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Agustín Udías - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A Jesuit Tradition
Searching the Heavens and the Earth: The History of Jesuit Observatories, 2020Co-Authors: Agustín UdíasAbstract:Jesuit interest in the natural sciences began in the very early days of the foundation of the Society of Jesus in 1540. This work can be related to the development of Jesuit colleges in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, coinciding with the birth and progress of modern science. From the very beginning, mathematics, astronomy, and natural sciences were important features of their academic programs. Early scientific work of Jesuits and their contribution to the establishment of modern science have recently received considerable attention, for example, in the works of Heilbron (1982), Dear (1987), Wallace (1989), Harris (1989) and Baldini (1992). Steven J. Harris explicitly links Jesuit scientific tradition with the order’s “apostolic spirituality,” using the thesis established by Robert K. Merton on the relation between the development of modern science in seventeenth century England and the Puritan ethos. For Harris the values of apostolic spirituality strongly encouraged an activist mentality among Jesuits, which led to the acceptance of the modern sciences, because they were useful means in fulfilling the goals of the Society’s apostolates in education and mission work. This became in time an established tradition, which has been continued in different ways until our days. We will treat this point later in this chapter to find what there is specifically in Jesuit spirituality, which constitutes the basis of this scientific tradition.
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Jesuit Astronomers in China and India
Jesuit Contribution to Science, 2014Co-Authors: Agustín UdíasAbstract:The first Jesuit to enter China was Matteo Ricci. He became aware of the interest of Chinese in mathematics and astronomy and their relative ignorance and wrote in Chinese books on these subjects. He made the first translation of Euclid’s work into Chinese. He saw the importance of Jesuits to be involved in the reform of the Chinese calendar that had many failures. Johann Schall became director of the Imperial Observatory and his calendar was approved in 1645. Under the first Manchu Emperor Sunzhi, Schall became an important counsellor at the imperial court. He was succeeded in the direction of the Observatory by Ferdinand Verbiest who had a high rank position with emperor Kangxi. Jesuits were in charge of the Observatory until 1773. Jesuit astronomers made an expedition to Siam that soon failed. Jesuits made also astronomical observations in India, specially, collaborating with the Rajah of Jaipur. Thus Jesuits were the first to bring western astronomy and mathematics to China and India, carrying out scientific exchange between West and East.
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3 – The Jesuit Contribution to Seismology
International Geophysics, 2002Co-Authors: Agustín Udías, William StauderAbstract:Jesuits significantly contributed to organizational, experimental, and theoretical aspects of seismology. Their principal contribution has been to provide seismological data for research into the constitution of the Earth and the processes of generation of earthquakes. To effectively accomplish this, Jesuit stations regularly endeavored to update the quality of their instrumentation. However, establishment of modern national seismological networks and research institutions has made Jesuit station's work no longer necessary and explains the closing of many Jesuit stations. Nowadays, the contributions from Jesuits, which are still active are much developed—the reporting of data is very modern and is mainly through the research centers. There are also contributions by individual Jesuits associated with Jesuit stations or working in or with other institutions or associations. They have continued to play an important part in the development of the theory of plate tectonics, in the study of the deep constitution of the Earth and of the mechanism of earthquakes, and in the earthquake hazard reduction programs of their various national efforts and cooperative international initiatives.
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the Jesuit contribution to seismology
Seismological Research Letters, 1996Co-Authors: Agustín Udías, William StauderAbstract:INTRODUCTION The contribution to seismology of the Society of Jesus as an institution through its colleges and universities, and its members as individual scientists, forms an important chapter in the history of this science. This is especially so in the early years of its development. Several papers have described in part the work of Jesuits in seismology: Sanchez Navarro-Neumann (1928, 1937), Heck (1944), who limits himself to American Jesuits, and the interesting but short summaries of Linehan (1970, 1984). No recent or comprehensive work, however, exists on the topic. Recently, moreover, many Jesuit seismographic stations have been closed and the number of Jesuits actually working in seismology has been greatly reduced. To a certain extent, apart from a very few academic departments and research institutes associated with Jesuit universities, it can be said that this is a chapter which is coming to a close. The interest of Jesuits has...
William Stauder - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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3 – The Jesuit Contribution to Seismology
International Geophysics, 2002Co-Authors: Agustín Udías, William StauderAbstract:Jesuits significantly contributed to organizational, experimental, and theoretical aspects of seismology. Their principal contribution has been to provide seismological data for research into the constitution of the Earth and the processes of generation of earthquakes. To effectively accomplish this, Jesuit stations regularly endeavored to update the quality of their instrumentation. However, establishment of modern national seismological networks and research institutions has made Jesuit station's work no longer necessary and explains the closing of many Jesuit stations. Nowadays, the contributions from Jesuits, which are still active are much developed—the reporting of data is very modern and is mainly through the research centers. There are also contributions by individual Jesuits associated with Jesuit stations or working in or with other institutions or associations. They have continued to play an important part in the development of the theory of plate tectonics, in the study of the deep constitution of the Earth and of the mechanism of earthquakes, and in the earthquake hazard reduction programs of their various national efforts and cooperative international initiatives.
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the Jesuit contribution to seismology
Seismological Research Letters, 1996Co-Authors: Agustín Udías, William StauderAbstract:INTRODUCTION The contribution to seismology of the Society of Jesus as an institution through its colleges and universities, and its members as individual scientists, forms an important chapter in the history of this science. This is especially so in the early years of its development. Several papers have described in part the work of Jesuits in seismology: Sanchez Navarro-Neumann (1928, 1937), Heck (1944), who limits himself to American Jesuits, and the interesting but short summaries of Linehan (1970, 1984). No recent or comprehensive work, however, exists on the topic. Recently, moreover, many Jesuit seismographic stations have been closed and the number of Jesuits actually working in seismology has been greatly reduced. To a certain extent, apart from a very few academic departments and research institutes associated with Jesuit universities, it can be said that this is a chapter which is coming to a close. The interest of Jesuits has...
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Jesuit Geophysical Observatories
Eos Transactions American Geophysical Union, 1991Co-Authors: Agustín Udías, William StauderAbstract:Jesuits have had ah interest in observing and explaining geophysical phenomena since this religious order, the Society of Jesus, was founded by Ignatius of Loyola in 1540. Three principal factors contributed to this interest: their educational work in colleges and universities, their missionary endeavors to remote lands where they observed interesting and often as yet undocumented natural phenomena, and a network of communication that brought research of other Jesuits readily to their awareness. One of the first and most important Jesuit colleges was the Roman College (today the Gregorian University) founded in 1551 in Rome, which served as a model for many other universities throughout the world. By 1572, Christopher Clavius (1537–1612), professor of mathematics at the Roman College, had already initiated an important tradition of Jesuit research by emphasizing applied mathematics and insisting on the need of serious study of mathematics in the program of studies in the humanities. In 1547 he directed a publication of Euclid's work with commentaries, and published several treatises on mathematics, including Arithmetica Practica [1585], Gnomonicae [1581], and Geometrica Practica [1606]. Clavius was also a Copernican and supported his friend Galileo when he announced the discovery of the satellites of Jupiter.
Paul F. Grendler - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Jesuit Schools and Universities in Europe 1548–1773
Brill Research Perspectives in Jesuit Studies, 2019Co-Authors: Paul F. GrendlerAbstract:Abstract Paul F. Grendler, noted historian of European education, surveys Jesuit schools and universities throughout Europe from the first school founded in 1548 to the suppression of the Society of Jesus in 1773. The Jesuits were famed educators who founded and operated an international network of schools and universities that enrolled students from the age of eight or ten through doctoral studies. The essay analyzes the organization, curriculum, pedagogy, culture, financing, relations with civil authorities, enrollments, and social composition of students in Jesuit pre-university schools. Grendler then examines the different forms of Jesuit universities. The Jesuits did almost all the teaching in small collegiate universities that they governed. In large civic–Jesuit universities the Jesuits taught the humanities, philosophy, and theology, while lay professors taught law and medicine. The article provides examples ranging from the first Jesuit school in Messina, Sicily, to universities across Europe. It features a complete list of Jesuit schools in France.
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the culture of the Jesuit teacher 1548 1773
Journal of Jesuit Studies, 2016Co-Authors: Paul F. GrendlerAbstract:The culture of the Jesuit teacher consisted of his daily pedagogical attitudes, habits, and practices. In 1560, General Lainez decreed that the schools were the most important ministry and that all Jesuit scholastics and priests must teach. All taught grammar and humanities classes in the lower school for three to five years, and some Jesuits spent most of their careers teaching in the upper school. Learning to manage a classroom of fifty to one hundred boys with the aid of student helpers called decurions was part of teacher culture. Jesuit teacher culture strongly emphasized competition. It rewarded good students and punished weak students. A major purpose of Jesuit teacher culture was to educate boys to be good future leaders of the state and the church. Jesuit teacher culture gave preference to well-born students. It also urged teachers to help lowborn and academically weak students.
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The Culture of the Jesuit Teacher 1548–1773
Journal of Jesuit Studies, 2016Co-Authors: Paul F. GrendlerAbstract:The culture of the Jesuit teacher consisted of his daily pedagogical attitudes, habits, and practices. In 1560, General Lainez decreed that the schools were the most important ministry and that all Jesuit scholastics and priests must teach. All taught grammar and humanities classes in the lower school for three to five years, and some Jesuits spent most of their careers teaching in the upper school. Learning to manage a classroom of fifty to one hundred boys with the aid of student helpers called decurions was part of teacher culture. Jesuit teacher culture strongly emphasized competition. It rewarded good students and punished weak students. A major purpose of Jesuit teacher culture was to educate boys to be good future leaders of the state and the church. Jesuit teacher culture gave preference to well-born students. It also urged teachers to help lowborn and academically weak students.
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Jesuit schools in europe a historiographical essay
Journal of Jesuit Studies, 2014Co-Authors: Paul F. GrendlerAbstract:The article surveys recent scholarship on Jesuit schools and universities in Europe from 1548 to 1773. It focuses on the period after the death of Ignatius of Loyola because that is when crucial decisions that shaped Jesuit schools were made. Diego Lainez made the most important decision in 1560 when he ordered that all Jesuits would teach. The goal of Jesuit teaching went beyond saving souls: Jesuit schools had the secular purpose of improving civil society by educating boys to earn a living and to fill leadership positions. Much recent scholarship has focused on Jesuit mathematical scholarship and teaching while insufficient attention has been devoted to philosophy. The Jesuits oversaw and taught in boarding schools for noble boys with considerable success. However, their attempts to become professors in universities often met with strong resistance and sometimes failed. The Jesuits devoted considerable time and effort to catechetical instruction using a variety of catechisms and approaches across Europe and the rest of the world. A major scholarly lacuna is the lack of attention paid to the financing of Jesuit colleges and schools, largely because of its complexity. A mix of subsidies from ruler or city council, designated taxes, private bequests of property or income, donations, living annuities, and other devices supported Jesuit schools. Lawsuits were a byproduct.
Stanislav Jože Južnic - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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central european Jesuit scientists in china and their impact on chinese science
Asian Studies, 2015Co-Authors: Stanislav Jože JužnicAbstract:This article describes nine Central European Jesuits from the Austrian province who embarked for China in the 17th and 18th centuries. Their European educational networks provide useful insights into the abilities of the absburg Monarchy to meet Chinese Imperial demands. The focus is on feedback of their adopted Chinese network back to their own homes. The Europeans and Chinese-based Jesuits exchanged instruments, books, artifacts, and letters. The exception was Johannes Grueber, who personally traveled back to Europe accompanied by Diestel from Carniola, and helped Athanasius Kircher to produce the appealing legend of Jesuit astronomical heroes in Beijing. The Jesuits acted as intermediate in the exchange of know-how between Europe and China. In modern Chinese eyes they were also somewhat viewed as spies, who helped European military and economic victories in the mid-19th century. Modern China is now as strong as it was in the times of Old Jesuit Society, therefore the Europocentric history of science must be rewritten from the standpoint of today’s winning Chinese economy. What kind of science will Western Civilization import from the future Chinese literati? The Jesuits’ transfer of European Sciences to the Far-Easterners caused the reverse impact from seemingly less developed centers of Far East that was felt in Jesuits’ times, but much more is to follow in the near future. We could expect the fundamental future Chinese achievements in cosmology, especially in Einstein’s general theory of relativity.
Agustín Udías - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Jesuit Scientists in Science-Fiction Novels*
Journal of Jesuit Studies, 2019Co-Authors: Agustín UdíasAbstract:The appearance of Jesuit scientists in science-fiction novels, often as the main characters, is an interesting and little-known fact. Some have even suggested that this feature may characterize a specific sub-genre of such novels. The quality and the themes vary greatly, and it is not clear what moves authors to include Jesuits. This article reviews ten of these novels, noting their great variety in plot and approach, as well as the frequent use of space travel and contact with intelligent aliens. In general, the presence of Jesuit characters allows the authors to introduce a religious perspective, but can also be interpreted as a recognition of the Jesuit tradition in scientific fields.
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The Correspondence of Johann Georg Hagen, First Jesuit Director of the Vatican Observatory, with Directors of Jesuit Observatories
Journal of Jesuit Studies, 2016Co-Authors: Agustín UdíasAbstract:Johann Georg Hagen, the first Jesuit director of the Vatican Observatory, carried out an abundant correspondence with other directors of Jesuit observatories between 1906 and 1930. Letters of his correspondents preserved at the Vatican Observatory and a few of his letters at other observatories provide interesting information about the work and problems of Jesuit astronomical observatories at that time. Letters survive from observatories in Europe, North America, Asia, and Australia. A short presentation is given concerning the relationship between Hagen and the other directors and the contents of the correspondence.
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Epilogue: The Jesuit Scientific Tradition
Jesuit Contribution to Science, 2014Co-Authors: Agustín UdíasAbstract:The question of how to explain Jesuit peculiar involvement in science has been given different answers. It has been explained in terms of Jesuit “apostolic spirituality”, what is called “Jesuit ideology” and the influence of historical factors. Apologetics may have also played a role at some time, but finally it has to be explained by Ignatian spirituality. Its core can be found at Saint Ignatius recommendation of “finding God in all things” and the union of prayer and action. Jesuits scientists themselves have reflected about the practical way of doing this, giving different answers. Some have examined the role of the “priest-scientist” as a dynamic synthesis of being a man of God and a man of science. They recognize that the union of the scientific practice and Jesuit life is not exempt from tensions. Personally this tension has been solved in different ways.
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Jesuit Geophysical Observatories
Eos Transactions American Geophysical Union, 1991Co-Authors: Agustín Udías, William StauderAbstract:Jesuits have had ah interest in observing and explaining geophysical phenomena since this religious order, the Society of Jesus, was founded by Ignatius of Loyola in 1540. Three principal factors contributed to this interest: their educational work in colleges and universities, their missionary endeavors to remote lands where they observed interesting and often as yet undocumented natural phenomena, and a network of communication that brought research of other Jesuits readily to their awareness. One of the first and most important Jesuit colleges was the Roman College (today the Gregorian University) founded in 1551 in Rome, which served as a model for many other universities throughout the world. By 1572, Christopher Clavius (1537–1612), professor of mathematics at the Roman College, had already initiated an important tradition of Jesuit research by emphasizing applied mathematics and insisting on the need of serious study of mathematics in the program of studies in the humanities. In 1547 he directed a publication of Euclid's work with commentaries, and published several treatises on mathematics, including Arithmetica Practica [1585], Gnomonicae [1581], and Geometrica Practica [1606]. Clavius was also a Copernican and supported his friend Galileo when he announced the discovery of the satellites of Jupiter.