The Experts below are selected from a list of 5070 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Neil C Stickland - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Maternal “Junk Food” diet and post-natal development
2020Co-Authors: Stephanie A Bayol, Neil C SticklandAbstract:Eating habits of Western societies have changed in the last few decades. People consume greater proportions of “away from home” Foods and snacks which are rich in energy, saturated fat, sugar and salt but lack the micronutrients found in wholesome Foods. These “Junk Food” diets are generally blamed for the current obesity epidemic, but the effects of exposure to such diets from fetal life through maternal nutrition in pregnancy and lactation are poorly characterised. We have developed an animal model to examine this issue in rats and data show that offspring exposed to a “Junk Food” diet from fetal life are susceptible to aggravated obesity and related disorders by the end of adolescence. This work highlights the maternal diet as a contributing factor to obesity in offspring and emphasizes that healthy eating habits ought to be encouraged starting at the fetal stage of life.
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a maternal Junk Food diet in pregnancy and lactation promotes nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in rat offspring
Endocrinology, 2010Co-Authors: Stephanie A Bayol, Biggy Simbi, Robert C Fowkes, Neil C SticklandAbstract:With rising obesity rates, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is predicted to become the main cause of chronic liver disease in the next decades. Rising obesity prevalence is attributed to changes in dietary habits with increased consumption of palatable Junk Foods, but maternal malnutrition also contributes to obesity in progeny. This study examines whether a maternal Junk Food diet predisposes offspring to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. The 144 rat offspring were fed either a balanced chow diet alone or with palatable Junk Foods rich in energy, fat, sugar, and/or salt during gestation, lactation, and/or after weaning up to the end of adolescence. Offspring fed Junk Food throughout the study exhibited exacerbated hepatic steatosis, hepatocyte ballooning, and oxidative stress response compared with offspring given free access to Junk Food after weaning only. These offspring also displayed sex differences in their hepatic molecular metabolic adaptation to diet-induced obesity with increased expression of ...
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evidence that a maternal Junk Food diet during pregnancy and lactation can reduce muscle force in offspring
European Journal of Nutrition, 2009Co-Authors: Stephanie A Bayol, Samantha J Farrington, Biggy Simbi, Raymond Macharia, Neil C SticklandAbstract:Background Obesity is a multi-factorial condition generally attributed to an unbalanced diet and lack of exercise. Recent evidence suggests that maternal malnutrition during pregnancy and lactation can also contribute to the development of obesity in offspring. We have developed an animal model in rats to examine the effects of maternal overeating on a westernised “Junk Food” diet using palatable processed Foods rich in fat, sugar and salt designed for human consumption. Using this model, we have shown that such a maternal diet can promote overeating and a greater preference for Junk Food in offspring at the end of adolescence. The maternal Junk Food diet also promoted adiposity and muscle atrophy at weaning. Impaired muscle development may permanently affect the function of this tissue including its ability to generate force.
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offspring from mothers fed a Junk Food diet in pregnancy and lactation exhibit exacerbated adiposity that is more pronounced in females
The Journal of Physiology, 2008Co-Authors: Stephanie A Bayol, Biggy Simbi, J A Bertrand, Neil C SticklandAbstract:We have shown previously that a maternal Junk Food diet during pregnancy and lactation plays a role in predisposing offspring to obesity. Here we show that rat offspring born to mothers fed the same Junk Food diet rich in fat, sugar and salt develop exacerbated adiposity accompanied by raised circulating glucose, insulin, triglyceride and/or cholesterol by the end of adolescence (10 weeks postpartum) compared with offspring also given free access to Junk Food from weaning but whose mothers were exclusively fed a balanced chow diet in pregnancy and lactation. Results also showed that offspring from mothers fed the Junk Food diet in pregnancy and lactation, and which were then switched to a balanced chow diet from weaning, exhibited increased perirenal fat pad mass relative to body weight and adipocyte hypertrophy compared with offspring which were never exposed to the Junk Food diet. This study shows that the increased adiposity was more enhanced in female than male offspring and gene expression analyses showed raised insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), leptin, adiponectin, adipsin, lipoprotein lipase (LPL), Glut 1, Glut 3, but not Glut 4 mRNA expression in females fed the Junk Food diet throughout the study compared with females never given access to Junk Food. Changes in gene expression were not as marked in male offspring with only IRS-1, VEGF-A, Glut 4 and LPL being up-regulated in those fed the Junk Food diet throughout the study compared with males never given access to Junk Food. This study therefore shows that a maternal Junk Food diet promotes adiposity in offspring and the earlier onset of hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and/or hyperlipidemia. Male and female offspring also display a different metabolic, cellular and molecular response to Junk-Food-diet-induced adiposity.
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Offspring from mothers fed a ‘Junk Food’ diet in pregnancy and lactation exhibit exacerbated adiposity that is more pronounced in females
The Journal of Physiology, 2008Co-Authors: Stephanie A Bayol, Biggy Simbi, J A Bertrand, Neil C SticklandAbstract:We have shown previously that a maternal Junk Food diet during pregnancy and lactation plays a role in predisposing offspring to obesity. Here we show that rat offspring born to mothers fed the same Junk Food diet rich in fat, sugar and salt develop exacerbated adiposity accompanied by raised circulating glucose, insulin, triglyceride and/or cholesterol by the end of adolescence (10 weeks postpartum) compared with offspring also given free access to Junk Food from weaning but whose mothers were exclusively fed a balanced chow diet in pregnancy and lactation. Results also showed that offspring from mothers fed the Junk Food diet in pregnancy and lactation, and which were then switched to a balanced chow diet from weaning, exhibited increased perirenal fat pad mass relative to body weight and adipocyte hypertrophy compared with offspring which were never exposed to the Junk Food diet. This study shows that the increased adiposity was more enhanced in female than male offspring and gene expression analyses showed raised insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), leptin, adiponectin, adipsin, lipoprotein lipase (LPL), Glut 1, Glut 3, but not Glut 4 mRNA expression in females fed the Junk Food diet throughout the study compared with females never given access to Junk Food. Changes in gene expression were not as marked in male offspring with only IRS-1, VEGF-A, Glut 4 and LPL being up-regulated in those fed the Junk Food diet throughout the study compared with males never given access to Junk Food. This study therefore shows that a maternal Junk Food diet promotes adiposity in offspring and the earlier onset of hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and/or hyperlipidemia. Male and female offspring also display a different metabolic, cellular and molecular response to Junk-Food-diet-induced adiposity.
Beverly S. Muhlhausler - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Maternal Junk Food Diets: The Effects on Offspring Fat Mass and Food Preferences
Diet Nutrition and Fetal Programming, 2017Co-Authors: Beverly S. Muhlhausler, Jessica R. Gugusheff, Simon C. Langley-evansAbstract:The impact of maternal Junk Food diets during pregnancy and/or lactation on the developing offspring has been well studied in animal models and has been shown to result in increased fat mass and heighted preference for fat and sugar intake through the life course. More recent studies focused on defining the biological mechanisms driving these effects have identified the developing fat cell, or adipocyte, and the central neural network regulating the response to reward as major targets. It has been demonstrated that maternal Junk Food intake results in a precocial activation of lipogenic pathways in foetal and neonatal fat depots, which leads to early accumulation of excess fat tissue and persistently increases the capacity of the fat depots for fat storage. In parallel, exposure to maternal Junk Food diets also leads to permanent alterations in the structure and function of the reward pathways in the brain. This chapter will summarise the evidence from both human and animal studies which has supported the critical role of maternal overnutrition, in particular excess intake of Junk Foods, in the programming of fat mass and Food preferences in the offspring. It will describe our current understanding of the underlying mechanisms, highlight the sex-specific nature of the effects!! and identify the key knowledge gaps which remain to be addressed.
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consuming a low fat diet from weaning to adulthood reverses the programming of Food preferences in male but not in female offspring of Junk Food fed rat dams
Acta Physiologica, 2014Co-Authors: Beverly S. MuhlhauslerAbstract:Aim This study aimed to determine whether the negative effects of maternal ‘Junk Food’ feeding on Food preferences and gene expression in the mesolimbic reward system could be reversed by weaning the offspring onto a low-fat diet. Methods Offspring of control (n = 11) and Junk Food-fed (JF, n = 12) dams were weaned onto a standard rodent chow until 6 weeks (juvenile) or 3 months (adult). They were then given free access to both chow and Junk Food for 3 weeks and Food preferences determined. mRNA expression of key components of the mesolimbic reward system was determined by qRT-PCR at 6 weeks, 3 and 6 months of age. Results In the juvenile group, both male and female JF offspring consumed more energy and carbohydrate during the Junk Food exposure at 6 weeks of age and had a higher body fat mass at 3 months (P < 0.05). Female juvenile JF offspring had higher tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine receptors and dopamine active transporter expression in the ventral tegmental area (P < 0.05). In the adult group, there was no difference between control and JF offspring in energy and macronutrient intakes during exposure to Junk Food; however, female JF offspring had a higher body fat mass at 6 months (P < 0.05). Conclusion These results suggest that the effects of perinatal Junk Food exposure on Food preferences and fat mass can be reversed by consuming a low-fat diet from weaning to adulthood in males. Females, however, retain a higher propensity for diet-induced obesity even after consuming a low-fat diet for an extended period after weaning.
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maternal Junk Food feeding of rat dams alters Food choices and development of the mesolimbic reward pathway in the offspring
The FASEB Journal, 2011Co-Authors: Beverly S. MuhlhauslerAbstract:Individuals exposed to high-fat, high-sugar diets before birth have an increased risk of obesity in later life. Recent studies have shown that these offspring exhibit increased preference for fat, leading to suggestions that perinatal exposure to high-fat, high-sugar Foods results in permanent changes within the central reward system that increase the subsequent drive to overconsume palatable Foods. The present study has determined the effect of a maternal “Junk-Food” diet on the expression of key components of the mesolimbic reward pathway in the offspring of rat dams at 6 wk and 3 mo of age. We show that offspring of Junk-Food-fed (JF) dams exhibit higher fat intake from weaning until at least 3 mo of age (males: 16±0.6 vs. 11±0.8 g/kg/d; females: 19±1.3 vs. 13±0.4 g/kg/d; P<0.01). mRNA expression of μ-opioid receptor (Mu) was 1.6-fold higher (P<0.01) and dopamine active transporter (DAT) was 2-fold lower (P<0.05) in JF offspring at 6 wk of age. By 3 mo, these differences were reversed, and Mu mRNA expression was 2.8-fold lower (P<0.01) and DAT mRNA expression was 1.9-fold higher (P<0.01) in the JF offspring. These findings suggest that perinatal exposure to high-fat, high-sugar diets results in altered development of the central reward system, resulting in increased fat intake and altered response of the reward system to excessive Junk-Food intake in postnatal life.—Ong, Z. Y., Muhlhausler, B. S. Maternal “Junk-Food” feeding of rat dams alters Food choices and development of the mesolimbic reward pathway in the offspring.
Stuart Brody - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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752 – Immature psychological defense mechanisms: association with personal importance of Junk Food, alcohol and television viewing
European Psychiatry, 2020Co-Authors: Stuart Brody, Rui Miguel CostaAbstract:Introduction Immature psychological defense mechanisms are psychological processes that play an important role in suppressing emotional awareness and contribute to psychopathology, including personality disorder. In addition, unhealthy Food, television viewing, and alcohol consumption can be among the means to escape self-awareness. In contrast, engaging in, and responding fully to specifically penile-vaginal intercourse (PVI) is associated with indices of better emotional regulation, including less use of immature defense mechanisms. Objective To research the association of immature defense mechanisms with personal importance of Junk Food, alcohol, television, PVI, and noncoital sex. Method In an online survey, 334 primarily Scottish women completed the Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ-40), and rated the personal importance of Junk Food, alcohol, television, PVI, and noncoital sex. Results Immature defense mechanisms correlated with personal importance of Junk Food, alcohol, and television. Importance of PVI correlated with mature defenses, and less use of some component immature defenses. Importance of alcohol correlated with importance of Junk Food, television, and noncoital sex. Importance of Junk Food was correlated with importance of television and noncoital sex. Conclusions The findings are discussed in terms of persons with poorer self-regulatory abilities having more interest in Junk Food, television, and alcohol, and less interest in PVI.
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immature psychological defense mechanisms are associated with greater personal importance of Junk Food alcohol and television
Psychiatry Research-neuroimaging, 2013Co-Authors: Rui Miguel Costa, Stuart BrodyAbstract:Immature psychological defense mechanisms are psychological processes that play an important role in suppressing emotional awareness and contribute to psychopathology. In addition, unhealthy Food, television viewing, and alcohol consumption can be among the means to escape self-awareness. In contrast, engaging in, and responding fully to specifically penile-vaginal intercourse (PVI) is associated with indices of better emotional regulation, including less use of immature defense mechanisms. There was a lack of research on the association of immature defense mechanisms with personal importance of Junk Food, alcohol, television, PVI, and noncoital sex. In an online survey, 334 primarily Scottish women completed the Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ-40), and rated the personal importance of Junk Food, alcohol, television, PVI, and noncoital sex. Immature defense mechanisms correlated with importance of Junk Food, alcohol, and television. Importance of PVI correlated with mature defenses, and less use of some component immature defenses. Importance of alcohol correlated with importance of Junk Food, television, and noncoital sex. Importance of Junk Food was correlated with importance of television and noncoital sex. The findings are discussed in terms of persons with poorer self-regulatory abilities having more interest in Junk Food, television, and alcohol, and less interest in PVI.
Rui Miguel Costa - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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752 – Immature psychological defense mechanisms: association with personal importance of Junk Food, alcohol and television viewing
European Psychiatry, 2020Co-Authors: Stuart Brody, Rui Miguel CostaAbstract:Introduction Immature psychological defense mechanisms are psychological processes that play an important role in suppressing emotional awareness and contribute to psychopathology, including personality disorder. In addition, unhealthy Food, television viewing, and alcohol consumption can be among the means to escape self-awareness. In contrast, engaging in, and responding fully to specifically penile-vaginal intercourse (PVI) is associated with indices of better emotional regulation, including less use of immature defense mechanisms. Objective To research the association of immature defense mechanisms with personal importance of Junk Food, alcohol, television, PVI, and noncoital sex. Method In an online survey, 334 primarily Scottish women completed the Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ-40), and rated the personal importance of Junk Food, alcohol, television, PVI, and noncoital sex. Results Immature defense mechanisms correlated with personal importance of Junk Food, alcohol, and television. Importance of PVI correlated with mature defenses, and less use of some component immature defenses. Importance of alcohol correlated with importance of Junk Food, television, and noncoital sex. Importance of Junk Food was correlated with importance of television and noncoital sex. Conclusions The findings are discussed in terms of persons with poorer self-regulatory abilities having more interest in Junk Food, television, and alcohol, and less interest in PVI.
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immature psychological defense mechanisms are associated with greater personal importance of Junk Food alcohol and television
Psychiatry Research-neuroimaging, 2013Co-Authors: Rui Miguel Costa, Stuart BrodyAbstract:Immature psychological defense mechanisms are psychological processes that play an important role in suppressing emotional awareness and contribute to psychopathology. In addition, unhealthy Food, television viewing, and alcohol consumption can be among the means to escape self-awareness. In contrast, engaging in, and responding fully to specifically penile-vaginal intercourse (PVI) is associated with indices of better emotional regulation, including less use of immature defense mechanisms. There was a lack of research on the association of immature defense mechanisms with personal importance of Junk Food, alcohol, television, PVI, and noncoital sex. In an online survey, 334 primarily Scottish women completed the Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ-40), and rated the personal importance of Junk Food, alcohol, television, PVI, and noncoital sex. Immature defense mechanisms correlated with importance of Junk Food, alcohol, and television. Importance of PVI correlated with mature defenses, and less use of some component immature defenses. Importance of alcohol correlated with importance of Junk Food, television, and noncoital sex. Importance of Junk Food was correlated with importance of television and noncoital sex. The findings are discussed in terms of persons with poorer self-regulatory abilities having more interest in Junk Food, television, and alcohol, and less interest in PVI.
David Crawford - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the effects of television advertisements for Junk Food versus nutritious Food on children s Food attitudes and preferences
Social Science & Medicine, 2007Co-Authors: Helen Dixon, Maree Scully, Melanie Wakefield, Victoria White, David CrawfordAbstract:Television (TV) Food advertising has attracted criticism for its potential role in promoting unhealthy dietary practices among children. Content analyses indicate Junk Food advertising is prevalent on Australian children's TV; healthy eating is rarely promoted. This paper presents (a) a cross-sectional survey examining associations between children's regular TV viewing habits and their Food-related attitudes and behaviour; and (b) an experiment assessing the impact of varying combinations of TV advertisements (ads) for unhealthy and healthy Foods on children's dietary knowledge, attitudes and intentions. The experimental conditions simulated possible models for regulating Food ads on children's TV. Participants were 919 grade five and six students from schools in Melbourne, Australia. The survey showed that heavier TV use and more frequent commercial TV viewing were independently associated with more positive attitudes toward Junk Food; heavier TV use was also independently associated with higher reported Junk Food consumption. The experiment found that ads for nutritious Foods promote selected positive attitudes and beliefs concerning these Foods. Findings are discussed in light of methodological issues in media effects research and their implications for policy and practice. It is concluded that changing the Food advertising environment on children's TV to one where nutritious Foods are promoted and Junk Foods are relatively unrepresented would help to normalize and reinforce healthy eating.
