systems

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Yona Chen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Formation and prevention of biofilm and mineral precipitate clogging in drip Irrigation Systems applying treated wastewater
    Irrigation Science, 2018
    Co-Authors: Ofek Green, Sagi Katz, Jorge Tarchitzky, Yona Chen
    Abstract:

    Pressure-Irrigation Systems and, in particular, micro-Irrigation provide an effective methodology for increasing Irrigation efficiency. However, emitter clogging is a major problem in micro-Irrigation Systems, especially under Irrigation with treated wastewater (TWW). Currently, farmers treat their Irrigation system by periodical application of solutions of chemicals or washing the lateral lines. The aim of this study was to characterize treatments for the prevention of clogging in drip Irrigation Systems utilizing different qualities of TWW (secondary and tertiary TWW). A model system was designed and assembled to compare the flow rate (FR), fouling accumulation and fouling composition in laterals and drippers subjected to different treatments. Under Irrigation with secondary TWW, control treatment function decreased rapidly while chemical treatment prolonged proper function of the drippers by maintaining a normal FR and coefficient of variation (CV). Wash treatment improved to some extent the Irrigation function. Under Irrigation with tertiary TWW the function of all treatments was significantly better than that of the secondary treatments. The total suspended solids level was found to be a significant factor in the mechanism of clogging formation according to biofouling development. The deposit chemical characterization could shed light on the mode of growth mechanism and properties of the biofouling. In general, oxidation treatments using hydrogen peroxide or hypochlorite acid  were found to eliminate biofouling and in accordance also prevented clogging.

  • Fouling formation and chemical control in drip Irrigation Systems using treated wastewater
    Irrigation Science, 2014
    Co-Authors: Sagi Katz, Yona Chen, Carlos G Dosoretz, Jorge Tarchitzky
    Abstract:

    Drip Irrigation Systems are prone to changes in flow rate (FR) and increasing coefficients of variation (CV) when fed with treated wastewater, due to fouling inside the drippers. A model system was designed to measure the FR and fouling accumulation in laterals and drippers under different treatment conditions. A novel approach was taken to compare the different maintenance treatments. A comparison of chlorination and acidification strategies showed that daily chlorination and periodic acidification may prolong proper functioning of the drippers by maintaining a normal FR [(up to ±7 %) of nominal FR] and CV (

  • biological and chemical fouling in drip Irrigation Systems utilizing treated wastewater
    Irrigation Science, 2013
    Co-Authors: Jorge Tarchitzky, A Rimon, E Kenig, Carlos G Dosoretz, Yona Chen
    Abstract:

    A major constraint on the use of treated wastewater (TWW) in microIrrigation Systems is the potential for fouling. This research aimed to assess the occurrence of fouling in drip Irrigation Systems applying TWW and determine the quantity and chemical characteristics of the fouling. A field survey was performed to determine the incidence of chemical and biological fouling in Irrigation Systems and its influence on system performance. Dripper flow rate, total and volatile solids, chemical composition, and diffuse reflection infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectra of the fouling material were determined. Fouling was found in all of the drip Irrigation Systems sampled under a variety of conditions. The fouling contained a high percentage of organic matter (OM), except for two instances where the material was mainly inorganic. Identification of the functional groups using DRIFT showed that the OM found is essentially of aliphatic and amide origin. Comparing the spectra obtained from the various sites revealed considerable similarity in the material properties. This suggests a common mechanism in all Irrigation Systems tested, but a different accumulation rate. A high correlation was found between total phosphorus concentration, the sum of Ca and Mg concentrations and the TWW pH, and the content of total and organic carbon in the fouling. In addition, the correlation between equipment age and the amount of accumulated total solids was high for Systems containing high quantities of fouling. The concentration of volatile solids was highly correlated with the age of the Irrigation system.

Jorge Tarchitzky - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Formation and prevention of biofilm and mineral precipitate clogging in drip Irrigation Systems applying treated wastewater
    Irrigation Science, 2018
    Co-Authors: Ofek Green, Sagi Katz, Jorge Tarchitzky, Yona Chen
    Abstract:

    Pressure-Irrigation Systems and, in particular, micro-Irrigation provide an effective methodology for increasing Irrigation efficiency. However, emitter clogging is a major problem in micro-Irrigation Systems, especially under Irrigation with treated wastewater (TWW). Currently, farmers treat their Irrigation system by periodical application of solutions of chemicals or washing the lateral lines. The aim of this study was to characterize treatments for the prevention of clogging in drip Irrigation Systems utilizing different qualities of TWW (secondary and tertiary TWW). A model system was designed and assembled to compare the flow rate (FR), fouling accumulation and fouling composition in laterals and drippers subjected to different treatments. Under Irrigation with secondary TWW, control treatment function decreased rapidly while chemical treatment prolonged proper function of the drippers by maintaining a normal FR and coefficient of variation (CV). Wash treatment improved to some extent the Irrigation function. Under Irrigation with tertiary TWW the function of all treatments was significantly better than that of the secondary treatments. The total suspended solids level was found to be a significant factor in the mechanism of clogging formation according to biofouling development. The deposit chemical characterization could shed light on the mode of growth mechanism and properties of the biofouling. In general, oxidation treatments using hydrogen peroxide or hypochlorite acid  were found to eliminate biofouling and in accordance also prevented clogging.

  • Fouling formation and chemical control in drip Irrigation Systems using treated wastewater
    Irrigation Science, 2014
    Co-Authors: Sagi Katz, Yona Chen, Carlos G Dosoretz, Jorge Tarchitzky
    Abstract:

    Drip Irrigation Systems are prone to changes in flow rate (FR) and increasing coefficients of variation (CV) when fed with treated wastewater, due to fouling inside the drippers. A model system was designed to measure the FR and fouling accumulation in laterals and drippers under different treatment conditions. A novel approach was taken to compare the different maintenance treatments. A comparison of chlorination and acidification strategies showed that daily chlorination and periodic acidification may prolong proper functioning of the drippers by maintaining a normal FR [(up to ±7 %) of nominal FR] and CV (

  • biological and chemical fouling in drip Irrigation Systems utilizing treated wastewater
    Irrigation Science, 2013
    Co-Authors: Jorge Tarchitzky, A Rimon, E Kenig, Carlos G Dosoretz, Yona Chen
    Abstract:

    A major constraint on the use of treated wastewater (TWW) in microIrrigation Systems is the potential for fouling. This research aimed to assess the occurrence of fouling in drip Irrigation Systems applying TWW and determine the quantity and chemical characteristics of the fouling. A field survey was performed to determine the incidence of chemical and biological fouling in Irrigation Systems and its influence on system performance. Dripper flow rate, total and volatile solids, chemical composition, and diffuse reflection infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectra of the fouling material were determined. Fouling was found in all of the drip Irrigation Systems sampled under a variety of conditions. The fouling contained a high percentage of organic matter (OM), except for two instances where the material was mainly inorganic. Identification of the functional groups using DRIFT showed that the OM found is essentially of aliphatic and amide origin. Comparing the spectra obtained from the various sites revealed considerable similarity in the material properties. This suggests a common mechanism in all Irrigation Systems tested, but a different accumulation rate. A high correlation was found between total phosphorus concentration, the sum of Ca and Mg concentrations and the TWW pH, and the content of total and organic carbon in the fouling. In addition, the correlation between equipment age and the amount of accumulated total solids was high for Systems containing high quantities of fouling. The concentration of volatile solids was highly correlated with the age of the Irrigation system.

Albert J. Clemmens - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • modern analysis of surface Irrigation Systems with winsrfr
    Agricultural Water Management, 2009
    Co-Authors: E Bautista, Albert J. Clemmens, Theodor S Strelkoff, J Schlegel
    Abstract:

    WinSRFR is a new generation of software for analyzing surface Irrigation Systems. Founded on an unsteady flow hydraulic model, the software integrates event analysis, design, and operational analysis functionalities, in addition to simulation. This paper provides an overview of functionalities, interface, and architectural elements of the software, and discusses technical enhancements in version 2.1, released in late 2007, and version 3.1, scheduled for release in 2009.

  • analysis of surface Irrigation Systems with winsrfr example application
    Agricultural Water Management, 2009
    Co-Authors: E Bautista, Albert J. Clemmens, Theodor S Strelkoff, M Niblack
    Abstract:

    WinSRFR is an integrated software package for analyzing surface Irrigation Systems. Software functionalities and technical features are described in a companion article. This article documents an example application. The analyzed field is a graded basin (close-ended border) Irrigation system. The event analysis tools of WinSRFR are used first to evaluate performance of the Irrigation system and estimate its infiltration and hydraulic roughness properties. Performance contours in the Operations Analysis World are then used to optimize Irrigation system inflow rate and cutoff time. The adequacy of the existing design is examined with the performance contours provided in the Physical Design World. Hydraulic and practical constraints are considered in finding an optimal operation or design solution. Finally, sensitivity analyses are used to demonstrate the robustness of the solutions.

  • Water uses and productivity of Irrigation Systems
    Irrigation Science, 2007
    Co-Authors: Albert J. Clemmens, D. J. Molden
    Abstract:

    Reducing overall water diversions for agriculture, while maintaining or increasing production to keep up with increasing world population, has been and will continue to be a challenge. Yet there is not good agreement regarding the programs needed to improve the productivity of agricultural water use, nor what increases are feasible. It is recognized that field Irrigation is inherently nonuniform. So also is the distribution of water to users and water delivery service nonuniform. Here, we suggest that crop-scale Irrigation uniformity can be examined at a project scale by understanding how field, farm and project Irrigation Systems contribute to nonuniformity. We also discuss the interrelation between project scale uniformity and the relative Irrigation water supply, and their combined impact on project productivity. We provide an example which relates internal measures of project performance (e.g., water distribution operations) and external measures of project performance (e.g., project-wise water productivity).

  • BASIN 2.0 for the Design of Level-Basin Irrigation Systems
    1993
    Co-Authors: Albert J. Clemmens, A. R. Dedrick, R. J. Strand
    Abstract:

    The purpose of this paper is to present a computer program for the hydraulic design of level-basin Irrigation Systems. The first of three design modes provides design based on the advance distance at cutoff. This is a common mode of level basin operation since it does not require precise measurement of flow rate or volume. The second design mode uses the design concept developed by the Soil Conservation Service. The third design mode provides maximum design limits based on the solutions of Clemmens and Dedrick. Design solutions are obtained quickly since they are simply interpolated between tabled values. The BASIN program is useful for quickly evaluating potential designs for a variety of soil infiltration and roughness conditions. The program currently includes the influence of advance and recession on uniformity and efficiency but not such factors as soil infiltration spatial variability and variations in soil surface elevations.

E Bautista - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • modern analysis of surface Irrigation Systems with winsrfr
    Agricultural Water Management, 2009
    Co-Authors: E Bautista, Albert J. Clemmens, Theodor S Strelkoff, J Schlegel
    Abstract:

    WinSRFR is a new generation of software for analyzing surface Irrigation Systems. Founded on an unsteady flow hydraulic model, the software integrates event analysis, design, and operational analysis functionalities, in addition to simulation. This paper provides an overview of functionalities, interface, and architectural elements of the software, and discusses technical enhancements in version 2.1, released in late 2007, and version 3.1, scheduled for release in 2009.

  • analysis of surface Irrigation Systems with winsrfr example application
    Agricultural Water Management, 2009
    Co-Authors: E Bautista, Albert J. Clemmens, Theodor S Strelkoff, M Niblack
    Abstract:

    WinSRFR is an integrated software package for analyzing surface Irrigation Systems. Software functionalities and technical features are described in a companion article. This article documents an example application. The analyzed field is a graded basin (close-ended border) Irrigation system. The event analysis tools of WinSRFR are used first to evaluate performance of the Irrigation system and estimate its infiltration and hydraulic roughness properties. Performance contours in the Operations Analysis World are then used to optimize Irrigation system inflow rate and cutoff time. The adequacy of the existing design is examined with the performance contours provided in the Physical Design World. Hydraulic and practical constraints are considered in finding an optimal operation or design solution. Finally, sensitivity analyses are used to demonstrate the robustness of the solutions.

Sagi Katz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Formation and prevention of biofilm and mineral precipitate clogging in drip Irrigation Systems applying treated wastewater
    Irrigation Science, 2018
    Co-Authors: Ofek Green, Sagi Katz, Jorge Tarchitzky, Yona Chen
    Abstract:

    Pressure-Irrigation Systems and, in particular, micro-Irrigation provide an effective methodology for increasing Irrigation efficiency. However, emitter clogging is a major problem in micro-Irrigation Systems, especially under Irrigation with treated wastewater (TWW). Currently, farmers treat their Irrigation system by periodical application of solutions of chemicals or washing the lateral lines. The aim of this study was to characterize treatments for the prevention of clogging in drip Irrigation Systems utilizing different qualities of TWW (secondary and tertiary TWW). A model system was designed and assembled to compare the flow rate (FR), fouling accumulation and fouling composition in laterals and drippers subjected to different treatments. Under Irrigation with secondary TWW, control treatment function decreased rapidly while chemical treatment prolonged proper function of the drippers by maintaining a normal FR and coefficient of variation (CV). Wash treatment improved to some extent the Irrigation function. Under Irrigation with tertiary TWW the function of all treatments was significantly better than that of the secondary treatments. The total suspended solids level was found to be a significant factor in the mechanism of clogging formation according to biofouling development. The deposit chemical characterization could shed light on the mode of growth mechanism and properties of the biofouling. In general, oxidation treatments using hydrogen peroxide or hypochlorite acid  were found to eliminate biofouling and in accordance also prevented clogging.

  • Fouling formation and chemical control in drip Irrigation Systems using treated wastewater
    Irrigation Science, 2014
    Co-Authors: Sagi Katz, Yona Chen, Carlos G Dosoretz, Jorge Tarchitzky
    Abstract:

    Drip Irrigation Systems are prone to changes in flow rate (FR) and increasing coefficients of variation (CV) when fed with treated wastewater, due to fouling inside the drippers. A model system was designed to measure the FR and fouling accumulation in laterals and drippers under different treatment conditions. A novel approach was taken to compare the different maintenance treatments. A comparison of chlorination and acidification strategies showed that daily chlorination and periodic acidification may prolong proper functioning of the drippers by maintaining a normal FR [(up to ±7 %) of nominal FR] and CV (

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