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Daniel A Potter - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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strengths and limitations of bacillus thuringiensis galleriae for managing Japanese Beetle popillia japonica adults and grubs with caveats for cross order activity to monarch butterfly danaus plexippus larvae
Pest Management Science, 2020Co-Authors: Carl T Redmond, Lindsey Wallis, Matthew Geis, Chris R Williamson, Daniel A PotterAbstract:BACKGROUND: Target-selective biopesticides are needed to facilitate integrated pest and pollinator management in urban landscapes and gardens. Bacillus thuringiensis galleriae, strain SDS-502 (Btg), recently registered in the USA and Canada, produces Cry8Da protein active against scarab Beetles. We evaluated Btg formulations for managing the Japanese Beetle [Popillia japonica Newman (JB)], a polyphagous invasive pest, including residual spray effectiveness for reducing adult feeding on Rosa and Tilia spp., and granular formulations for early- or late-curative control of root-feeding grubs in turfgrass. We also tested for cross-order activity to monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus L.) larvae and other non-target insects. RESULTS: Field-weathered Btg residues reduced JB feeding on foliage for 3-14 days. Most Beetles were still flight-capable after 24 h confinement with Btg-treated leaves. Granular Btg failed to control early- or late-instar JB grubs in soils under several turfgrass species at multiple field sites. In three trials, feeding on Btg-sprayed milkweed resulted in 97-100% mortality of early instar monarchs, with symptoms of B. thuringiensis pathogenesis. Fall armyworms (Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)) fed Btg-treated grass had reduced body mass, but there were no adverse effects on lady Beetle larvae preying on Btg-sprayed aphids or on the aphids themselves. CONCLUSION: This study supports efficacy of Btg strain SDS-502 for reducing defoliation by adult JB in urban landscape settings. Granular formulations, however, failed to control JB grubs in turfgrass soils. Btg should not be used in gardens with larval host plants of the monarch butterfly or other non-pest Lepidoptera, especially species of conservation concern. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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impact of insecticide manipulated defoliation by Japanese Beetle popillia japonica on grapevines from vineyard establishment through production
Pest Management Science, 2010Co-Authors: Derrick L Hammons, Kaan S Kurtural, Daniel A PotterAbstract:BACKGROUND: Japanese Beetle (JB), Popillia japonica Newman, is a severe pest of grapes in the southeastern USA where viticulture is a growing industry. This study evaluated the impact of foliar injury from JB field populations on growth, fruit ripening, berry composition and yield of young vines of six cultivars from vineyard establishment through the first year of production. Three spray regimes, carbaryl applied every 7 or 14 days, or no insecticide, were used to manipulate levels of defoliation by JB. RESULTS: Cultivars varied in susceptibility and response to defoliation by JB. Some (e.g. Norton) showed reduced vine growth and delayed post-veraison increase in total soluble sugars and pH, as well as reduced cluster number and weight, berries per cluster and yield. Others (e.g. Concord) showed little or no measurable impact from JB. Notably, the biweekly spray regime was as effective as weekly sprays in mitigating the impacts of defoliation. CONCLUSION: Foliar loss from JB feeding can set back establishment and productivity of young grapevines. Nevertheless, many growers can reduce spray frequency without compromising the benefits of JB management. Even susceptible cultivars can tolerate low to moderate (<20%) levels of defoliation, and some are resistant enough to be grown without treating for JB. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
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impact of insecticide manipulated defoliation by Japanese Beetle popillia japonica on grapevines from vineyard establishment through production
Pest Management Science, 2010Co-Authors: Derrick L Hammons, Kaan S Kurtural, Daniel A PotterAbstract:BACKGROUND: Japanese Beetle (JB), Popillia japonica Newman, is a severe pest of grapes in the southeastern USA where viticulture is a growing industry. This study evaluated the impact of foliar injury from JB field populations on growth, fruit ripening, berry composition and yield of young vines of six cultivars from vineyard establishment through the first year of production. Three spray regimes, carbaryl applied every 7 or 14 days, or no insecticide, were used to manipulate levels of defoliation by JB. RESULTS: Cultivars varied in susceptibility and response to defoliation by JB. Some (e.g. Norton) showed reduced vine growth and delayed post-veraison increase in total soluble sugars and pH, as well as reduced cluster number and weight, berries per cluster and yield. Others (e.g. Concord) showed little or no measurable impact from JB. Notably, the biweekly spray regime was as effective as weekly sprays in mitigating the impacts of defoliation. CONCLUSION: Foliar loss from JB feeding can set back establishment and productivity of young grapevines. Nevertheless, many growers can reduce spray frequency without compromising the benefits of JB management. Even susceptible cultivars can tolerate low to moderate (<20%) levels of defoliation, and some are resistant enough to be grown without treating for JB.
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ovipositional preferences of the Japanese Beetle coleoptera scarabaeidae among warm and cool season turfgrass species
Journal of Economic Entomology, 2009Co-Authors: T N Wood, Daniel A Potter, Michael D Richardson, Donn T Johnson, Robert N Wiedenmann, D C SteinkrausAbstract:Japanese Beetles, Popillia japonica Newman (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), were evaluated for ovipositional preferences among four turfgrasses common in northwestern Arkansas. Choice assays revealed females preferred to oviposit in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.), and that they avoided oviposition in common bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon [L.] Pers.) and hybrid bermudagrass (C. dactylon x C. transvaalensis Pers.). Significantly fewer eggs were oviposited in hybrid bermudagrass in a no-choice assay, suggesting that chemical and/or physical plant characteristics deter oviposition in that grass. The percentage of turfgrass cores with evidence of female activity (presence of female or eggs, or signs of female digging) in choice assays revealed no differences among treatments, yet significantly fewer hybrid bermudagrass cores had eggs. These results suggest that many females did not initially reject hybrid bermudagrass based on aboveground plant characteristics, but rather they left without ovipositing. Therefore, resistance in hybrid bermudagrass is likely expressed below ground. Our results suggest that the use of hybrid bermudagrass as a means of cultural control in an integrated pest management program may discourage Japanese Beetle oviposition and subsequent grub infestations in lawns, golf courses, or sports fields.
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potential of azadirachtin for managing black cutworms and Japanese Beetle grubs in turf
Acta Horticulturae, 2008Co-Authors: Justine George, Daniel A PotterAbstract:Botanical insecticides have potential for managing insect pests with low hazard to humans and the environment. Azadirachtin, a limonoid extracted from the seeds of the neem tree, Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae), acts as an insect growth regulator and antifeedant against many crop pests. We evaluated two commercial azadirachtin formulations, Azatrol EC and Azatin XL (1.2 and 3.0%, respectively) against two important turfgrass pests: black cutworms [BCW], Agrotis ipsilon, and Japanese Beetle [JB], Popillia japonica. Feeding on azadirachtin-sprayed creeping bentgrass caused molting disorders and death of early-instar BCW, and slowed feeding and stunted the growth of late instars. Azadirachtin also showed systemic activity against early instar BCW fed bentgrass treated via a root soak, and some deterrence of late instars in the field. Application to Kentucky bluegrass, followed by irrigation, killed 2nd-instar JB at 5 times label rate, but label rates did not provide control in the greenhouse or field. Azadirachtin residues in turf did not deter egglaying by JB. This work indicates that azadirachtin will suppress BCW if applied when early instars are present, but probably will not effectively control late instars or root-feeding grubs.
Shinichiro Asano - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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identification of a bacillus thuringiensis cry8da toxin binding glucosidase from the adult Japanese Beetle popillia japonica
Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 2013Co-Authors: Takuya Yamaguchi, Hisanori Bando, Shinichiro AsanoAbstract:Abstract Cry8Da from Bacillus thuringiensis galleriae SDS-502 has insecticidal activity against both the larvae and adult Japanese Beetle ( Popillia japonica Newman). The receptor determines the specificity of the insecticidal activity of Cry proteins and hence, in order to reveal the mode of action of Cry toxin, receptor identification is a necessary step. However, a receptor for Cry8-type toxin has not been identified in the Scarabaeidae family of insects. Therefore, we aimed to identify the receptor of Cry8Da toxin in adult P . japonica BBMV. A ligand blot showed the Cry8Da toxin only bound to a 150 kDa protein in the BBMV of adult P . japonica . In order to identify the Cry8Da toxin binding protein, it was purified by column chromatography and three internal amino acid sequences were determined. Two of the three internal amino acid sequences shared homology with Coleopteran β-glucosidases. In addition, the fraction containing the Cry8Da toxin binding protein had β-glucosidase activity but no aminopeptidase N and alkaline phosphatase activity, both of which are commonly reported as receptors for Cry toxins in Lepidopteran and Dipteran insects. The β-glucosidase homologous genes could be amplified by PCR using degenerate oligonucleotide primers designed from a conserved sequence of Coleopteran β-glucosidases and an internal amino acid sequence of the Cry8Da toxin binding protein. Taken together, the β-glucosidase in adult P . japonica BBMV is the receptor for B . thuringiensis Cry8Da toxin.
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intramolecular proteolytic nicking and binding of bacillus thuringiensis cry8da toxin in bbmvs of Japanese Beetle
Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 2010Co-Authors: Takuya Yamaguchi, Ken Sahara, Hisanori Bando, Shinichiro AsanoAbstract:Abstract Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry8D insecticidal proteins are unique among Cry8 family proteins in terms of its insecticidal activity against adult Scarab Beetles, such as Japanese Beetle (Popillia japonica Newman). From the sequence homology with other Bt Cry proteins especially those active against Beetles, such as Cry3Aa whose 3D structure is available, the structure of the Cry8D protein has been predicted to be a typical three-domain Cry protein type. In addition, the activation process of Cry8D in gut juice of susceptible insects is presumed to be similar to that of Cry3A ( Yamaguchi et al., 2008 ). In this study, the activation process of Cry8Da in insect gut juice was closely examined. Japanese Beetle gut juice proteases digested the 130 kDa Cry8Da protein to produce a 64 kDa protein. This 64 kDa protein was active against both adult and larval Japanese Beetle and considered to be an activated toxin. N-terminal sequencing of this 64 kDa protein revealed that the Cry8Da leader sequence consisting of 63 amino acid residues from M1 to F63 was removed. As in the case of Cry3Aa, the proteases further digested the 64 kDa protein to two 8 kDa and 54 kDa fragments. N-terminal amino acid analysis of these smaller fragments indicated that the proteases digested the loop between Alpha Helix (Alpha for short) 3 and Alpha 4. This means that the 8 kDa fragment consists of Alpha 1–3 of Domain I and that the 54 kDa fragment contains the remaining Domain I and full Domain II and Domain III. Size exclusion chromatography and anion exchange chromatography could not separate these 64, 54 and 8 kDa proteins suggesting that the 54 kDa and 8 kDa fragments are still forming the toxin complex equivalent to the 64 kDa protein by size and ionic charge. The sequencing and chromatography results suggest that the gut juice proteases merely nicked the loop between Alpha 3 and Alpha 4. This nicking process appeared to be essential for receptor binding of the Cry8Da toxin. BBMV binding assay revealed that the Cry8Da toxin bound to BBMV preparations from both adult and larval Japanese Beetle only after the loop was nicked. Only the 54 kDa fragment bound to the BBMV preparations but not the 64 kDa protein. Ligand blot showed that the protease activated Cry8Da toxin, presumably the 54 kDa fragment, bound to specific BBMV proteins, one or more of those would be receptor(s). The sizes and binding affinities of these Cry8Da-bound proteins of Japanese Beetle BBMV differed between larvae and adults.
Takuya Yamaguchi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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identification of a bacillus thuringiensis cry8da toxin binding glucosidase from the adult Japanese Beetle popillia japonica
Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 2013Co-Authors: Takuya Yamaguchi, Hisanori Bando, Shinichiro AsanoAbstract:Abstract Cry8Da from Bacillus thuringiensis galleriae SDS-502 has insecticidal activity against both the larvae and adult Japanese Beetle ( Popillia japonica Newman). The receptor determines the specificity of the insecticidal activity of Cry proteins and hence, in order to reveal the mode of action of Cry toxin, receptor identification is a necessary step. However, a receptor for Cry8-type toxin has not been identified in the Scarabaeidae family of insects. Therefore, we aimed to identify the receptor of Cry8Da toxin in adult P . japonica BBMV. A ligand blot showed the Cry8Da toxin only bound to a 150 kDa protein in the BBMV of adult P . japonica . In order to identify the Cry8Da toxin binding protein, it was purified by column chromatography and three internal amino acid sequences were determined. Two of the three internal amino acid sequences shared homology with Coleopteran β-glucosidases. In addition, the fraction containing the Cry8Da toxin binding protein had β-glucosidase activity but no aminopeptidase N and alkaline phosphatase activity, both of which are commonly reported as receptors for Cry toxins in Lepidopteran and Dipteran insects. The β-glucosidase homologous genes could be amplified by PCR using degenerate oligonucleotide primers designed from a conserved sequence of Coleopteran β-glucosidases and an internal amino acid sequence of the Cry8Da toxin binding protein. Taken together, the β-glucosidase in adult P . japonica BBMV is the receptor for B . thuringiensis Cry8Da toxin.
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intramolecular proteolytic nicking and binding of bacillus thuringiensis cry8da toxin in bbmvs of Japanese Beetle
Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 2010Co-Authors: Takuya Yamaguchi, Ken Sahara, Hisanori Bando, Shinichiro AsanoAbstract:Abstract Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry8D insecticidal proteins are unique among Cry8 family proteins in terms of its insecticidal activity against adult Scarab Beetles, such as Japanese Beetle (Popillia japonica Newman). From the sequence homology with other Bt Cry proteins especially those active against Beetles, such as Cry3Aa whose 3D structure is available, the structure of the Cry8D protein has been predicted to be a typical three-domain Cry protein type. In addition, the activation process of Cry8D in gut juice of susceptible insects is presumed to be similar to that of Cry3A ( Yamaguchi et al., 2008 ). In this study, the activation process of Cry8Da in insect gut juice was closely examined. Japanese Beetle gut juice proteases digested the 130 kDa Cry8Da protein to produce a 64 kDa protein. This 64 kDa protein was active against both adult and larval Japanese Beetle and considered to be an activated toxin. N-terminal sequencing of this 64 kDa protein revealed that the Cry8Da leader sequence consisting of 63 amino acid residues from M1 to F63 was removed. As in the case of Cry3Aa, the proteases further digested the 64 kDa protein to two 8 kDa and 54 kDa fragments. N-terminal amino acid analysis of these smaller fragments indicated that the proteases digested the loop between Alpha Helix (Alpha for short) 3 and Alpha 4. This means that the 8 kDa fragment consists of Alpha 1–3 of Domain I and that the 54 kDa fragment contains the remaining Domain I and full Domain II and Domain III. Size exclusion chromatography and anion exchange chromatography could not separate these 64, 54 and 8 kDa proteins suggesting that the 54 kDa and 8 kDa fragments are still forming the toxin complex equivalent to the 64 kDa protein by size and ionic charge. The sequencing and chromatography results suggest that the gut juice proteases merely nicked the loop between Alpha 3 and Alpha 4. This nicking process appeared to be essential for receptor binding of the Cry8Da toxin. BBMV binding assay revealed that the Cry8Da toxin bound to BBMV preparations from both adult and larval Japanese Beetle only after the loop was nicked. Only the 54 kDa fragment bound to the BBMV preparations but not the 64 kDa protein. Ligand blot showed that the protease activated Cry8Da toxin, presumably the 54 kDa fragment, bound to specific BBMV proteins, one or more of those would be receptor(s). The sizes and binding affinities of these Cry8Da-bound proteins of Japanese Beetle BBMV differed between larvae and adults.
David W. Held - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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fungicides affect Japanese Beetle popillia japonica coleoptera scarabaeidae egg hatch larval survival and detoxification enzymes
Pest Management Science, 2016Co-Authors: Glen R Obear, Chris R Williamson, Adekunle W Adesanya, P J Liesch, David W. HeldAbstract:BACKGROUND Larvae of the Japanese Beetle, Popillia japonica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), have a patchy distribution in soils, which complicates detection and management of this insect pest. Managed turf systems are frequently under pest pressure from fungal pathogens, necessitating frequent fungicide applications. It is possible that certain turfgrass fungicides may have lethal or sublethal adverse effects on eggs and larvae of P. japonica that inhabit managed turf systems. In this study, eggs and first-, second- and third-instar larvae were treated with the fungicides chlorothalonil and propiconazole, and survival was compared with that of untreated controls as well as positive controls treated with the insecticide trichlorfon. RESULTS Chlorothalonil reduced survival of first-instar larvae treated directly and hatched from treated eggs. Propiconazole delayed egg hatch, reduced the proportion of eggs that successfully hatched and reduced survival of first-instar larvae treated directly and hatched from treated eggs. Sublethal doses of the fungicides lowered the activities of certain detoxification enzymes in third-instar grubs. CONCLUSIONS Fungicide applications to turfgrass that coincide with oviposition and egg hatch of white grubs may have sublethal effects. This work is applicable both to high-maintenance turfgrass such as golf courses, where applications of pesticides are more frequent, and to home lawn services, where mixtures of multiple pesticides are commonly used. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
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relative susceptibility of woody landscape plants to Japanese Beetle coleoptera scarabaeidae
2004Co-Authors: David W. HeldAbstract:The Japanese Beetle (Popillia japonica Newman) was introduced to a New Jersey nursery in 1916 and continues to spread across the United States and Canada. Adults attack foliage, flowers, and fruit of more than 300 species of plants; however, some plants are notably resistant. This paper summarizes data on plant susceptibility of woody plants to Japanese Beetles collected from observations and controlled experiments. Resistance to Japanese Beetle has been documented among species of maples (Acer) and birch (Betula) and among cultivars of crabapple (Malus), crapemyrtle (Lagerstroemia), and linden (Tilia). Production of certain plant odors, presence of secondary compounds in leaves, and leaf pubescence are factors affecting resistance to this insect. Host plant resistance is the most sustainable means of managing feeding damage or plant losses resulting from Japanese Beetle adults. When suitable, incorporating Japanese Beetle-resistant plants into new landscapes can reduce or eliminate the expense of replacing damaged plants or frequent insecticide applications.
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Evaluating Companion Planting and Non-host Masking Odors for Protecting Roses from the Japanese Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Journal of economic entomology, 2003Co-Authors: David W. Held, P. Gonsiska, Daniel A PotterAbstract:Effectiveness of companion planting, and use of nonhost masking odors were evaluated under Þeld conditions for protecting roses against the Japanese Beetle, Popillia japonica Newman. Three reputedly effective companion species, rue (Ruta graveolens L.), zonal geranium (Pelargo- nium hortorum Bailey), and garlic chives (Allium scheonparum L.) were interplanted with roses in replicated garden plots. Numbers of Beetles on these roses were compared with rose-only control plots on 6 d during Beetle sight. The masking odor hypothesis was tested by hanging mesh bags of aromatic herbs or other sources of reputedly repellent nonhost volatiles around potted roses in the Þeld. Treatments included crushed red pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.), fennel seeds (Foeniculm vulgare Miller), crushed spearmint (Mentha picata L.), cedar shavings (Juniperus sp.), osage orange fruits (Maclura pomifera (Raif) Schneid.), and seshy gingko seeds (Gingko biloba L.). No treatment signiÞcantly reduced numbers of Beetles relative to the controls. Interplanting with geraniums signiÞcantly increased numbers of Japanese Beetles on roses. Similarly, roses surrounded by sachets with fennel seeds, cedar shavings, crushed red pepper, or osage orange fruits had signiÞcantly more Beetles than the control plants on two or more sample dates. Our results suggest that the use of companion or reputedly repellent plants or plant odors probably will be ineffective for protecting roses or other highly-susceptible ornamentals from P. japonica. Use of such tactics in an effort to discourage other garden pests might even increase Japanese Beetle damage in those plantings.
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biology and management of the Japanese Beetle
Annual Review of Entomology, 2002Co-Authors: Daniel A Potter, David W. HeldAbstract:The Japanese Beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, an introduced scarab, has become the most widespread and destructive insect pest of turf, landscapes, and nursery crops in the eastern United States. It also damages many fruit, garden, and field crops. This review emphasizes recent research on the Beetle's biology and management. Adults feed on leaves, flowers, or fruits of more than 300 plant species. Adaptations mediating their host finding, dietary range, mating, and oviposition are discussed. We also address abiotic and biotic factors affecting population dynamics of the root-feeding larvae. Japanese Beetle grubs are widely controlled with preventive soil insecticides, but options for remedial control of adults and larvae presently are limited. Advances in understanding host plant resistance, entomopathogens, and other biorational approaches may provide more options for integrated management. Despite ongoing regulatory efforts, the Japanese Beetle remains a threat as an invasive species.
Carl T Redmond - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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strengths and limitations of bacillus thuringiensis galleriae for managing Japanese Beetle popillia japonica adults and grubs with caveats for cross order activity to monarch butterfly danaus plexippus larvae
Pest Management Science, 2020Co-Authors: Carl T Redmond, Lindsey Wallis, Matthew Geis, Chris R Williamson, Daniel A PotterAbstract:BACKGROUND: Target-selective biopesticides are needed to facilitate integrated pest and pollinator management in urban landscapes and gardens. Bacillus thuringiensis galleriae, strain SDS-502 (Btg), recently registered in the USA and Canada, produces Cry8Da protein active against scarab Beetles. We evaluated Btg formulations for managing the Japanese Beetle [Popillia japonica Newman (JB)], a polyphagous invasive pest, including residual spray effectiveness for reducing adult feeding on Rosa and Tilia spp., and granular formulations for early- or late-curative control of root-feeding grubs in turfgrass. We also tested for cross-order activity to monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus L.) larvae and other non-target insects. RESULTS: Field-weathered Btg residues reduced JB feeding on foliage for 3-14 days. Most Beetles were still flight-capable after 24 h confinement with Btg-treated leaves. Granular Btg failed to control early- or late-instar JB grubs in soils under several turfgrass species at multiple field sites. In three trials, feeding on Btg-sprayed milkweed resulted in 97-100% mortality of early instar monarchs, with symptoms of B. thuringiensis pathogenesis. Fall armyworms (Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)) fed Btg-treated grass had reduced body mass, but there were no adverse effects on lady Beetle larvae preying on Btg-sprayed aphids or on the aphids themselves. CONCLUSION: This study supports efficacy of Btg strain SDS-502 for reducing defoliation by adult JB in urban landscape settings. Granular formulations, however, failed to control JB grubs in turfgrass soils. Btg should not be used in gardens with larval host plants of the monarch butterfly or other non-pest Lepidoptera, especially species of conservation concern. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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residual effects of imidacloprid on Japanese Beetle coleoptera scarabaeidae oviposition egg hatch and larval viability in turfgrass
Journal of Economic Entomology, 2007Co-Authors: Justine George, Carl T Redmond, Reed N Royalty, Daniel A PotterAbstract:Preventive control of turf-infesting scarabaeid grubs by neonicotinoid insecticides is presumed to mainly result from residues killing first instars in the soil. The extent to which sublethal behavioral effects or intoxication of other life stages contribute to such control is poorly known. We tested whether Japanese Beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, females lay fewer eggs in turf treated with imidacloprid (Merit 75 WP) or an imidacloprid-bifenthrin combination (Allectus GC SC), and whether exposure to those residues in thatch and soil reduces their survival and subsequent ability to feed or take flight. Effects of imidacloprid residues on egg hatch and viability of successive larval instars also were studied. In two sets of choice tests, 68 and 82% fewer eggs were laid in Kentucky bluegrass with Allectus residues than in controls. When females were confined in treated turf, however, neither insecticide consistently reduced their fecundity or affected depth at which eggs were laid, although exposure to fresh Allectus residues reduced the Beetles' subsequent viability. Imidacloprid residues up to 2 ppm in soil did not affect egg viability or days to hatch, but they killed neonates soon after eclosion. Imidacloprid curatively applied at label rate (0.34 kg active ingredient/ha) reduced weight gain, burrowing capability, frass production, and survival of second and third instars in turfgrass cores, with high mortality within 30 d. Intoxication and behavioral impairment of third instars also occurred in autumn field trials. Our data suggest that imidacloprid has greater activity against late instars than is generally appreciated.
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influence of turfgrass species and tall fescue endophyte on feeding ecology of Japanese Beetle and southern masked chafer grubs coleoptera scarabaeidae
Journal of Economic Entomology, 1992Co-Authors: Daniel A Potter, Cary G Patterson, Carl T RedmondAbstract:Suitability of six cool-season turfgrasses, including tall fescue, festuca arundinacea Schreb., infected or not infected by the endophyte Acremonium coenophialum Morgan-Jones & Gams, was studied for root-feeding grubs of the Japanese Beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, and the southern masked chafer, Cyclocephala lurida Bland. Larval growth, survival, food use, effects of larval diet on adult weight and fecundity, and natural incidence of grubs were investigated in laboratory, greenhouse, and field assays. Hard fescue, Festuca ovina var. duriuscula L., endophyte-free tall fescue, and perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne L., were generally more favorable than creeping bentgrass, Agrostis palustris (Huds.), for growth of C. lurida, whereas Kentucky bluegrass, Poa pratensis L., was a relatively poor host for both grub species. Variation in nitrogen content of roots is apparently too small to explain these differences. Roots of endophyte-infected tall fescue contained 93 micrograms/g N-formyl loline, a level previously shown to deter grub feeding on artificial medium. However, this study suggests that antixenosis may not occur in the presence of the stimulus complex in tall fescue roots. Survival or growth or both of neonate first instars were lower on endophyte-infected than on endophyte-free tall fescue. However, response of older instars was variable, and there was no measurable effect of endophyte on density or weight of grubs in field plots or on fecundity of P. japonica adults that emerged from endophyte-infected turf. Variation in susceptibility of cool-season turfgrasses to white grubs is probably affected more by differences in their ability to tolerate the feeding damage than by their inherent suitability as food.
