The Experts below are selected from a list of 18603 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Thomas N Robinson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
a randomized trial of the effects of reducing Television Viewing and computer use on body mass index in young children
JAMA Pediatrics, 2008Co-Authors: Leonard H Epstein, James N Roemmich, Jodie L Robinson, Rocco A Paluch, Dana D Winiewicz, Janene H Fuerch, Thomas N RobinsonAbstract:The design of this study was a randomized controlled clinical trial. Seventy children aged between 4 and 7 whose BMI was at or above the 75th BMI percentile for age and sex participated. Children were randomized to an intervention to reduce their Television Viewing and computer use by 50% versus a monitoring control group that did not reduce Television Viewing or computer use. Age- and sex-standardized BMI (zBMI), Television Viewing, energy intake, and physical activity were monitored every 6 months during 2 years. Children randomized to the intervention group showed greater reductions in targeted sedentary behavior and energy intake compared with the monitoring control group. Socioeconomic status moderated zBMI change, with the experimental intervention working better among families of low socioeconomic status. Changes in targeted sedentary behavior mediated changes in zBMI. The change in Television Viewing was related to the change in energy intake but not to the change in physical activity. The researchers concluded that reducing Television Viewing and computer use may have an important role in preventing obesity and in lowering BMI in young children, and these changes may be related more to changes in energy intake than to changes in physical activity.
-
dance and reducing Television Viewing to prevent weight gain in african american girls the stanford gems pilot study
Ethnicity & Disease, 2003Co-Authors: Thomas N Robinson, Joel D Killen, Helena C Kraemer, Darrell M Wilson, Donna M Matheson, William L Haskell, Leslie A Pruitt, Tiffany M Powell, Ayisha S Owens, Nikko S ThompsonAbstract:OBJECTIVE: To test the feasibility, acceptability, and potential efficacy of after-school dance classes and a family-based intervention to reduce Television Viewing, thereby reducing weight gain, among African-American girls. DESIGN: Twelve-week, 2-arm parallel group, randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Low-income neighborhoods. PARTICIPANTS: Sixty-one 8-10-year-old African-American girls and their parents/guardians. INTERVENTIONS: The treatment intervention consisted of after-school dance classes at 3 community centers, and a 5-lesson intervention, delivered in participants' homes, and designed to reduce Television, videotape, and video game use. The active control intervention consisted of disseminating newsletters and delivering health education lectures. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Implementation and process measures, body mass index, waist circumference, physical activity measured by accelerometry, self-reported media use, and meals eaten with TV. RESULTS: Recruitment and retention goals were exceeded. High rates of participation were achieved for assessments and intervention activities, except where transportation was lacking. All interventions received high satisfaction ratings. At follow up, girls in the treatment group, as compared to the control group, exhibited trends toward lower body mass index (adjusted difference = -.32 kg/m2, 95% confidence interval [CI] -.77, .12; Cohen's d = .38 standard deviation units) and waist circumference (adjusted difference = -.63 cm, 95% CI -1.92, .67; d = .25); increased after-school physical activity (adjusted difference = 55.1 counts/minute, 95% CI -115.6, 225.8; d = .21); and reduced Television, videotape, and video game use (adjusted difference = -4.96 hours/week, 95% CI -11.41, 1.49; d = .40). The treatment group reported significantly reduced household Television Viewing (d = .73, P = .007) and fewer dinners eaten while watching TV (adjusted difference = -1.60 meals/week, 95% CI -2.99, -.21; d = .59; P = .03). Treatment group girls also reported less concern about weight (d = .60; P = .03), and a trend toward improved school grades (d = .51; P = .07). CONCLUSIONS: This study confirmed the feasibility, acceptability, and potential efficacy of using dance classes and a family-based intervention to reduce Television Viewing, thereby reducing weight gain, in African-American girls.
-
Television Viewing and childhood obesity
Pediatric Clinics of North America, 2001Co-Authors: Thomas N RobinsonAbstract:Television Viewing often is considered one of the most modifiable causes of obesity in children. Children spend a substantial part of their lives in front of the Television set. Recent parent-report and self-report data from a nationally representative sample of 3155 children indicate that 2- to 7-year-old children in the United States spend an average of approximately 2.5 hours per day and 8- to 18-year-old children spend an average of about 4.5 hours per day watching Television and videotapes and playing video games. 31 When these data are combined with typical sleep data from children, it is found that children in the United States are spending more than 25% of their waking hours in front of the Television set. Furthermore, African Americans and Latinos and children from families with lower socioeconomic status, those demographic groups at highest risk for obesity, tend to watch even more Television than other US children. 2,31,35
-
reducing children s Television Viewing to prevent obesity a randomized controlled trial
JAMA, 1999Co-Authors: Thomas N RobinsonAbstract:ContextSome observational studies have found an association between Television Viewing and child and adolescent adiposity.ObjectiveTo assess the effects of reducing Television, videotape, and video game use on changes in adiposity, physical activity, and dietary intake.DesignRandomized controlled school-based trial conducted from September 1996 to April 1997.SettingTwo sociodemographically and scholastically matched public elementary schools in San Jose, Calif.ParticipantsOf 198 third- and fourth-grade students, who were given parental consent to participate, 192 students (mean age, 8.9 years) completed the study.InterventionChildren in 1 elementary school received an 18-lesson, 6-month classroom curriculum to reduce Television, videotape, and video game use.Main Outcome MeasuresChanges in measures of height, weight, triceps skinfold thickness, waist and hip circumferences, and cardiorespiratory fitness; self-reported media use, physical activity, and dietary behaviors; and parental report of child and family behaviors. The primary outcome measure was body mass index, calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters.ResultsCompared with controls, children in the intervention group had statistically significant relative decreases in body mass index (intervention vs control change: 18.38 to 18.67 kg/m2 vs 18.10 to 18.81 kg/m2, respectively; adjusted difference −0.45 kg/m2 [95% confidence interval {CI}, −0.73 to −0.17]; P=.002), triceps skinfold thickness (intervention vs control change: 14.55 to 15.47 mm vs 13.97 to 16.46 mm, respectively; adjusted difference, −1.47 mm [95% CI, −2.41 to −0.54]; P=.002), waist circumference (intervention vs control change: 60.48 to 63.57 cm vs 59.51 to 64.73 cm, respectively; adjusted difference, −2.30 cm [95% CI, −3.27 to −1.33]; P<.001), and waist-to-hip ratio (intervention vs control change: 0.83 to 0.83 vs 0.82 to 0.84, respectively; adjusted difference, −0.02 [95% CI, −0.03 to −0.01]; P<.001). Relative to controls, intervention group changes were accompanied by statistically significant decreases in children's reported Television Viewing and meals eaten in front of the Television. There were no statistically significant differences between groups for changes in high-fat food intake, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, and cardiorespiratory fitness.ConclusionsReducing Television, videotape, and video game use may be a promising, population-based approach to prevent childhood obesity.
-
does Television Viewing increase obesity and reduce physical activity cross sectional and longitudinal analyses among adolescent girls
Pediatrics, 1993Co-Authors: Thomas N Robinson, Lawrence D Hammer, Joel D Killen, Helena C Kraemer, Darrell M Wilson, Chris Hayward, C B TaylorAbstract:To examine the relationships between hours of Television Viewing and adiposity and physical activity among female adolescents, a cohort study with follow-up assessments 7, 14, and 24 months after baseline was conducted. All sixth- and seventh-grade girls (N = 971) attending four northern California middle schools were eligible to participate. Six hundred seventy-one students had sufficient data for baseline cross-sectional analyses, and 279 students in a no-intervention cohort had sufficient data for longitudinal analyses. The baseline sample had a mean age of 12.4 years and was 43% white, 22% Asian, 21% Latino, 6% Pacific Islander, 4% black, 2% American Indian, and 2% other. Hours of after-school Television Viewing, level of physical activity, and stage of sexual maturation were assessed with self-report instruments. Height, weight, and triceps skinfold thickness were measured and body mass index (ratio of weight [in kilograms] to height [in meters] squared) and triceps skinfold thickness were adjusted by level of sexual maturity for the analyses. Baseline hours of after-school Television Viewing was not significantly associated with either baseline or longitudinal change in body mass index or triceps skinfold thickness. Baseline hours of after-school Television Viewing was weakly negatively associated with level of physical activity in cross-sectional analyses but not significantly associated with change in level of physical activity over time. All results were essentially unchanged when adjusted for age, race, parent education, and parent fatness. Among adolescent girls, Television Viewing time appears to have only weak, if any, meaningful associations with adiposity, physical activity, or change in either over time.
Jo Salmon - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
How to Change Young Children’s Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior: Mechanisms of Behavior Change in the INFANT Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial
'MDPI AG', 2021Co-Authors: Kylie D Hesketh, Jo Salmon, Konsita Kuswara, Gavin Abbott, Jill A. Hnatiuk, Karen J CampbellAbstract:Background: Understanding the mechanisms (mediators) of behavior change is crucial to designing more effective interventions. However, this is rarely reported. This paper investigates the mechanisms that explain the lack of intervention effect on physical activity and the significant effect on Television Viewing time from an early childhood trial. Methods: Secondary analyses were undertaken of data from a cluster randomized controlled trial. The Melbourne Infant Feeding, Activity and Nutrition Trial (INFANT) was a 15-month group program promoting obesity-protective behaviors from the age of 4 months. Outcomes relevant to the current study were child physical activity (accelerometer), Television Viewing time (maternal report) and 12 potential mediator scales (maternal report). Linear regression models used the product of coefficients method with a joint significance test. Results: Complete data were from 398 mother-child dyads. Despite weak evidence of an intervention effect on the mother’s physical activity knowledge and optimism, there was no effect on children’s physical activity, and no clear mechanisms were identified. An intervention effect was observed for the mothers’ Television knowledge (unstandardized regression coefficient for a path (a) = 0.34, 95% confidence interval (CI95) = 0.22, 0.45), with weak evidence for maternal efficacy (a = 0.11, CI95 = −0.02, 0.24) and the use of Television (a = −0.10, CI95 = −0.22, 0.01). The intervention impact on Television knowledge explained 75% of the difference between the intervention and control groups in children’s Television Viewing. Conclusions: In the very early childhood period, as mothers are commencing their parenting journey, improving their behavioral knowledge appears to be the biggest contributor to reducing child Television Viewing, constituting a relatively simple strategy that could be implemented across clinical and public health settings. In contrast, it remains unclear what mechanisms may increase physical activity levels in this age group
-
are parental concerns for child tv Viewing associated with child tv Viewing and the home sedentary environment
International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 2011Co-Authors: Jo Salmon, David Crawford, Karen J Campbell, Natalie Pearson, Anna TimperioAbstract:Time spent watching Television affects multiple aspects of child and adolescent health. Although a diverse range of factors have been found to be associated with young people's Television Viewing, parents and the home environment are particularly influential. However, little is known about whether parents, particularly those who are concerned about their child's Television Viewing habits, translate their concern into action by providing supportive home environments (e.g. rules restricting screen-time behaviours, limited access to screen-based media). The aim of this study was to examine associations between parental concerns for child Television Viewing and child Television Viewing and the home sedentary environment. Parents of children aged 5-6 years ('younger' children, n = 430) and 10-12 years ('older children', n = 640) reported usual duration of their child's Television (TV) Viewing, their concerns regarding the amount of time their child spends watching TV, and on aspects of the home environment. Regression analyses examined associations between parental concern and child TV Viewing, and between parental concern and aspects of the home environment. Analyses were stratified by age group. Children of concerned parents watched more TV than those whose parents were not concerned (B = 9.63, 95% CI = 1.58-17.68, p = 0.02 and B = 15.82, 95% CI = 8.85-22.80, p < 0.01, for younger and older children respectively). Parental concern was positively associated with younger children eating dinner in front of the Television, and with parental restriction of sedentary behaviours and offering sedentary activities (i.e. TV Viewing or computer use) as a reward for good behaviour among older and young children. Furthermore, parents of older children who were concerned had fewer Televisions in the home and a lower count of sedentary equipment in the home. Children of concerned parents watched more TV than those whose parents who were not concerned. Parents appear to recognise excessive Television Viewing in their children and these parents appear to engage in conflicting parental approaches despite these concerns. Interventions targeting concerned parents may be an innovative way of reaching children most in need of strategies to reduce their Television Viewing and harnessing this parental concern may offer considerable opportunity to change the family and home environment.
-
association of Television Viewing with fasting and 2 h postchallenge plasma glucose levels in adults without diagnosed diabetes
Diabetes Care, 2007Co-Authors: David W Dunstan, Jo Salmon, Genevieve N Healy, Jonathan E Shaw, Damien John Jolley, Paul Zimmet, Neville OwenAbstract:OBJECTIVE —We examined the associations of Television Viewing time with fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and 2-h postchallenge plasma glucose (2-h PG) levels in Australian adults. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS —A total of 8,357 adults aged >35 years who were free from diagnosed diabetes and who attended a population-based cross-sectional study (Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study [AusDiab]) were evaluated. Measures of FPG and 2-h PG were obtained from an oral glucose tolerance test. Self-reported Television Viewing time (in the previous week) was assessed using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) of insulin sensitivity (HOMA-%S) and β-cell function (HOMA-%B) were calculated based on fasting glucose and insulin concentrations. RESULTS —After adjustment for confounders and physical activity time, time spent watching Television in women was positively associated with 2-h PG, log fasting insulin, and log HOMA-%B and inversely associated with log HOMA-%S ( P P for trend = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS —Our findings highlight the unique deleterious relationship of sedentary behavior (indicated by Television Viewing time) and glycemic measures independent of physical activity time and adiposity status. These relationships differed according to sex and type of glucose measurement, with the 2-h PG measure being more strongly associated with Television Viewing. The findings suggest an important role for reducing sedentary behavior in the prevention of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, especially in women.
-
Television Viewing habits associated with obesity risk factors a survey of melbourne schoolchildren
The Medical Journal of Australia, 2006Co-Authors: Jo Salmon, Karen J Campbell, David CrawfordAbstract:Objectives: To examine whether children’s Television Viewing may be a useful indicator of risk of obesity-promoting versus healthy eating behaviours, low-level physical activity (PA) and overweight or obesity among children of primary school entry and exit ages. Design: Cross-sectional study, stratified by area-level socioeconomic status. Participants and setting: 1560 children (613 aged 5–6 years [50% boys], and 947 aged 10–12 years [46% boys]) from 24 primary schools in Melbourne, Australia, randomly selected proportionate to school size between 1 November 2002 and 30 December 2003 . Main outcome measures: Parents’ reports of the time their child spends watching Television, their participation in organised physical activities (PA), and their food intake; each child’s measured height and weight and their PA levels as assessed by accelerometry for one week. Results: After adjusting for the age and sex of child, the parents’ level of education, clustering by school, and all other health behaviour variables, children who watched Television for > 2 h/day were significantly more likely than children who watched Television for ≤ 2 h/day to: to have one or more serves/day of high energy drinks (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 2.31; 95% CI, 1.61–3.32), and to have one or more serves/day of savoury snacks (AOR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.04–2.17). They were also less likely to have two or more serves/day of fruit (AOR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.46–0.74), or to participate in any organised PA (AOR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.34–0.80). Conclusions: Health practitioners in the primary care setting may find that asking whether a child watches Television for more than 2 hours daily can be a useful indicator of a child’s risk of poor diet and low physical activity level.
-
association of family environment with children s Television Viewing and with low level of physical activity
Obesity Research, 2005Co-Authors: Jo Salmon, Anna Timperio, Amanda Telford, Alison Carver, David CrawfordAbstract:SALMON, JO, ANNA TIMPERIO, AMANDA TELFORD, ALISON CARVER, AND DAVID CRAWFORD. Association of family environment with children’s Television Viewing and with low level of physical activity. Obes Res. 2005;13:1939–1951. Objective: This study examined associations between the family environment and children’s Television (TV) Viewing and likelihood of being low-active. Research Methods and Procedures: In 2001, children were recruited from 19 primary schools in Melbourne, Australia. Parents completed a questionnaire about their child’s TV Viewing and the family environment. Children also completed a questionnaire and wore an accelerometer for 8 days. Movement counts were used to identify low-active children (lowest quartile). Data were analyzed in May 2004. Results: The sample consisted of 878 children (mean age 11.5 0.6 yrs). Multiple logistic regression revealed that socioeconomic status [adjusted odds ratios (AOR) 0.4 boys], frequency families watched TV together (AOR 2.0 boys), mothers’ (AOR 1.8 boys; AOR 2.5 girls) and fathers’ (AOR 2.6 boys; AOR 2.8 girls) TV Viewing, and rules prohibiting TV during mealtimes (AOR 0.6 boys; AOR 0.6 girls) related to children watching TV 2 h/d. Variables associated with low-level physical activity included self-reported enjoyment of Internet use (AOR 1.7 boys) and preference for watching TV (AOR 2.3 girls), perception that mother uses computer a lot (AOR 1.9 boys) and likes using the computer (AOR 0.6 girls), fathers’ reported computer/electronic games use (AOR 1.7 girls), frequency families used computer together (AOR 0.4 girls), rules that TV Viewing must be supervised (AOR 1.9 boys; AOR 0.6 girls), and having pay TV (AOR 0.6 boys) and electronic games at home (AOR 2.6 boys). Discussion: These findings suggest that the relationships between the family environment and TV Viewing and lowlevel activity are complex and that these behaviors are distinct.
Robert J. Hancox - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
childhood and adolescent Television Viewing and antisocial behavior in early adulthood
Pediatrics, 2013Co-Authors: Lindsay Robertson, Helena M Mcanally, Robert J. HancoxAbstract:OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether excessive Television Viewing throughout childhood and adolescence is associated with increased antisocial behavior in early adulthood. METHODS: We assessed a birth cohort of 1037 individuals born in Dunedin, New Zealand, in 1972–1973, at regular intervals from birth to age 26 years. We used regression analysis to investigate the associations between Television Viewing hours from ages 5 to 15 years and criminal convictions, violent convictions, diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder, and aggressive personality traits in early adulthood. RESULTS: Young adults who had spent more time watching Television during childhood and adolescence were significantly more likely to have a criminal conviction, a diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder, and more aggressive personality traits compared with those who viewed less Television. The associations were statistically significant after controlling for sex IQ, socioeconomic status, previous antisocial behavior, and parental control. The associations were similar for both sexes, indicating that the relationship between Television Viewing and antisocial behavior is similar for male and female viewers. CONCLUSIONS: Excessive Television Viewing in childhood and adolescence is associated with increased antisocial behavior in early adulthood. The findings are consistent with a causal association and support the American Academy of Pediatrics recommendation that children should watch no more than 1 to 2 hours of Television each day.
-
association of Television Viewing during childhood with poor educational achievement
JAMA Pediatrics, 2005Co-Authors: Robert J. Hancox, Barry J Milne, Richie PoultonAbstract:Background Excessive Television Viewing in childhood has been associated with adverse effects on health and behavior. A common concern is that watching too much Television may also have a negative impact on education. However, no long-term studies have measured childhood Viewing and educational achievement. Objective To explore these associations in a birth cohort followed up to adulthood. Design Prospective birth cohort study. Setting Dunedin, New Zealand. Participants Approximately 1000 unselected individuals born between April 1, 1972, and March 31, 1973. Ninety-six percent of the living cohort participated at 26 years of age. Main Outcome Measures Educational achievement by 26 years of age. Results The mean time spent watching Television during childhood and adolescence was significantly associated with leaving school without qualifications and negatively associated with attaining a university degree. Risk ratios for each hour of Television Viewing per weeknight, adjusted for IQ and sex, were 1.43 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.24-1.65) and 0.75 (95% CI, 0.67-0.85), respectively (both, P Conclusions Television Viewing in childhood and adolescence is associated with poor educational achievement by 26 years of age. Excessive Television Viewing in childhood may have long-lasting adverse consequences for educational achievement and subsequent socioeconomic status and well-being.
-
association between child and adolescent Television Viewing and adult health a longitudinal birth cohort study
The Lancet, 2004Co-Authors: Robert J. Hancox, Barry J Milne, Richie PoultonAbstract:Summary Background Watching Television in childhood and adolescence has been linked to adverse health indicators including obesity, poor fitness, smoking, and raised cholesterol. However, there have been no longitudinal studies of childhood Viewing and adult health. We explored these associations in a birth cohort followed up to age 26 years. Methods We assessed approximately 1000 unselected individuals born in Dunedin, New Zealand, in 1972–73 at regular intervals up to age 26 years. We used regression analysis to investigate the associations between earlier Television Viewing and body-mass index, cardiorespiratory fitness (maximum aerobic power assessed by a submaximal cycling test), serum cholesterol, smoking status, and blood pressure at age 26 years. Findings Average weeknight Viewing between ages 5 and 15 years was associated with higher body-mass indices (p=0·0013), lower cardiorespiratory fitness (p=0·0003), increased cigarette smoking (p Interpretation Television Viewing in childhood and adolescence is associated with overweight, poor fitness, smoking, and raised cholesterol in adulthood. Excessive Viewing might have long-lasting adverse effects on health.
Frederick J Zimmerman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
the value of social cognitive theory to reducing preschool tv Viewing a pilot randomized trial
Preventive Medicine, 2012Co-Authors: Frederick J Zimmerman, Dimitri A Christakis, Selena E Ortiz, Dana ElkunAbstract:Abstract Objective To (a) reduce the total amount of Television Viewing to which preschool children are exposed; and (b) shift the balance of exposure away from commercial Television toward educational content. Method Randomized controlled clinical trial. Data collected in 2007; analyzed 2008–2011. Participants were 67 English-speaking families in Seattle with a preschool-aged child exposed to more than 90 min of Television Viewing on average per day. A case manager for each group used in-person conferences, monthly newsletters, and e-mail contact to motivate behavior change around child Television Viewing (intervention) or child safety (control). Results Compared to those in the control group, families randomized to the intervention group experienced a significant reduction by 37 minutes/day in total Viewing time (95% CI: 5.6–68.7), including a marginally significant reduction by 29 minutes/day in Viewing of commercial content (95% CI: − 4.6–63). Compared to those in the control group, those in the intervention group experienced a positive change in outcome expectations. There were no significant changes in self-efficacy or volitional control. An advance in stage-of-change was marginally significant. Conclusions Targeting commercial TV Viewing may prove a successful behavioral intervention to achieve public health goals in this population.
-
teaching by listening the importance of adult child conversations to language development
Pediatrics, 2009Co-Authors: Frederick J Zimmerman, Jill Gilkerson, Jeffrey A Richards, Dongxin Xu, Sharmistha Gray, Dimitri A Christakis, Umit YapanelAbstract:OBJECTIVE: To test the independent association of adult language input, Television Viewing, and adult-child conversations on language acquisition among infants and toddlers. METHODS: Two hundred seventy-five families of children aged 2 to 48 months who were representative of the US census were enrolled in a cross-sectional study of the home language environment and child language development (phase 1). Of these, a representative sample of 71 families continued for a longitudinal assessment over 18 months (phase 2). In the cross-sectional sample, language development scores were regressed on adult word count, Television Viewing, and adult-child conversations, controlling for socioeconomic attributes. In the longitudinal sample, phase 2 language development scores were regressed on phase 1 language development, as well as phase 1 adult word count, Television Viewing, and adult-child conversations, controlling for socioeconomic attributes. RESULTS: In fully adjusted regressions, the effects of adult word count were significant when included alone but were partially mediated by adult-child conversations. Television Viewing when included alone was significant and negative but was fully mediated by the inclusion of adult-child conversations. Adult-child conversations were significant when included alone and retained both significance and magnitude when adult word count and Television exposure were included. CONCLUSIONS: Television exposure is not independently associated with child language development when adult-child conversations are controlled. Adult-child conversations are robustly associated with healthy language development. Parents should be encouraged not merely to provide language input to their children through reading or storytelling, but also to engage their children in two-sided conversations.
-
violent Television Viewing during preschool is associated with antisocial behavior during school age
Pediatrics, 2007Co-Authors: Dimitri A Christakis, Frederick J ZimmermanAbstract:OBJECTIVE. The effect of violent Television programming on preschoolers’ behaviors is poorly understood. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that exposure to violent Television Viewing when children are 2 to 5 years of age would be associated with antisocial behavior at ages 7 to 10. METHODS. Data were derived from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Our primary outcome was being in the 88th percentile of the Behavioral Problem Index antisocial subdomain. Our primary predictor was exposure to violent screen content. RESULTS. Data were available for 184 boys and 146 girls at both time periods. Adjusting for baseline Behavioral Problem Index scores and age, parental education, maternal depression, and cognitive and emotional support, violent Television programming was associated with an increased risk for antisocial behavior for boys but not for girls. Neither educational nor nonviolent programming was associated with increased risk for boys or girls. CONCLUSIONS. Viewing of violent programming by preschool boys is associated with subsequent aggressive behavior. Modifying the content that is viewed by young children may be warranted.
-
children s Television Viewing and cognitive outcomes a longitudinal analysis of national data
JAMA Pediatrics, 2005Co-Authors: Frederick J Zimmerman, Dimitri A ChristakisAbstract:Objective: To test the independent effects of Television Viewing in children before age 3 years and at ages 3 to 5 years on several measures of cognitive outcomes at ages 6 and 7 years. Design: Using data from a nationally representative data set, we regressed 4 measures of cognitive development at ages 6 and 7 years on Television Viewing before age 3 years and at ages 3 to 5 years, controlling for parental cognitive stimulation throughout early childhood, maternal education, and IQ. Results: Before age 3 years, the children in this study watched an average of 2.2 hours per day; at ages 3 to 5 years, the daily average was 3.3 hours. Adjusted for the covariates mentioned earlier, each hour of average daily Television Viewing before age 3 years was associated with deleterious effects on the Peabody Individual Achievement Test Reading Recognition Scale of 0.31 points (95% confidence interval [CI], �0.61 to �0.01 points), on the Peabody Individual Achievement Test Reading Comprehension Scale of 0.58 points (95% CI, �0.94 to �0.21 points), and on the Memory for Digit Span assessment from the Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children of �0.10 points (95% CI, �0.20 to 0 points). For the Reading Recognition Scale score only, a beneficial effect of Television at ages 3 to 5 years was identified, with each hour associated with a 0.51-point improvement in the score (95% CI, 0.17 to 0.85 points). Conclusions: There are modest adverse effects of Television Viewing before age 3 years on the subsequent cognitive development of children. These results suggest that greater adherence to the American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines that children younger than 2 years not watch Television is warranted. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005;159:619-625
Dimitri A Christakis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
the value of social cognitive theory to reducing preschool tv Viewing a pilot randomized trial
Preventive Medicine, 2012Co-Authors: Frederick J Zimmerman, Dimitri A Christakis, Selena E Ortiz, Dana ElkunAbstract:Abstract Objective To (a) reduce the total amount of Television Viewing to which preschool children are exposed; and (b) shift the balance of exposure away from commercial Television toward educational content. Method Randomized controlled clinical trial. Data collected in 2007; analyzed 2008–2011. Participants were 67 English-speaking families in Seattle with a preschool-aged child exposed to more than 90 min of Television Viewing on average per day. A case manager for each group used in-person conferences, monthly newsletters, and e-mail contact to motivate behavior change around child Television Viewing (intervention) or child safety (control). Results Compared to those in the control group, families randomized to the intervention group experienced a significant reduction by 37 minutes/day in total Viewing time (95% CI: 5.6–68.7), including a marginally significant reduction by 29 minutes/day in Viewing of commercial content (95% CI: − 4.6–63). Compared to those in the control group, those in the intervention group experienced a positive change in outcome expectations. There were no significant changes in self-efficacy or volitional control. An advance in stage-of-change was marginally significant. Conclusions Targeting commercial TV Viewing may prove a successful behavioral intervention to achieve public health goals in this population.
-
preschool aged children s Television Viewing in child care settings
Pediatrics, 2009Co-Authors: Dimitri A Christakis, Michelle M GarrisonAbstract:OBJECTIVE: The goal was to quantify Television Viewing in day care settings and to investigate the characteristics of programs that predict Viewing. METHODS: A telephone survey of licensed child care programs in Michigan, Washington, Florida, and Massachusetts was performed. The frequency and quantity of Television Viewing for infants, toddlers, and preschool-aged children were assessed. RESULTS: With the exception of infants, children in home-based child care programs were exposed to significantly more Television on an average day than were children in center-based programs (infants: 0.2 vs 0 hours; toddlers: 1.6 vs 0.1 hours; preschool-aged children: 2.4 vs 0.4 hours). In a regression analysis of daily Television time for preschool-aged children in child care, center-based programs were found to have an average of 1.84 fewer hours of Television each day, controlling for the other covariates. Significant effect modification was found, in that the impact of home-based versus center-based child care programs differed somewhat depending on educational levels for staff members; having a 2- or 4-year college degree was associated with 1.41 fewer hours of Television per day in home-based programs, but no impact of staff education on Television use was observed in center-based programs. CONCLUSIONS: For many children, previous estimates of screen time significantly underestimated actual amounts. Pediatricians should council parents to minimize screen time in child care settings.
-
teaching by listening the importance of adult child conversations to language development
Pediatrics, 2009Co-Authors: Frederick J Zimmerman, Jill Gilkerson, Jeffrey A Richards, Dongxin Xu, Sharmistha Gray, Dimitri A Christakis, Umit YapanelAbstract:OBJECTIVE: To test the independent association of adult language input, Television Viewing, and adult-child conversations on language acquisition among infants and toddlers. METHODS: Two hundred seventy-five families of children aged 2 to 48 months who were representative of the US census were enrolled in a cross-sectional study of the home language environment and child language development (phase 1). Of these, a representative sample of 71 families continued for a longitudinal assessment over 18 months (phase 2). In the cross-sectional sample, language development scores were regressed on adult word count, Television Viewing, and adult-child conversations, controlling for socioeconomic attributes. In the longitudinal sample, phase 2 language development scores were regressed on phase 1 language development, as well as phase 1 adult word count, Television Viewing, and adult-child conversations, controlling for socioeconomic attributes. RESULTS: In fully adjusted regressions, the effects of adult word count were significant when included alone but were partially mediated by adult-child conversations. Television Viewing when included alone was significant and negative but was fully mediated by the inclusion of adult-child conversations. Adult-child conversations were significant when included alone and retained both significance and magnitude when adult word count and Television exposure were included. CONCLUSIONS: Television exposure is not independently associated with child language development when adult-child conversations are controlled. Adult-child conversations are robustly associated with healthy language development. Parents should be encouraged not merely to provide language input to their children through reading or storytelling, but also to engage their children in two-sided conversations.
-
violent Television Viewing during preschool is associated with antisocial behavior during school age
Pediatrics, 2007Co-Authors: Dimitri A Christakis, Frederick J ZimmermanAbstract:OBJECTIVE. The effect of violent Television programming on preschoolers’ behaviors is poorly understood. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that exposure to violent Television Viewing when children are 2 to 5 years of age would be associated with antisocial behavior at ages 7 to 10. METHODS. Data were derived from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Our primary outcome was being in the 88th percentile of the Behavioral Problem Index antisocial subdomain. Our primary predictor was exposure to violent screen content. RESULTS. Data were available for 184 boys and 146 girls at both time periods. Adjusting for baseline Behavioral Problem Index scores and age, parental education, maternal depression, and cognitive and emotional support, violent Television programming was associated with an increased risk for antisocial behavior for boys but not for girls. Neither educational nor nonviolent programming was associated with increased risk for boys or girls. CONCLUSIONS. Viewing of violent programming by preschool boys is associated with subsequent aggressive behavior. Modifying the content that is viewed by young children may be warranted.
-
children s Television Viewing and cognitive outcomes a longitudinal analysis of national data
JAMA Pediatrics, 2005Co-Authors: Frederick J Zimmerman, Dimitri A ChristakisAbstract:Objective: To test the independent effects of Television Viewing in children before age 3 years and at ages 3 to 5 years on several measures of cognitive outcomes at ages 6 and 7 years. Design: Using data from a nationally representative data set, we regressed 4 measures of cognitive development at ages 6 and 7 years on Television Viewing before age 3 years and at ages 3 to 5 years, controlling for parental cognitive stimulation throughout early childhood, maternal education, and IQ. Results: Before age 3 years, the children in this study watched an average of 2.2 hours per day; at ages 3 to 5 years, the daily average was 3.3 hours. Adjusted for the covariates mentioned earlier, each hour of average daily Television Viewing before age 3 years was associated with deleterious effects on the Peabody Individual Achievement Test Reading Recognition Scale of 0.31 points (95% confidence interval [CI], �0.61 to �0.01 points), on the Peabody Individual Achievement Test Reading Comprehension Scale of 0.58 points (95% CI, �0.94 to �0.21 points), and on the Memory for Digit Span assessment from the Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children of �0.10 points (95% CI, �0.20 to 0 points). For the Reading Recognition Scale score only, a beneficial effect of Television at ages 3 to 5 years was identified, with each hour associated with a 0.51-point improvement in the score (95% CI, 0.17 to 0.85 points). Conclusions: There are modest adverse effects of Television Viewing before age 3 years on the subsequent cognitive development of children. These results suggest that greater adherence to the American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines that children younger than 2 years not watch Television is warranted. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005;159:619-625
